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the standard unit of work or energy in the International System of Units.

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Preston Omernik-Law of Conservation of Energy.

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Preston Omernik-Law of Conservation of Energy.

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Amount of Energy added by heating a object.

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1. Energy Transformations 1A. Single Transformations 1B. Multiple Transformations 1C. "Waste" Energy 2. Transformations Between Potential and Kinetic Energy 3. Conservations of Energy 3A. Energy and Friction 3B. Energy in Matter and Mass 4. Resources

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The lowest temperature that can be possible.

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Opposite of Fahrenheit and Kelvin

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the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature, equal in science to the degree Celsius Mariana Schmidt

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A measure of the average kinetic

energy of the particles in a

substance. -Emily Borchardt 6th hour

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is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring molecules.

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Process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. -Karissa Grande 6th hour

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Amount of Energy added by heating a object. Equation to find the amount of energy.

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Written by tutor Sahel H.

The more familiar form of Newton's second law of motion states that the sum of forces exerted on an object equal the product of the mass of the object and it's acceleration,

However, this law is most generally written in the following form relating the net force on an object to the rate of change of the object's momentum,

The term inside parentheses, the product of mass and velocity of the object, is called linear momentum or momentum for short and is denoted by letter p,

Momentum is a vector quantity and needs both a magnitude and a direction to be described fully. Since mass is a scalar quantity, the direction of momentum is always the same as the direction of velocity.

The most important property of momentum is it's conservation. In any isolated system of objects, the sum of momenta of all the objects stays constant regardless of the forces acting between the objects. This is the famous principle of conservation of momentum, which is a consequence of Newton's third law of motion.

Think of a collision between a car of mass m moving in the x direction and a truck of mass 3m moving in the opposite direction with half the speed of the car. The third law states that any action has an equal reaction in the opposite direction, which means at the instant of collision the car exerts the same amount of force on the truck (in the x direction) as the truck exerts on the car (in the -x direction) regardless of their different masses and velocities.

These forces are called impulsive forces because they act on an object during a brief period of time, the few seconds when the car and the truck are in physical contact. One can use this equation to write the force exerted on either of these objects as the rate of change of their momenta,

Substitution of these two equations into the previous equation gives

Therefore, in the isolated system of car plus truck, the sum of momentum of the two objects is constant and any momentum lost by the truck is gained by the car and vise versa. The change of momentum of an object is also called the impulse, denoted by letter J. Impulse can be calculated if the magnitude of the impulsive force and the time period of action are known. One can easily derive the following result:

Conservation of momentum is very useful in solving a wide variety of problems including collision problems. There are different types of collisions depending on the amount of kinetic energy that is dissipated. (Of course the total energy is always conserved in any situation but some of the kinetic energy of the objects involved in a collision may be dissipated or lost due to deformation of the objects and heating up the objects or environment. In any case this lost energy is not available to us in the useful form of kinetic energy after the collision.) If there is no kinetic energy lost during the collision, the collision is an elastic collision. If some of the kinetic energy is lost during the collision, the collision is an inelastic collision. A special case of inelastic collision, the perfectly inelastic collision, corresponds to the maximum kinetic energy loss and happens when two objects collide and coalesce.

Let us explore the usefulness of conservation of momentum with a few examples.

Example #1:

Assume John is running at a constant speed of 18km/hr on a horizontal road and sees a stationary skateboard and jumps on it. a) What is the velocity of the skateboard right after John jumps on it? John's mass is 43kg and the skateboard's mass is 3kg. b) How much energy is lost in this situation?

Answer #1:

This is a one-dimensional problem. Let us label the direction that John is running toward as the x-direction. We can treat the jump as a collision and use momentum conservation to solve for the final velocity of the skateboard with John on it. The initial momentum of the situation is equal to initial momentum of John since the skateboard is stationary before the jump. The final momentum, which is the product of the combined mass and the final velocity, must equal the initial momentum. (We must be consistent with our units; thus before plugging numbers into equations, we need to convert John's speed from 18km/hr to 5m/s.)

The final velocity of the skateboard after John jumps on it is 4.7m/s in the x direction.

This collision can be classified as a perfectly inelastic collision since the two objects move together after the collision. Therefore, kinetic energy is not conserved and 29.43 J is lost.

