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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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In this chapter, the authors reference a British critic in 1820 who said, “In the four quarters of the globe who reads an American book, or goes to an American play, or looks at an American picture or statue?” Yet, they also trace the development of uniquely American forms of art, architecture, and literature in the nineteenth century. As you read this chapter, can you explain the continuities and changes in American art, architecture, and literature from 1790 to 1860?

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-people of this time were focused on political efforts to fight the British or developing the new country and making it stronger
-this was to motivate political, economical, and social changes
-around 1820 Americans began their creativeness over practicality
-their motivation was a strong sense of nationalism post war of 1812
-people felt free to break the chains of reality and think freely through intuition and pure imagination
-Washington Irving had many comedies such as the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the Sketch Book, and Rip van Winkle

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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After you have read “Contending Voices: The Role of Women”, can you analyze both excerpts’ intended audience, purpose, and point of view?

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Pg 322 Excerpt 1:
Audience: The men of the U.S.
Purpose: Bring down the ideal of women's rights activists and hopefully save the supremacy of the white male
POV: The idea of women's rights is absolutely preposterous and it is sad that women believe that they have rights

Pg 322 Excerpt 2:
Audience: People who believed in the women's rights movement as well as vote in favor of women's rights
Purpose: convince people that America is not the same as it was thousands of years ago, we are no longer in the primitive era and it is time that women deserve a say in society
POV: Women should have the same equal rights just like men do. Women are powerful in society and should be able to vote and own property.

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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How does the Second Great Awakening of the nineteenth century compare to the Great Awakening of the eighteenth century? As you read this chapter and review the information about the Great Awakening in Chapter 5, how many relevant similarities and differences between these two events can you generate?

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-the first great awakening was a split over how church services should be run and requirements for church membership and new ideals
-many people were bored going to church because it was simply reading scripture and preaching
- many wished for more individualistic services
-these people were called the new lights because they had new ideals on the church's rituals
-old lights were those who believe in strict rituals and straight educated preachings
-the greatest cause of the movement was the innovation of Arminianism which states that you must follow God's will and accept him in order to be saved; compared to older Calvinistic ideals of predestination

-the second great awakening was a much larger movement
-thousands were converted and became church members
-they believed that God was loving and not an enforcer of authority
-people would meet for camp meeting to sing, dance and hear the word of God

-Both movements led to increased amounts of denominations and membership in these denominations
-in the second great awakening, methodists and baptists gained the most members because they believed in arminianism instead of calvinism
-they were very spirited and emotional rather than strictly scripture
-a difference is that in the second great awakening women and young girls were the most common new comers to the church
-the schism of denominations during the second great awakening spawned social change but foreshadowing the political changed of the civil war

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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Why did America produce so many reform and utopian movements? What did they contribute to American culture?

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-they wanted to make America a better country politically, socially, and economically
-many reformist were driven by the second Great Awakening and had sound minds to free America and the world from the draw of earthy possessions
-imprisoning debt decreased as a result of politicians representing the work force came into power
-reforming
-people wished for peace
-the best type of legislation would be to create utopian ideals

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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Was the “new family” a progressive reflection of American democratic ideals, or a restriction on them?

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-woman or the mother controlled the morality of the entire family
-this heightened the power of woman because they could control the whole community morally
-this limited the woman's economical power because they could rarely hold jobs once they married
-children were taught to be individualistic and not conform to the ideals of society
-the will of people in society was based off their own ideals and not of those forced upon them when they were young

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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Were the “cult of domesticity” and the rise of the child-centered family signs of an improvement or a restriction in women’s status and condition? 

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-Cult of Domesticity was a sign of power for women in mid 1800s
-child centered families improved the condition of women because their children showed their success and many years of teaching
-one child compared to three meant that the child was more likely to be socially acceptable and would help a women gain status if their child was accepted

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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As you read this chapter, can you combine the information from the primary source excerpts, tables, figures, maps, and text to create a persuasive understanding of westward migration and demographic changes in the United States from 1790 to 1860?

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- the population of the U.S. was growing at a rate of doubling every 25 years
-there was a huge increase in foreigners to the Americas
- western expansion happened in the U.S. but also globally as the people in Europe left there homelands for the countries across the atlantic
- the Irish fled from the famine and religious prosecution by the British
- the Irish were met with slums while the old American population was expanding westward
-the German population fled so they could "enjoy the peaceful democracy of American government"
- westward expansion meant hardship and little prosperity and success

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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In this chapter, the authors maintain that “clearly the early factory system did not shower its benefits evenly on all.” What relevant historical evidence can you find in this chapter or the previous ones that supports, modifies, or refutes this assertion?

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-the immigrants who came from places such as Ireland needed work
-the ability to work in factories wasn't always an option
- many factories put of a NINA (No Irish Need Apply) sign
-this forced many of them to work as maids or on railroads

-the people who did work in factories weren't much better off
- they had to work in conditions such as poor ventilated, lighted and poor heated buildings
- some children who worked were whipped for motivation
-women's jobs were being replaced and few were getting their jobs back
-when they did work it would be for a very intolerable 13 hours

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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What caused the market and transportation revolutions of the nineteenth century? As you read this chapter, how many different reasons for the development of these changes can you identify?

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invention of:
-railroad
-canal
-steamboat
-improve roads

-thousands of foreign immigrants migrating to America for political refuge or refuge from famine
-population doubled every 25 years and majority of population was under 30 years old
-main cause of the transportation revolution was the need for manifest destiny, riches, and more land

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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What effects did the movement from a subsistence to a market economy have on American society, including farmers, laborers, and women? What were the advantages and disadvantages of the change?

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-revolution led to greater economic opportunity for businesses
-revolution centered around continental economy rather than localized
-instead of homemade goods, the family would buy them with the money made from jobs
-it was now the women's job to take care of the families morals
-decreased rolls of monopolies over the free people
-more diversity and more competition to improve products and make them cheaper
-the richer became more rich and the poorer became more poor
-new people had to looks for jobs but if you couldn't find one, you were left in poverty
-if you were prosperous before, you were more likely yo increase your riches and become a millionaire

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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Which technological innovation was most important for early-nineteenth-century economic development?

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-I think the steamboat was most important
-it expedited the import and export process
-people could immigrate quicker from other countries
-people could expand westward faster by using the rivers
-people didn't worry about goods going bad as much because the shipping time was cut a lot shorter

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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Why was transportation—particularly the canals and the railroads—so important in the early stages of industrialization?

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-it allowed American goods to be shipped at quick rates compared to land based travel
- allowed people to quickly expand westward
- immigrants could now cross the atlantic in 2 weeks instead of the 12 weeks that the colonist took in the past
- the canals caused the price of products being shipped in the U.S. to be cut by almost half
-the cost of shipping was no longer a barrier in the U.S.

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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How does the image of the frontier compare with the reality of pioneer life as described in the chapter?

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- the frontier people had very burdensome lives, they had to work very hard
-many people thought that expansion only brought prosperity and success but this was not true
-many western settlers lacked food, places to live, got diseases, depression, which let to premature death
-many went mad without social interaction for days

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests