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Lecture du texte avec plusieurs débits possibles.

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Lecture du texte avec plusieurs débits possibles.

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Nations around the world are preparing for a possible major outbreak of a new deadly virus. The coronavirus, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has already killed 17 people. It has spread to the USA, Japan, Korea and Thailand. More than 540 people have caught the virus and are in hospital. The World Health Organization (WHO) is meeting to decide whether the outbreak is a global health emergency. China is urging people not to panic ahead of the Chinese New Year next week. Millions of Chinese will be travelling across the country to spend the holiday season with their families. Meanwhile, the city of Wuhan has suspended its public transport systems to help stop the spread of the virus.

The new coronavirus is suspected to have come from illegally traded animals in a Wuhan market. The virus mutated and spread from an animal to a human. There are fears it could mutate and spread further. Scientists say the virus is contagious and can be passed from person to person through the air. Dr Linfa Wang, a virologist at the Duke-National University of Singapore, said the new coronavirus is in the same family as SARS, but it's different from SARS. He said people needed to look for pneumonia-like symptoms, such as fever, cough and difficulty breathing. Fu Ning, a 36-year-old woman from Beijing, said: "I feel fearful because there's no cure for the virus."

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China coronavirus heightens global alarm

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Nations around the world are preparing for a possible major outbreak of a new deadly virus. The coronavirus, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has already killed 17 people. It has spread to the USA, Japan, Korea and Thailand. More than 540 people have caught the virus and are in hospital.

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Activités portant principalement sur le lexique

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Activités portant principalement sur le lexique

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Nations around the world are preparing for a possible major outbreak of a new deadly virus. The coronavirus, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has already killed 17 people. It has spread to the USA, Japan, Korea and Thailand. More than 540 people have caught the virus and are in hospital. The World Health Organization (WHO) is meeting to decide whether the outbreak is a global health emergency. China is urging people not to panic ahead of the Chinese New Year next week. Millions of Chinese will be travelling across the country to spend the holiday season with their families. Meanwhile, the city of Wuhan has suspended its public transport systems to help stop the spread of the virus.

The new coronavirus is suspected to have come from illegally traded animals in a Wuhan market. The virus mutated and spread from an animal to a human. There are fears it could mutate and spread further. Scientists say the virus is contagious and can be passed from person to person through the air. Dr Linfa Wang, a virologist at the Duke-National University of Singapore, said the new coronavirus is in the same family as SARS, but it's different from SARS. He said people needed to look for pneumonia-like symptoms, such as fever, cough and difficulty breathing. Fu Ning, a 36-year-old woman from Beijing, said: "I feel fearful because there's no cure for the virus."

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China coronavirus heightens global alarm

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Nations around the world are preparing for a possible major outbreak of a new deadly virus. The coronavirus, which started in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has already killed 17 people. It has spread to the USA, Japan, Korea and Thailand. More than 540 people have caught the virus and are in hospital.

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Sers-toi de ton premier cours sur l'identification, la description et l'interprétation d'une image pour décrire et commenter ce document.

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Origine, cause et conséquence de la covid + quiz sur le vocabulaire

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Origine, cause et conséquence de la covid + quiz sur le vocabulaire

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This glossary of terms related to coronaviruses and in particular is intended for learners of English though it may be of interest to a wider audience. In times of crisis, knowing and understanding the terminology involved may help counter some of the fearmongering and lies that such times breed.

A virus is a micro-organism, too small to be seen without a microscope, that causes infectious disease in animals and humans.

In December 2019 a new disease was identified in China. On investigation, the disease was caused by a "new" virus of the coronavirus family, and has since been officially named COVID-19.

It is believed that COVID-19 originated in the Chinese city of Wuhan, though whether zoonotically via a local live animal market or through viral manipulation in a local laboratory using American research and money remains a mystery to the public. It subsequently spread to other countries and was officially pronounced a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020.

