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The Select and Mask tool is Adobe Photoshop's powerful selection tool with advanced mask refinement options. It gives you complete control over your layer mask and allows you to precisely define the edges of your selection.

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The tool does exactly as its name implies: It sharpens up any image that is blurry or unclear. It helps to improve the contrast of your image by darkening the dark pixels and brightening up lighter ones. As a result, edges are better defined, making the object in the photo pop more and giving it more contrast.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need. Click and drag over the part of the image you want to blur.Aug 21, 2020

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want.

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The sponge tool in Photoshop works on color saturation. It can either saturate a color or desaturate a color. This means by using the sponge tool, we can either increase the color intensity of some pixels or decrease the color intensity of some pixels.

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Select the Smudge tool (R) from the toolbar. If you can't find the Smudge tool, click and hold the Blur tool ( ) to show the other related tools, and then select the Smudge tool. Choose a brush tip and and blend mode options in the options bar

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Select the Crop tool in the Photoshop toolbox (also known as the Tools bar). Its icon looks like two intersecting right angles. To locate it quickly, just press the letter C on your keyboard. To make a crop selection, hold down the left mouse button and drag a rectangle across the image.

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In Photoshop CS6 and CC the Crop tool now has a Straighten tool built into it. So, to straighten a photo, click the Crop Tool (or press C) and click the Straighten icon on the toolbar. Now drag a line across the photo, along an element which should be horizontal or vertical.

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Select the Paint Bucket tool (G) from the toolbar. If you can't find the Paint Bucket tool, click and hold the Gradient tool to show the other related tools, and then select the Paint Bucket tool. In the tool options bar, choose to fill the selection with the foreground color.

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You can find the gradient tool in Photoshop by going to the Tools menu on the left of your screen. It's about halfway down the toolbar unless you've customized this. The icon may appear as a paint bucket. Click and hold on this icon and it will show you the gradient tool icon (as shown on the inset in the image above.)

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool

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In the tool options bar, choose the Zoom In option to magnify your view or the Zoom Out option to reduce the image view. Click the area you want to zoom in or out in your image. Each click magnifies or reduces the image to the next preset percentage and centers the display around the point you click.

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The Brush Tool is a primary painting tool. It works like a traditional drawing tool by applying color using strokes. It's located in the standard toolbar, and its default shortcut is the letter B.

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The Rectangular Marquee tool is used for making rectangular selections within an image. The Elliptical Marquee Tool is the tool of choice for selecting moons, planets and other round celestial bodies.

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The tool automatically selects similar tones and stops when it finds image edges.

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The Polygonal Lasso tool is useful for making straight-edged selections.

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The Magic Wand tool is a selection tool. It allows you to quickly select areas of your images and make independent edits to it. It's most used often to select solid backgrounds and color areas.

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The Lasso tool is helpful for drawing a free-form border around a selected object within an image. It allows you to soften the edges of your selection or add a feathering effect; it's also useful for anti-aliasing

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The healing brush enables you to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area

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The spot healing brush is the default healing tool in Photoshop and can be used to clone areas from an image and blend the pixels from the sampled area seamlessly with the target area.

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The Photoshop Clone Stamp tool copies one area of an image onto another area of an image. Photographers and designers often use the Clone Stamp tool to remove unwanted elements from a photograph.

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The Patch Tool is part of the healing brush set of tools. These are the go-to tools for retouching and repairing your images. The Patch Tool is primarily used to repair larger areas of an image, or get rid of any distractions or blemishes.

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The Move tool helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work.

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When we talk about contrast in photography, we are talking about differences — specifically, the differences between tones and colors that make up an image. Contrast is the degree of difference between two colors or between the lightest lights and darkest darks in an image.

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Vibrance allows photographers to increase the intensity of muted colors while leaving saturated colors untouched. As a result, images appear much more natural and even.

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Hue is the aspect of color which is described as “red” or “yellow” etc. It is one of the three main attributes of perceived color.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors – correctly.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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A diffuser is a semitranslucent material placed between a light source and a subject which scatters light beams to soften light. A bare strobe produces a hard light, but if soft light is desired the strobe's light can be diffused.

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In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialized reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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APS-C cameras use a smaller area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras, and so lenses used on APS-C format cameras have a correspondingly narrower field of view. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera.

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A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera with a 35mm image sensor format. Historically, 35mm was considered a small film format compared with medium format, large format and even larger.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs. Crop factor is a term that describes the difference between your camera's sensor size and a traditional 35mm film frame.

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Layer masking is a reversible way to hide part of a layer. This gives you more editing flexibility than permanently erasing or deleting part of a layer.

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Post processing is the process of editing the data captured by a camera while taking the photo taken to enhance the image. The better the data captured from a camera to create the photo the better the enhancement possibility is. There are more and more cameras which have come into market which can capture RAW files.

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A thumbnail is a smaller version of a much larger image that is used to help conserve screen space. They are useful for helping users to view multiple images at once. Thumbnails are also commonly used on the Internet, helping the web page viewer see an image without having to download the full-sized image.

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Metadata is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data, such as the text of a message or the image itself.

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digital single-lens reflex camera DSLR is a term that's become synonymous with digital cameras

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view.

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A telephoto lens, in photography and cinematography, is a specific type of a long-focus lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length.

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a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens (as opposed to a zoom lens

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A macro lens is a lens that specifically allows you to focus extremely close to a subject so that it appears large in the viewfinder

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In photography, the golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the sun is higher in the sky

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blue hour' is the period of time just after the sunset, around dusk when the sky takes on inky, indigo hues and before it becomes impenetrably black. It's a unique time of day, and not something that can be recreated even using the the best photo editing apps.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Triadic colors are combinations of three colors that work well together, as suggested by the way that they are evenly spread out around the color wheel

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo. Put another way — it's a measure of the light intensities from the highlights to the shadows.

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A RAW file is an image generated by digital cameras such as Panasonic, Leica, and Casio cameras. It contains uncompressed, raw image data captured by a digital camera's CCD.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Portable Network Graphics is a raster-graphics file format that supports lossless data compression.

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PSD (Photoshop Document) is an image file format native to Adobe's popular Photoshop Application. It's an image editing friendly format

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JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography.

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The file format is the structure of a file that tells a program how to display its contents

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This term generally refers to the absence of post-processing with an image editing program. The image is untouched, just what the photographer saw and the camera recorded.

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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Camera resolution refers to the number of pixels that a camera can capture, and the resolution for you depends on how you plan to use your pictures.

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The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9, sixteen-to-nine.

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Cropping is the removal of unwanted outer areas from a photographic or illustrated image

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The Options Bar is the horizontal bar that runs underneath the Menu Bar in Photoshop. The job of the Options Bar is to set the options of the tool you are about to use.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more. The menu bar consists of 11 items: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help.

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Palettes are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Workspace Switcher displays a visual representation of your workspaces, as shown in Figure 4–3. Figure 4–3 shows the Workspace Switcher when the Java Desktop System session contains four workspaces. Your workspaces appear as buttons on the panel application.

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a white balance card (or gray card) helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point.

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Exposure compensation is used to alter exposure from the value selected by the camera, making photographs brighter or darker.

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It shows you what you have set in terms of exposure compensation and/or auto exposure bracketing. It is only shown in exposure modes that use exposure compensation or auto exposure bracketing. The scale on the side shows the measurement from the light meter based on the current exposure parameters

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Bracketing is a technique where a photographer takes shots of the same image using different camera settings. ... The most common type of bracketing is exposure bracketing, where the same shot is captured with at least three different exposures.

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An AF point is a specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something. When looking through the viewfinder, these points are denoted by small squares clustered around the centre of the frame.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown. The color is now often associated with antique photographs

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A vignette is a gradual darkening of an image around the edges of the frame. The result adds visual interest while closing in the rectangularity of the motion picture frame

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A shadow is the result of the relationship between the subject's location and the direction of the light source. With front light, the shadow falls behind the subject.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas.

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A mid-tone is precisely that – all luminance values that are not dark or light are considered to be mid-tones.

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast.

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Center-weighted average metering works on the assumption that the most important part of the image is probably in the center. It measures the whole scene but places extra emphasis on the light values in the middle. Center-weighted averaging is a bit of a throwback.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful.

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With spot metering, the camera will measure only a very small area of the scene (1–5% of the viewfinder area). ... Spot metering allows the camera to measure the light reflected from the person's face and expose properly for that, instead of adjusting exposure for the much brighter light around the hairline.

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In photography, painting, and other visual arts, middle gray or middle grey is a tone that is perceptually about halfway between black and white on a lightness scale; in photography and printing, it is typically defined as 18% reflectance in visible light.

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In burst mode, the photographer captures several photos in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning photography is a technique in photography that uses a slow shutter speed while moving your camera along to create motion blur in the background. With the right technique, you can create a relatively sharp subject combined with a background that features motion blur for a stunning photograph.

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light painting is the photographic technique of using a moving light source—such as a flashlight, glow stick, light brush, or even a smartphone—to alter an image while taking a long exposure photograph.

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Time-lapse photography is a technique in which the frequency at which film frames are captured is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. When played at normal speed, time appears to be moving faster and thus lapsing.

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Long Exposure is a technique that consists of leaving the shutter open longer than usual. This allows us to capture the motion of a moving element or more light from a night scene. In photography, it's generally considered long exposure when the shutter speed is slower than 1/60th of a second.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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A monopod is a single staff or pole used to help support cameras, binoculars, rifles or other precision instruments in the field.
A tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or observational/measuring equipment. All photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head to couple with a camera.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation.

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Bulb mode is simply a shutter speed option that you can select in Manual mode on your camera. It allows your shutter speed to be any length you choose: one second, one minute, 17 minutes, or anything else.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1⁄500 of a second will let half as much light in as 1⁄250

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Program mode means that the camera still sets the exposure for you. It chooses the correct aperture and shutter speed for the light available, so your shot is correctly exposed

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Shutter priority, also called time value, refers to a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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Aperture priority is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure

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Manual mode is one of the main settings on your camera, and it lets you manually control shutter speed, aperture, and ISO.

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Automatic modes. In automatic modes the camera determines all aspects of exposure, choosing exposure parameters according to the application within the constraints of correct exposure, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity.

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the effect of a soft out-of-focus background that you get when shooting a subject, using a fast lens, at the widest aperture, such as f/2.8 or wider. Simply put, bokeh is the pleasing or aesthetic quality of out-of-focus blur in a photograph.

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For many cameras, depth of field is the distance between the nearest and the farthest objects that are in acceptably sharp focus in an image

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The focal length of a lens is determined when the lens is focused at infinity. Lens focal length tells us the angle of view—how much of the scene will be captured—and the magnification—how large individual elements will be. The longer the focal length, the narrower the angle of view and the higher the magnification.

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the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil.

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An optical system typically has many openings or structures that limit the ray bundles.

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In digital photographs, the term noise refers to a certain type of visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photographs, but can also look like splotches of discoloration when it's really bad, and can ruin a photograph.