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law that required parents to educate their children based on the idea that in educating people to read scripture, they protect them against Satan's influence. Required towns of 50+ families to pay a teacher to teach reading and writing.

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With the push for universal education, common schools became places of elementary education for all children, regardless of class.

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Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Heavy emphasis on standards based education reform and implementation of standardized testing. Penalized schools that showed no improvement on standardized tests.

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Provided post-elementary education to students who needed additional education but had no interest in attending college. Provided more practical instruction in more everyday information.
Classes offered to both boys and girls, commercial not religious subjects taught.

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Free public secondary education opened up continued education to children who were not from wealthy families in America.

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Developed by German Freidrich Froebel, kindergarten was supposed to lay the foundational knowledge necessary to continue more formal education through children's activities, such as songs, stories, and games.

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Schools were required to offer sufficient special instruction for students with English as a second language.
Resulted in Lau Remedies, the guidelines for language minority students to be taught curriculum in their home language until they can effectively benefit from being taught academics in English instruction.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

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Ruled that separate but equal was inherently unequal, and thus laws requiring segregation were illegal.
Ended de jure school segregation, but did little to reduce/eliminate de facto school segregation.

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Supreme court upheld "separate but equal" accommodations for African Americans, which was then extended to the education system.

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Educational reform movement attempting to reform education based on these principles:

1) the child should have the freedom to develop naturally
2) natural interest is the best motive for work
3) the teacher is a guide, not a taskmaster
4) a student's development must be measured scientifically, not just by grades
5) Students' general health and physical development require attention
6)The school and the home must work together to meet children's needs
7) The progressive school should be a leader in trying new educational ideas

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Michigan courts ruled that school districts can tax the public to support both high schools and elementary schools, setting the precedent for financing public high schools

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Stemmed from debate on where to best separate grade levels for elementary and high school.

Junior High (1909): grades 7,8,9
Middle School (1960s): grades 6,7,8

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Granted states a minimum of 30,000 acres of federal land where the income from from the rent or sale of these lands must be used to establish colleges for the study of agriculture and mechanical arts.
Total of 6 million acres of federal land were donated.

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Congress in order to have and maintain a good government, schools and education were needed to reinforce religion, morality, and knowledge. Every township in the new territory was divided into 36 sections, and one was always set aside for public schooling.