Peter Heilig, Dr. med. Univ.-Professor
Each of the following terms, listed in alphabetical order, has 1) a basic definition and 2) an example sentence showing how the term may be used in context.

asymptomatic (adjective): showing no symptoms of a particular disease - She had no idea her husband had coronavirus because he was asymptomatic.

carrier (noun): a person or animal that transmits a disease to others, whether suffering from it themselves or not - People who are asymptomatic can still be carriers.

carry (verb): be infected with a disease and able to transmit it to others, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic - Some people may carry coronavirus without knowing it.

community spread (noun): transmission of a disease directly within a community and not by importation from a foreign source - With this many new positive cases, the evidence suggests that we now have community spread right here in our county.

contact tracing (noun): identification and monitoring of people who may have had contact with an infectious person - By insisting on strict contact tracing as soon as someone was potentially infected, they managed to control the spread of the disease.

contagious (adjective): describing a disease that can pass from person to person, usually by direct contact; describing a person with such a disease. See infectious - Patients who are still contagious are kept in isolation.

COVID-19 (noun): official name for the novel coronavirus disease that emerged in China in 2019. COVID-19 = COrona VIrus Disease-20 19 - All countries are requested to report any new confirmed case of COVID-19 within 48 hours.

covid performance art (noun): manifested mostly in the form of high-production-value TikTok videos of nurses with time on their hands mindlessly dancing in often-empty hospitals - The production value is far too high and hospital protocols are likely too strict for this covid performance art to have been made "organically". Someone likely paid to have them produced. The question is why.

epidemic (noun): occurrence of a particular disease in a large number of people in a particular area. See outbreak, pandemic - The city was devastated by an epidemic of cholera in the 19th century.

herd immunity (noun): an indirect protection from a disease resulting from a large percentage of the population gaining immunity (as a result of either recovering from the disease or being vaccinated) - This virus is unlike other coronaviruses because there is currently no herd immunity to it, he said. According to Prof. Sir Andrew Pollard, Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group, herd immunity to Covid-19 by vaccination is not possible because it still infects vaccinated individuals.

iatrogenesis (noun): illness or death caused by a doctor or nurse conducting medical treatment - During the Covid panic, and mainly in New York, an estimated 30,000 Americans were killed by ventilators and iatrogenesis in April 2020.

infectious (adjective): describing a disease that can be transmitted through the environment; describing a human or animal capable of spreading an infection. See contagious - Avoid the dogs as they may still be infectious.

isolation (noun): separation of infected people from healthy people for serious contagious diseases like COVID-19 - Travellers arriving from the infected area were immediately put in isolation.

mask (noun): a piece of fibre or cloth that fits over the nose and mouth to protect other people from the wearer's germs and/or the wearer from germs in the air - The World Health Organization have historically offered varying advice on whether or when people should wear masks.

outbreak (noun): a sudden occurrence of a disease (or other unpleasant thing). See epidemic, pandemic - There was another outbreak of the disease in 1993 but the cause was uncertain.

pandemic (noun): occurrence of a particular disease throughout a whole country or the world. See epidemic, outbreak - Just after the First World War there was a pandemic of flu which killed up to 40 million people worldwide.

pandemic amnesty (noun): a proposed official agreement to take no action against people guilty of crimes during the Covid pandemic such as forced vaccination or illegal deprivation of liberty - LET'S DECLARE A PANDEMIC AMNESTY. Let's focus on the future, and fix the problems we still need to solve.

patient zero (noun): the person identified as the first to become infected with a disease in an outbreak - Authoritites usually try to determine who patient zero was in any given outbreak as can help answer important questions about how, when and why it started.

PCR test (noun): test that detects viral particles in blood or other body fluids. (PCR = polymerase chain reaction) - Although the PCR test is widely used to diagnose Covid-19, Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize in connection with his invention of the PCR method, doubted the validity of using the PCR test for this purpose.

quarantine (noun): isolation and monitoring of people who seem healthy but may have been exposed to an infectious disease to see if they develop symptoms - For centuries it's been common for ships arriving from infected areas to be kept in quarantine at the docks, originally for 40 days which is where the term comes from.

SARS-CoV-2 (noun): Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2; final official name for the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. (This virus was previously known as 2019-nCoV.) - SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus and COVID-19 is the name of the disease.

self-isolate (verb): isolate oneself; put oneself in quarantine, away from other people - The prime minister's wife has tested positive for COVID-19 and the couple are now self-isolating and working by phone and Skype.

social distancing (noun): practice of encouraging people to minimize contact and closeness, whether by banning large or even small groups/meetings (football matches, nightclubs), or by maintaining a minimum distance between people (for example one metre or two metres) - The government has instructed schools to take social distancing measures to slow the spread of the virus.

superspreader (noun): person infected with a virus etc who transmits or spreads it to an unusually large number of people - One so-called "superspreader" in South Korea infected at least 37 people at her church with the virus.

vax (noun, informal): vaccine, vaccination - Have you had your flu vax this year? | anti-vaxer, anti-vaxxer (noun): a person opposed to vaccines and vaccination on principle - Some anti-vaxxers are against vaccines on religious grounds and others just believe vaccines are dangerous to health.

ventilation (noun): the supply of air to the lungs to support the breathing of an ill or anaesthetized person; used liberally on Covid-19 patients at the start of the pandemic until the practice was found to kill patients - We very very readily would put people on mechanical ventilation...which might have actually caused more harm than good. (Dr Fauci)

ventilator (noun): a device used medically to support the breathing of an ill or anaesthetized person; the use of a ventilator is called ventilation - The early use of ventilators/ventilation "in NY City during the pandemic killed many people" (Dr Kevin Bass).

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The language we use to talk about the new coronavirus disease that started in 2019 - COVID-19. With definitions and example sentences. Vocabulary for ESL learners and teachers.

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COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.
Most common symptoms: Less common symptoms:

sore throat

headache

aches and pains

diarrhoea

a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes

red or irritated eyes.

Serious symptoms:

difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

loss of speech or mobility, or confusion

Seek immediate medical attention if you have serious symptoms. Always call before visiting your doctor or health facility.

People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their symptoms at home.

On average it takes 5-6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.

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Overview

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COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.
Most common symptoms: Less common symptoms:

sore throat

headache

aches and pains

diarrhoea

a rash on skin, or discolouration of fingers or toes

red or irritated eyes.

Serious symptoms:

difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

loss of speech or mobility, or confusion

Seek immediate medical attention if you have serious symptoms. Always call before visiting your doctor or health facility.

People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their symptoms at home.

On average it takes 5-6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.

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Textes trop longs, se référer aux titres

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Textes trop longs, se référer aux titres

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4. Tertiary sectors

4.1. Education

COVID-19 has affected all levels of the education system, from pre-school to tertiary education. Different countries have introduced various policies, ranging from complete closure in Germany and Italy [] to targeted closure in the United Kingdom for all but the children of workers in key industries []. Additionally, over 100 countries have imposed a nationwide closure of educational facilities. UNESCO estimates that close to 900 million learners have been affected by the closure of educational institutions ( ) [].

Whilst the intention of these closures is to prevent spread of the virus within institutions and prevent carriage to vulnerable individuals, these closures have had widespread socioeconomic implications.

COVID-19 has had an impact on social mobility whereby schools are no longer able to provide free school meals for children from low-income families, social isolation and school dropout rates. It has also had a significant impact on childcare costs for families with young children. Additionally, there exists a wide disparity amongst populations with a higher income who are able to access technology that can ensure education continues digitally during social isolation. In Dubai, 13,900 people have signed a petition to decrease indepedent school fees by 30% as parents struggle to source these funds amidst recent pay cuts reaching as high as 50%, and high costs of living. Furthermore, parents are being asked to provide schools with confidential information such as bank statements and profit and loss company statements [].

Additionally, concerns have been raised regarding the number of scientific conferences that have been cancelled or postponed []. These conferences are the key to scientific research in many disciplines, allowing dissemination of research as well as providing networking opportunities for collaboration and job-seeking. Many conferences have moved online, however these 'virtual conferences' are often not as amenable to networking and informal means of scientific communication.

4.2. Finance industry

COVID-19 has affected communities, businesses and organisations globally, inadvertently affecting the financial markets and the global economy. Uncoordinated governmental responses and lockdowns have led to a disruption in the supply chain. In China, lockdown restrictions significantly reduced the production of goods from factories, while quarantine and self-isolation policies decreased consumption, demand and utilisation of products and services []. As COVID-19 has progressed to affect the rest of the world, China will begin to recover faster than the rest of the countries, strengthening its trade negotiating power against the US. In fact, chinese companies will be in the advantageous position to acquire their western counterparts, which are greatly dependent and will be inevitably affected by the stock market [].

