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-The 13th Amendment to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."
-The 14th Amendment to the Constitution was ratified on July 9, 1868, and granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. In addition, it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
-The 15th Amendment to the Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

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It refers to the period following the Civil War of rebuilding the United States.

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An alliance of people or groups formed for an illicit purpose. The Confederate States of American is the Southern states of America that have broke away from the country.

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The withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the Union in 1860 which precipitated the American Civil War.

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United States presidential election of 1860, American presidential election held on Nov. 6, 1860, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell

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The 16th president of the United States of America. He was a conservative because he wanted to preserve the union but events of the civil war pushed him further into war.

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It began in the 1850's, dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories, but they championed a wider range of issues, including the further development of national roads, more liberal land distribution in the West, and increased protective tariffs. Comprised of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers, in defiance to the Slave Powers.

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A law making it a crime to help runaway slaves. If caught could face up to 6 months in prison and a $1000 dollar fine. Commissioners 10 dollars right slave $5 dollars wrong slave.

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Decision meant that all territories were opened up to slavery once again; Northern lawmakers would not be able to keep slavery out of the territories.

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Senator Douglas wanted to divide the territory into the Nebraska Territory and the Kansas Territory; to gain support of the South, he decided slavery could be decided by popular sovereignty.

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Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act , banning slave trade in DC, admitting California as a free state, splitting up the Texas territory, and instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

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Historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

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The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in American history.

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The Free-Soil Party was organized by anti-slavery men in the north, democrats who were resentful at Polk's actions, and some conscience Whigs. The Free-Soil Party was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers. This Free-Soil Party foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

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The Radical Republicans were a faction of American politicians within the Republican Party of the United States from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.

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Severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values.

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During the American Civil War, the Union referred to the United States of America and specifically to the national government under president Abraham Lincoln and the 23 free states and 5 border states that supported it.

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By 11 Southern states seceded from the union, 4 slave states stayed with the union and were called border states, on April 12, 1861 the confederates fired the 1st shots of the civil war at fort Sumter.

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To move from one country to another with the intention of staying.

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The two main immigrants were the Irish and the Germans. The Irish came in multitudes during the Potato Famine, a time when Ireland's main food source completely became rotten. Because the Irish did not come the U.S. with enough money to buy land, they mostly remained in the northeastern port cities. They became a negative influence on Protestant communities who saw the Catholic Irish as a group who were trying to upstart Protestantism and replace it with Catholicism. The Germans came because they wanted to escape the autocratic clutches of Europe. They settled mainly in lush lands of the Middle West. They contributed such things as the Christmas tree, kindergarten, the Conestoga wagon, the Kentucky rifle.

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A presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

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War with Mexico which began in 1846 when the U.S. annexed Texas and Mexico challenged the Border. Battles were fought in Texas, and Mexico was invaded from the Atlantic Ocean by General Winfield Scott. Scott attacked Mexico City and Chapultepec. The war ended with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.

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A belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800's that the United States should expand across the continent from coast to coast.