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1. What are the three key components in the IDEA definition of intellectual disabilities? 

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1. What are the three key components in the IDEA definition of intellectual disabilities? 

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(1) Intellectual functioning that is "signficantly subaverage" , This test can be demonstrated by scoring a 2 or more on standard deviations.

(2) The component  requires that the individual to have noteable difficulties with adaptive behavior , i.e , the tasks involved in everyday life skills.

(3) Two components , i.e , dificiency in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior , has to occur during the development. Intellectual disability due to injury does not qualify.

(Heward,Alber-Morgan,& Konrad,2017,pp.109-110)

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2. What are the generalized characterstics of youth with intellectual disabilities?

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2. What are the generalized characterstics of youth with intellectual disabilities?

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(1) Learning rates are slower, memory is poor , difficulties with attention deficit , difficulties with retaining and maintaining information are just some examples of disabled cognitive function and the learning exhibited by students.

(2) Students have significant deficits in the areas of social relationships,self-care , and daily life skills.

(3) Some students may exhibit more behavioral problems than most children. In some cases they may exhibit behaviors that are inappropriate , excessive , or often challenging. Some children may even have limited self-control and have difficulties with accepting critism from peers , or adults.

(4) In some cases , there are children or adults that may display positive characteristics such as sincerity , affection, and curiosity of getting along with others.

(Heward , Alber-Morgan , & Konrad ,2017 , p.120)

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3. How can one distinguish across the mild,moderate ,and severe , and profound levels of intellectual disabilities? 

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3. How can one distinguish across the mild,moderate ,and severe , and profound levels of intellectual disabilities? 

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- Mild disabilities may not be identified until children enter school most often, These children learn basic academic and adaptive skills that support them independently or half independently.

- Moderate disabilities usually are visable during preschool years in the formation of developmental delays.The discrepancies in the overall intellectual development and adaptive functioning increases as one grows older. This will be difficult as this particular group with go through health issues , and behavior difficulties than other individuals with mild intellectual disabilities.

- Disabilities that are severe or profound are most always identified before,or shortly after birth. Infants most often have central nervous system damage added to other underlying health conditions.
(Heward, Alber-Morgan,&Konrad,2017,p.114)

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4. What are some prevalent prenatal, perinatal,and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities? 

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4. What are some prevalent prenatal, perinatal,and postnatal causes of intellectual disabilities? 

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Prenatal
(Biomedical)
- Chromosomal disorders
- Single-gene disorder
-Syndromes
-Metabolic disorders
-Cerebal dysgensis
-Maternal illnesses
- Parental age
(Social)
- Poverty
-Maternal Malnutrition
-Domestic Violence
- Lack of access to prenatal care
(Behavorial)
-Parental drug use
-Parental alcohol use
-Parental smoking
- Parental immaturity
(Educational)
-Parent cognitive disability without support
- Lack of preparation for parenthood

Perinatal
(Biomedical)
-Prematurity
-Birth Injury
- Neontal disorders

(Social)
-Lack of access to birth care

(Behavorial)
- Parental rejection of care taking
-Parental abandoment of child

(Educational)
-Lack of medical referral for intervention
-Services at discharge

Postnatal
( Biomedical )
- Traumatic brain injury
- Malnutrition
-Menigencephalitis
- Seizure disorders
- Degenerative disorders

(Social)
- Impaired child caregiver
- Lack of adequate stimulation
- Family poverty
- Chronic illness in the family
-Institualization

(Behavorial)
- Child abuse and neglect
- Domestic violence
-Inadequate safety measures
-social deprivation
-Difficut child behaviors

(Educational)
-Impaired parenting
-Delayed diagnosis
- Indequate early intervention services
- Educational services
-Indequate family support

"Figure 4.3 Etiologic Risk Factors for Intellectual Disabilities"
(Heward, Alber-Morgan,& Konrad,2017,p.122

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5. What are some of the most effective current instructional methods utilized with students that have intellectual disabilities? 

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5. What are some of the most effective current instructional methods utilized with students that have intellectual disabilities? 