In addition to the disruption in the supply chain, the capital market sector has also been affected. In the US, the S&P 500, a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies on the US stock exchange, the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the Nasdaq fell dramatically until the US government secured the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, with the indexes raising by 7.3% [], 7.73% [] and 7.33% [] respectively []. Furthermore, 10-year US Treasury bond yields have dropped to 0.67% [,]. In the Asian markets, the same pattern followed with China's Shanghai Composite, Hong Kong's Hang Seng and South Korea's KOSPI, initially dropping then followed by a rise in stocks after governmental support. Japan's Nikkei was up 2.01% []. Europe's bond yields mostly declined, reaching market stress hit levels faced in the eurozone crisis of 2011-2012 []. Germany's DAX, the UK's FTSE 100 and the Euro Stoxx 50 were all down on March 23rd, but rose significantly after the EU's rescue package was agreed. Gold dropped against the dollar by 0.65% [].

The decline in global stock markets has festered a volatile environment with critical liquidity levels []. To combat these effects, Central banks globally have intervened to ensure liquidity is maintained and mitigate the economic shock, with several leaders embarking on a 'Whatever it takes' approach [,]. Professor of Financial Economics, David Miles, from Imperial College London has likened such government spending to the post-Napoleonic, first and second world war eras where public sector liabilities rose greatly. He further explains that bond markets could have difficulties in coping with large scale government bond issuance and that central banks may have to intervene by purchasing these bonds on an unprecedented scale [].

4.2.1. European response

Europe has pledged a €1.7tn rescue package in an attempt to dampen the economic effects of COVID-19 on the eurozone with contributions from all member states, the UK, as well as countries in the area which do not for part of the European Union (eg. Switzerland) [].

The European Central Bank (ECB) has announced a €750bn asset-purchase programme with an aim of stabilising and strengthening the Euro through the pandemic. Moreover, the European Commission has collated a €25bn investment fund for the cause and has agreed to a more relaxed policy on budget rules to encourage public spending and the support of affected businesses by their corresponding government [].

In Germany, the state development bank (KfW) is to provide €500bn in loans to aid companies affected by the pandemic, dubbed the 'biggest post-war aid package' []. The Kurzarbeitergeld, a subsidised scheme by the German Federal parliament (the Bundenstag), will look to compensate employees who fall ill or are unable to work due to the virus [,]. France, Spain and Italy have also promised €345bn, €200bn and €25bn respectively, to help support businesses [].

4.2.2. UK response

In the UK, Chancellor Rishi Sunak announced a £330bn package of emergency loan guarantees to help those in financial difficulty [,]. A further £20bn of fiscal support has been issued in attempts to save UK businesses. The package of measures includes:

* A Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme

* Deferring VAT and Income Tax payments

* A Statutory Sick Pay relief package for SMEs (Small and Medium sized Enterprises)

* A 12-month business rates holiday for all retail, hospitality, leisure and nursery businesses in England

* Small business grant funding of £10,000 for all business in receipt of small business rate relief or rural rate relief

* Grant funding of £25,000 for retail, hospitality and leisure businesses with property with a rateable value between £15,000 and £51,000

* The Coronavirus Business Interruption Loan Scheme offering loans of up to £5 million for SMEs through the British Business Bank

* A new lending facility from the Bank of England to help support liquidity among larger firms, helping them bridge coronavirus disruption to their cash flows through loans

* The HMRC Time To Pay Scheme

The Bank of England has cut interest rates to 0.1 pc, an unprecedented response, in an attempt to dampen the effects of COVID-19 [] as well as an attempt to maintain the confidence of unnerved investors [].

On the March 20, 2020, the Chancellor announced that the government will pay up to 80% of the salary of staff (up to £2500 per month) who are kept on by their employer [] and has vowed to support approximately 3.8 milion self-employed individuals with a £9bn support scheme .

4.2.3. US response

The US Federal Reserve (the Fed) has recently decreased interest rates by 0.5% in an attempt to soften the blow of the virus on the US Economy [,]. On March 23rd, the Fed also announced that it would further aid the market by purchasing $125bn in bonds. It will also offer a $300bn lending programme for Main Street businesses as well as ensure that Asset Backed Loan facility which was used in 2008-2009 would be restarted []. The Trump administration has managed to secure on the 27th March [] a $2 trillion 'virus-aid package'- the CARES Act [], to support the economy through these times []. This bill is to cover:

* $1200 to be given to every adult American with an income less than $75,000 or couples less than $150,000.

