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http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/bio.html

http://www.biography.com/video/booker-t-washington-tuskegee-institute-15036483989

https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/tuskegee_institute_national_historic_site.html

https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm

http://study.com/academy/lesson/tuskegee-institute-founder-history-quiz.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/educate/bookert.html

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JITE/v34n4/html/frantz.html

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Booker T. Washington became the most powerful and influential black leader during his time;

Tuskegee Institute, founded by Washington, was the first institution of higher learning for African Americans;

Washington came under pressure from critics who viewed him as an accommodationist because they felt he de-emphasized racism, racial violence against blacks, and discrimination.When Booker T. Washington arrived in Tuskegee, Alabama in 1881 to establish the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers, he made a startling discovery. There was no school building. In fact, there was no land set aside for a building and there was no money available to buy a building. The $2,000 provided by the state was only for salaries for the teachers. Washington was not discouraged, though. He immediately began to recruit students, build relationships with local white supporters, and look for land donations. The Butler A.M.E. Zion, an African American church, loaned Washington a rundown shanty, which served as the school's first campus when it opened on July 4, 1881. The building was in such bad shape, one of his 30 students had to hold an umbrella over Washington's head while he delivered his lectures on rainy days.

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In 1932, the Public Health Service, working with the Tuskegee Institute, began a study to record the natural history of syphilis in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks. It was called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male."

The study initially involved 600 black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease. The study was conducted without the benefit of patients' informed consent. Researchers told the men they were being treated for "bad blood," a local term used to describe several ailments, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue. In truth, they did not receive the proper treatment needed to cure their illness. In exchange for taking part in the study, the men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance. Although originally projected to last 6 months, the study actually went on for 40 years.

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In 1881, Tuskegee Institute in Alabama officially opened its doors to America’s former slaves. In time, the university would gain recognition for its superior training of African Americans in industrial trades that helped improve their economic conditions and way of life. Today, Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site is a symbol of African American achievement and a reminder of Booker T. Washington’s legacy in African American education and culture.

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http://www.biography.com/video/booker-t-washington-tuskegee-institute-15036483989African-American leader Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute in July 4,1881 to train African-Americans in agriculture and industry and promote the economic progress of his race.

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The most visible contribution of Booker T. Washington was the establishment and development of the Tuskegee Institute for the education of African Americans. It served as a laboratory school for Washington's philosophy of education. His contributions, however, extended well beyond his work with formal educational institutions. When Washington went to Tuskegee, he readily recognized the deteriorating condition of agriculture in the area. While attempting to address the problem, he realized that the farmers would need specific forms of assistance. To address this need, he developed two forms of education that exist and thrive today. These two concepts are adult and extension education. In serving the adults of the area, Washington developed programs that addressed the needs of the local farmer, increasing the production of food and fiber. He procured a wagon, outfitted it with tools and information, and delivered information to farmers at their home locations. Through this system of extending on-campus programs to adults, he extended the Tuskegee idea and helped make the farmers self-sufficient and productive contributors to society. Washington's efforts at accommodating the needs of the African Americans into the white power structure and society were criticized severely by other black leaders such as DuBois. Washington's notion of accommodating and developing the practical skills of African American men and women is his most lasting legacy and contribution in the growth and development of vocational and technical education in the nation.

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Who is Booker.T.Washington?
1856-1915   Booker Taliaferro Washington was a black educator of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.He also had a major influence on southern race relations and was the dominant figure in black public affairs from 1895 until his death in 1915. Born a slave on a small farm in the Virginia backcountry, he moved with his family after emancipation to work in the salt furnaces and coal mines of West Virginia. After a secondary education at Hampton Institute, he taught an upgraded school and experimented briefly with the study of law and the ministry, but a teaching position at Hampton decided his future career. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute on the Hampton model in the Black Belt of Alabama.