Example #2:

During a one-dimensional elastic collision, an object of mass m1 moving with velocity v1 collides with a stationary object of mass m2. Describe the motion of these two objects after the collision for each of the following three cases.

a) m ₁=m ₂ b) m ₁>m ₂ c) m ₁<> ₂

Answer #2:

We have two unknowns for this problem, velocity of each object after the collision. Therefore, we need to have two different equations to find the two unknowns. We know that in our isolated system, momentum is conserved. We also know that kinetic energy is conserved since the collision is classified as an elastic collision. We can write two equations, using conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy. (The velocities after the collision are represented by primed variables.)

We now have two equations with two unknowns. Dividing these two equations, gives us the relation between our two unknowns.

We can substitute either of these final equations in the original equation for conservation of momentum and solve for each of the final velocities.

Now, we can examine the different cases mentioned above. If the two masses are equal, the moving object comes to rest and the stationary object starts moving with velocity v ₁ after the collision. If the moving object is more massive than the stationary object, the moving object keeps moving in the same direction but with a smaller speed than |v ₁| and the stationary object starts moving with a velocity larger than v ₁. If the moving object is less massive than the stationary object, the moving object changes it's direction and the stationary object starts moving in the same direction as v ₁.

Example #3:

An object of mass 3kg is moving along one direction, the x-direction, with a speed of 10m/s and collides with another object of mass 2kg moving in the perpendicular direction, the y-direction, with speed of 5m/s. The two objects collide and coalesce. What is the velocity of the object after collision?

Answer #3:

This is a two-dimensional problem. The equation of conservation of momentum should be stated for each direction or dimension.

The magnitude of the velocity vector is 6.3m/s and the direction is 18.4 degrees from the horizontal.

The magnitude of the velocity vector is 6.3m/s and the direction is 18.4 degrees from the horizontal.

Linear Momentum Practice Quiz

A car traveling North from California to Washington at a constant speed of 25m/s, has a mass of 2000kg. What is the momentum of this car?

Which is the correct classification of a collision between frictionless billiard balls on a frictionless surface?

An object of mass m collides with another object, which has a mass of 400m. Which object experiences a greater momentum change?

A force that acts on an object in a limited time and changes the momentum of that object is called:

An asteroid of mass 200,000kg collides with Mars and comes to stop on the surface of Mars. Prior to this collision, the asteroid had a velocity of 600,000km.s⁻¹ in a reference frame in which Mars is at rest.
Which of the following are true? In the mentioned reference frame:
A. The asteroid had a momentum of 1.2E14 kg.m.s-1 before the collision.
B. The change of momentum of Mars is less than 1.2E14 kg.m.s⁻¹.
C. The change of momentum of Mars is greater than 1.2E14 kg.m.s⁻¹.
D. The change in velocity of Mars is 2E-8 m.s⁻¹ and would hardly be noticed.

True or false: In a three dimensional collision between four objects, equation of conservation of momentum is truly three different equations each stating that momentum is conserved along a different direction.

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The more familiar form of Newton's second law of motion states that the sum of forces exerted on an object equal the product of the mass of the object and it's acceleration, However, this law is most generally written in the following form relating the net force on an object

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The Fahrenheit scale is defined in terms of the Celsius scale

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heat trasnsfered through air

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convection -- Kids Encyclopedia | Children's Homework Help | Kids Online Dictionary | Britannica

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From Britannica, explore the most trusted online kids encyclopedia for homework help and general knowledge information on a variety of subjects like science, history, the arts, math, etc.

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Added or external energy that causes a rise in temperature.

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A way of energy transfer across an empty space. Through light waves.

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heat transfered through air

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Range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

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the term for 0 degrees Kelvin and the coldest possible temperature

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Amount of Energy added by heating a object.

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make or become hot or warm

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the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of an object a specific amount

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An object or any kind of matter the has the ability to move but hasn't moved.

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measure of the motions of a substance

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A change from one form to another

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Doesn't allow heat or sound to leave

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Ultraviolet Radiation -- Tristan Barnett

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Ultraviolet Radiation -- Tristan Barnett

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Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun.

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Amount of Energy added by heating a object.

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the heat radiation given off of living things can be viewed with certain goggles