* $500 for every child under the age of 17

* Increase unemployment compensation by $600 per week, increase unemployment benefit support by 13 months and extend eligibility to the self-employed and independent contractors

* $500bn in loans and loan guarantees to be issued by the US Treasury Department to small and large businesses. Businesses who receive such aid are obligated to keep 90% of their employees until September 30, must pay their loans back within five years and are prohibited to issue dividends for up to a year after the full amount of their loan is repaid.

* $377bn to provide small businesses with loans and grants, $10bn for emergency grants and $17bn will also be made available to enable deferral of existing payments.

* Student loan payments to be deferred until 30th September without penalty charges

* Ban on foreclosures of federally backed mortgages until mid-May

* Ban on evictions of tenants in federal housing programmes for four months

* $25bn in food assistance

* $100bn for healthcare

* $45bn to be directed to the Disaster Relief Fund (which includes the supply of protective equipment)

* $29bn in grants and $29bn in loans, loan guarantees, excise and fuel tax relief

* $17bn towards national security

* $14bn to farmers

4.2.4. China and Japan response

China and Japan took similar action with the People's Bank of China (PBoC) and the Bank of Japan (BoJ) providing the equivalent of $240bn and $43bn to maintain bank liquidity, respectively [,].

Leaders from the G20 (Group of 20) expect recovery from the economic crisis to take the form of a 'V' shaped curve, with a sharp and short-lived dip, followed by a rapid recovery and economic growth. Mr Angel Gurría, secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), disagrees with these claims, stating that the road to economic recovery is more likely to resemble a 'U' shaped curve, with a prolonged period of economic inactivity for years to come [].

4.3. Healthcare and the pharmaceutical industry

4.3.1. Healthcare

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. In particular, the risk to healthcare workers is one of the greatest vulnerabilities of healthcare systems worldwide. Considering most healthcare workers are unable to work remotely, strategies including the early deployment of viral testing for asymptomatic and/or frontline healthcare staff is imperative []. High healthcare costs, shortages of protective equipment including N95 face masks, and low numbers of ICU beds and ventilators have ultimately exposed weaknesses in the delivery of patient care. In the US, there is concern regarding uninsured individuals, who may work in jobs predisposing them to viral infection which may lead to significant financial consequences in the event of illness [].

4.3.2. Pharmaceutical industry

Profound changes to the dynamics of healthcare are likely to ensue, leading to massive investment into disease prevention infrastructure, and the accelerated digital transformation of healthcare delivery. Nicola et al. have highlighted the change in healthcare policy and clinical management as new evidence emerges . In the US, active pharmaceutical ingredients are imported largely from India (18%) and the EU (26%), while China accounts for 13%. China is also the biggest exporter of medical devices to the US, accounting for 39.3%. Production slow-downs and limitations in supply would inadvertently lead to revenue loss []. In the UK, AstraZeneca have indicated that COVID-19 is likely to affect its 2020 revenue growth.

Conversely, opportunities for companies engaged in vaccine and drug development have simultaneously emerged, with US-based companies including Johnson & Johnson, Vir Biotechnology, Novavax and NanoViricides having announced collaborative plans to develop a viral vaccine. A Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating an investigational COVID-19 vaccine is currently underway, and will enroll 45 healthy adult volunteers ages 18-55 years over approximately 6 weeks [].

4.4. Hospitality, tourism and aviation

4.4.1. Hospitality

The hospitality and travel industry have perhaps been most hard-hit, with hourly workers facing potentially devastating hardships. Marriott International (approximately 174,000 employees) is poised to place tens of thousands of workers on furlough []. Hilton Worldwide has also notified lenders on March 5, 2020 that they would be borrowing a precautionary $1.75bn under a revolving loan to preserve money and to maintain flexibility "in light of uncertainty in the global markets" [].