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- Identifies and prioritizes most important instructional targets that assess each student's current levels of their performance.
- New knowledge of skills that need to be learned and supports students learning by breaking large tasks down into manageable smaller components.
- Create instructional activities and choose materials that provide students with reoccuring opportunities to practice independently and with guided help.
- Scaffolding provides support students with prompts and cues which in time fades and can be replaced by student response naturally.
- Using consistent reinforcement , instructional support. feedback , providing students with systematic consequences on their performance.
-Perform regular formative and summative assessments with measurements of the students performance for instructional decisions.

(Heward,Alber-Morgan,&Konrad,2017,p.129)

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6. What are the three key components in operationalizing the IDEA definition of learning disabilities? 

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6. What are the three key components in operationalizing the IDEA definition of learning disabilities? 

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(1) Learning disabilities represent a severe difference between intellectual abilities and academic achievement on the learners part.

(2) The learning difficulties arent the result of any known condition that can create learning difficulties.

(3) Learning disabilities result in need for special education and related services.
(Heward,Alber-Morgan,&Konrad,2017,p.144)

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7. What are the characteristics (in general) of children and youth with learning disabilites?

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7. What are the characteristics (in general) of children and youth with learning disabilites?

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Young adults and children with learning disabilities may have one or more of the following characteristics :
- Reading difficulties
- Written language dificits
- low math performance
- poor social skills
-attention dificit and hyperactivity
-behavior problems
- low self-esteem / self-efficacy
(Heward,Alber-Morgan,Konrad,2017,p.146)

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8. What are the causes of learning disabilites?

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8. What are the causes of learning disabilites?

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To this day the cause of learning disabilities are still unknowny. In research that has lead people to believe in a varity of causes . One of the causes may be cause of brain damage or dysfunction that is caused by the child's cental nervous system. Lastly, the environment can factor in causing a learning disability as a child's living conditions , or upbringing , and learning environment play a role.
(Heward, Alber-Morgan,& Konrad,2017, p.153)

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9. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with learning disabilities? 

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9. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with learning disabilities? 

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It is vital that a child learns in a least restrictivie environment. As students with disabilities have the right to their learning environment in a general education classroom. A special education teacher provides the modfications , accomodations, and support that ensures the students who have learning disabilities are treated fairly. When general education setting is not appropriate the student will then learn in resource with a small class.
(Heward , Alber-Morgan,& Konrad,2017,p.172)

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What are the key components in defining emotional disturbance or behavior disorders? 

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What are the key components in defining emotional disturbance or behavior disorders? 

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The students with emotional disturbance or behavior disorders may show one or more of the following :
-Inability to learn
- Unable to build or maintain satisifactory interpersonal relationships with peers/teachers
- Display of inappropriate behaviors or feelings
-unhappiness or depression
-Development of physical symptoms or fears that pertain to personal or school issues.
(Heward,Alber-Morgan, & Konrad, 2017, p.181

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11. What are the causal factors associated with this disability? 

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11. What are the causal factors associated with this disability? 

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(1) Biological factors: Brain disorders , genetics , and temperaments.
(2) Environment: School , home , and community
(3) A complex pathway of risks
(Heward, Alber-Morgan,& Konrad, 2017 , p.191)

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12. What are the characteristics ( externalized and internalized behaviors) associated with this disability? 

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12. What are the characteristics ( externalized and internalized behaviors) associated with this disability? 

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- Externalized behaviors : Yelling , getting out of their seat repeatedly, talking out loud , and cursing ; disturbing other peers, fighting and hitting ; ignoring the teacher , complaints ; arguining excessively; lying and stealing, temper tantrums and noncomplaince.

Internalized behaviors - Acts immature , withdrawn, no social skills / or interactions , day dream , fearful without any reason , complaints of feeling sick or hurt and depression

(Heward , Alber-Morgan,& Konrad,2017,p.183)

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13. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with emotional disturbance ?

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13. What are the educational placement alternatives for students with emotional disturbance ?

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- About 40% of these students are educated in separate classrooms and special schools , and residental faciltiies.
- Educating students whom are emotional or have behavioral disorders can be a challenge for the safety of all other students.

(Heward, Alber-Morgan, & Konrad , 2017,p.211)