Hotel industry revenue per available room in the United States fell 11.6% for the week ending March 7, 2020, whilst in China occupancy rates fell 89% by the end of January 2020. Other United States hotel companies are seeking approximately $150bn in direct aid for employees due to an unprecedented fall in demand, along with an estimated $1.5bn loss since mid-February []. MGM Resorts International have also announced a temporary suspension in operation at its Las Vegas properties, with casino operations closing on 16th March, followed by hotel operations []. Since March 1, 2020, hotel occupancy in Germany decreased by over 36% []. Italian cities including Rome have been inadvertently affected with a current occupancy rate of 6%, whilst London remains the most stable with an occupancy rate of approximately 47% []. Overall, the COVID-19 crisis has led to international distortions for the hospitality industry, and significant slumps for the European hotel market.

4.4.2. Tourism

The tourism sector is currently one of the hardest-hit by the outbreak of COVID-19, with impacts on both travel supply and demand. As a direct consequence of COVID-19, The World Travel and Tourism Council has warned that 50 million jobs in the global travel and tourism sector may be at risk []. In Europe, the European Tourism Manifesto alliance, encompassing over 50 European public and private organisations from the travel and tourism sector, have highlighted the need to implement urgent measures. These include temporary state aid for the tourism and travel sector from national governments as well as fast and easy access to short- and medium-term loans to overcome liquidity shortages, including funds made available by the EU through the Corona Response Investment Initiative, and fiscal relief []. The alliance has also called for the launch of the European Unemployment Reinsurance Scheme [].

Internationally, Vietnam received approximately 1.45 million Chinese visitors in the first quarter of 2019, dropping by 644,000 in January of 2020. It is estimated that Vietnam's tourist sector will suffer a $5bn loss should the COVID-19 pandemic extend into the second quarter of 2020 []. Moreover, the Philippines is projecting a 0.3-0.7% slowdown in the country's full year GDP []. In the United States, restriction of all non-essential travel, US-Canada border closure [], and the suspension of visa services [] may accelerate disruption of the American economy. In the UK, many parks are now closing to further enforce social distancing as they have in Italy [].

4.4.3. Aviation

The travel industry is grappling with an unprecedented wave of cancellations and a significant drop in demand amid strict governmental instructions to implement social distancing and the restriction of unnecessary travel. Globally, border closures are on the rise. In the US, all foreign nationals from China, Iran and certain EU countries are barred from entering []. This ban includes anyone who visited these countries within the 14 days prior to their US trip. The UK Foreign Office has also advised UK nationals against all but essential international travel []. In Europe, the president of the EU commission has proposed all non-essential travel from outside the EU be suspended for 30 days. Travel suspensions have also been implemented across Asia and Africa [].

In light of these events, Malaysia Airport reported a 30% decline in international passenger traffic for February []. More recently, Airlines for America sought a government bailout encompassing $25bn in grants, $25bn in loans, and significant tax relief to ensure survival []. UK airlines have also called for an immediate £7.5bn emergency bailout to prevent a widespread shutdown []. Ministers in the Netherlands have also reported implementing strategies to ensure the continued operation of Air France-KLM and Amsterdam's Schiphol airport, whilst the Italian Government have been said to be close to taking full control of ailing airline Alitalia.

4.5. Real estate and housing sector

The real estate industry is facing great uncertainty due to COVID-19. At an individual level, social distancing precautions have reduced house views, a key part of the selling process, and both buyers and sellers are having to reconsider their plans. Increasingly, sellers are looking for reassurance regarding the health of potential buyers coming to view properties []. Some brokers are offering house tours via Skype and FaceTime to minimise the risk of infection propagation. Brokers around the United States are also asking potential buyers to preregister for viewings in order to gauge their level of interest and likelihood of purchase [].

Additionally, thousands of workers around the world have been made redundant or have been placed on temporary, unpaid leave of absence. Inevitably this will have a significant impact on individuals' abilities to pay rent, mortgages and various household expenditures. To tackle this, part of the £350bn lifeline the United Kingdom (UK) government has released will be used to allow mortgage lenders to offer a three-month mortgage holiday to those in financial difficulty []. The government has also recommended that buyers and lenders delay negotiations during the lockdown, bringing transactions to a halt []. Many are worried that we will face another financial crisis, similar to that of 2008 that will impact confidence in real estate. Banks within the UK have begun to take precautions; high street lenders require up to 40% deposits for a new mortgage to be approved. It is however too early to speculate on the impact of COVID-19; as of yet, the infection has not had a significant impact on the housing market [, ].

4.6. Sports industry

COVID-19 is having a substantial impact on sporting schedules as some of the world's largest sporting events come to view in 2020. Football's much anticipated Euro 2020 tournament has been postponed for 12 months while play-offs have been postponed till June 2020 at the earliest []. The international Olympic committee was committed to staging the Tokyo 2020 Olympics this summer without delay. However, they have now made the decision to postpone the games to 2021, a decision that is supported by athletes and their respective nations [, , ]. In a similar vein, the Australian Formula one Grand Prix has been postponed with Bahrain and Vietnam opting to cancel their fixtures until further notice []. These are but a few examples; golf, tennis, athletics, basketball, rugby, cycling, boxing, snooker and ice-skating fixtures have all faced cancellations and delays in an attempt to curb the spread of disease. Inevitably this will have a significant financial burden, the gravity of which has yet to come to light [].

4.7. Information technology, media, research & development

Social distancing precautions are paramount to the containment effort. Additionally, COVID-19 has left several hospitals in turmoil, having reached maximal capacity. As a result, various countries are turning towards technological solutions, to care for patients and at the same time, minimise the risk of person to person transmission. In various cities across China, tele-response bots powered by fifth-generation wireless networks are being utilised that allow health care staff to communicate with patients, monitor their health and deliver medical supplies []. Drones that deliver medication and work-from-home apps are also being adopted. Automation of services has been a major goal for China. COVID-19 has helped to accelerate uptake and has taken them one step closer to this goal [].

4.8. Food sector

The food sector, including food distribution and retailing, has been put under strain as a result of people panic-buying and stockpiling food []. This has led to increased concerns about shortages of food products such as long-life milk, pasta, rice and tinned vegetables. Panic-buying has resulted in an increase of £1bn worth of food in UK homes []. This high demand on food products has also affected online food delivery. Companies are struggling with excessive bookings, with deliveries arriving late or not at all []. Moreover, food banks have also been affected by panic-buying and food stockpiling as donations have reduced. Concerns about food running out also means that vulnerable populations who can not afford to stockpile, may not find food [,].

In response to these concerns, the UK government has made efforts to provide certain populations with food parcels and free meals to collect and take home. These populations include high-risk vulnerable individuals such as the elderly who have no support network, and school children of low-income families [, , ].

The UK government has also reduced restrictions on delivery hours for retailers in order to allow stores to restock with basic food products. Furthermore, the British Retail Consortium (BRC) has reassured the public that despite low inventory of certain food products in local stores, there are no such shortages of food. Similar statements have been made by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [,].

In addition, despite reassurance by the government, stores have made drastic changes by restricting the amount of each product that an individual can buy, providing more than 30,000 new jobs to meet the high pressure of restocking shelves, and setting special shopping hours for the elderly, vulnerable populations and NHS stuff. Further changes being implemented include a decrease in the range of products being made by manufacturers, with the aim of focusing on products that are in greater need [].

Independent supermarkets have also been affected by the high demand on food products. Measures implemented by these local stores include free delivery of food products to customers to avoid panic-buying, putting restrictions on the number of customers allowed in at any given time to avoid overcrowding, and expanding on the number of suppliers whom they buy their products from to avoid food shortage [].

Although supermarkets have seen a huge demand on food products, restaurants and cafes have been forced to close. As a result, many of these stores are at risk of permanent closure and many of their employees have lost their jobs. The impact of COVID-19 on the food industry has forced Leon, a UK fast-food chain, to change its business model; 65 of its restaurants were said to turn into shops that sell refrigerated ready -meal-type plastic pouches [].

Author contribution

Maria Nicola, Catrin Sohrabi, Ahmed Kerwan, Riaz Agha: Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing original draft, Editing drafts, Approval of final article. Zaid Alsafi, Ahmed Al-Jabir, Christos Iosifidis, Maliha Agha: Conceptualization, Data curation, Resources, Writing original draft, Approval of final article.

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The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review

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COVID-19 has affected all levels of the education system, from pre-school to tertiary education. Different countries have introduced various policies, ranging from complete closure in Germany and Italy [] to targeted closure in the United Kingdom for all but the children of workers in key industries [].