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A summary of English Language (education) in South Korea

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A summary of English Language (education) in South Korea

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Students from various high school in Korea gather in a unique show called Intelligence high school debate Their accent and pronounciation follow standard English and is easy to understand.
students will also take personal English lessons outside of the syllabus because of the influence of k-pop idols who are fluent in English.

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What is Konglish?

What if we told you that even if you've never studied Korean a day in your life, you already know plenty of words!

How is this possible? Perhaps you were a Korean scholar in your past life? Or maybe your roommate has been secretly teaching you in your sleep.

While those may be possibilities, the more likely scenario is because of a good friend of ours-Konglish!

Kong-WHAT?! Maybe you've never heard this word before.

Konglish (Korean: 콩글리쉬) is the Korean version of English words.

For some words that weren't in the traditional Korean language, Koreans simply took the English word and sounded it out in Hangeul (the Korean alphabet).

This is great news for you as a student of Korean, because you can start saying words in Korean from the get-go without having to pick up a single book.

Other Konglish words are made from a combination of Korean and/or English words which are not used in English-speaking countries.

This brings us to the disctinction between loan words and true Konglish words.

Konglish vs. Loan Words

Korean words derived from English fall into one of two categories:

a) Loan Words

If the meaning of the word or phrase is the same as it is in English, they are loan words.

These words are easier for even native speakers of English to understand because the pronunciation is easily recognizable and the meaning of the word remains the same. Therefore, even without knowing Korean, you may be able to understand these words.

Let's take a look at some examples:

Loan Word (한국어)

Romanization/Pronunciation

Actual English Translation

b) Konglish Words
If the meaning of the word or phrases changes from its meaning in English, they are Konglish words.

Often, words and phrases that are borrowed from English (and sometimes other languages) are shortened. Slang words in Korean also are often shortened words, but differ from Konglish words.

For native speakers of English, these can be more difficult to understand. Without studying the meanings, in some cases it would be hard to understand what Koreans are referring to-even though they are derived from English! Depending on context, you may be able to decipher the meanings, but still they require a little learning.

Words and phrases borrowed from English or other languages are often shortened if Koreans feel they are too long, and these shortened words account for a large number of Konglish words.

Also, sometimes Konglish words add morphemes or combine English words to create new words. In many cases the word takes on a Korean meaning that is exclusive to Korean speakers and native English speakers may not be able to comprehend its meaning.

A Note on Pronunciation

There is one thing you need to take into account when reading both loan words and Konglish words, and that is pronunciation.

Since we're sounding out English words in Korean, the words may sometimes sound slightly different than the standard English pronunciation. Some will sound identical, and some will sound a bit different to you.

Let's take a look:
Pronounced exactly like the English word Pronounced similar to "orange". However, there is an extra syllable in the Korean version. Therefore, the pronunciation sounds like " o-ren-ji"
Yikes! You may be wondering: "How do I know when the pronunciation is slightlydifferent than English?" Great question!

If you're looking at the word in Hangeul, then you just follow that pronunciation.

The other great thing about learning these words is that Koreans will be impressed with your pronunciation!

They are used to hearing visitors and expats saying "orange".

So, if you kick things off with the pronunciation " o-ren-ji ", you already get bonus points! Koreans will recognize your language skills, so you will get more Korean speaking opportunities if you want them. Stepping up as King of Konglish reaps many benefits!

Konglish Words

80/20 Konglish Word List

First, we're going to cover some of the most frequently used Konglish words. These words follow the "80/20 Principle", which states that "20% of vocabulary is used 80% of the time."

While we'll cover the comprehensive list of Konglish words below, use these 25 to get started with. These are commonly used Konglish words that you should put most of your focus on in the beginning in order to save time and avoid overwhelm.

We're sure you're excited to get rolling, so let's get you started with 25 of the most frequently used Konglish words!

Can't read Korean yet? Click here to learn for free in about 60 minutes!

Konglish Word (한국어)

How it Sounds

Actual English Translation

Comprehensive List of Konglish Words

Can't read Korean yet? Click here to learn for free in about 60 minutes!

Konglish Word (한국어)

How it Sounds

Actual English Translation

Now that you've got these Konglish words in your vocabulary arsenal, it's time to put them to use!

The next time you go into a convenience store or supermarket, you can ask for one of the items. Even if you don't understand Korean yet, that's fine. Usually you can guess from the context of the situation when someone is asking if you're looking for something.

Once you hear a question-like sentence, it's time to spring into action with your newfound Konglish knowledge!

Remember, it's key to practice the pronunciation of these words. Some of them sound similar to the English pronunciation, but some are quite different.

The sooner you can get in the groove of pronouncing words like a Korean, the better you'll be understood. The more you are understood, the more motivated you'll be to learn the language!

You can also get to know these words better by looking out for them as you go about your day. When you're out shopping or doing errands, try to spot the Hangeul for the words you learned today. Writing them will also be good practice!

Although it may be tempting to use the Romanized version of a word ("menu" instead of "메뉴"), it's better to get in the habit of writing the Hangeul. You'll learn faster and Korea will become a more familiar place much quicker!

It's exciting to know that it's possible to learn Korean quickly if you focus on the right parts of the language, and make it FUN.
What your favorite Konglish word? Let us know in the comments below!

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What if we told you that even if you've never studied Korean a day in your life, you already know plenty of words! How is this possible? Perhaps you were a Korean scholar in your past life? Or maybe your roommate has been secretly teaching you in your sleep.

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- Korean
(Subject – Object – Verb)

- English
(Subject – Verb – Object)

For some words that aren’t tradisional Korean Language, Korean simply took the English word and sounded it out in Hanguel.

Some of the words were also made from the combination of Korean and/or English words which are not used in English speaking countries.

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Korean pop star and member of legendary group SNSD will teach you some korean slangs while using standardized english

https://youtu.be/rqnBqKqh4bY

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- Koreans do not use Roman Alphabetical Letters but instead uses Hangeul (the Korean Alphabetical Letter)
- the introduction of the English Language was not widely accepted by the elderly at first considering the language is seen as a taboo.
- the younger genertions in korea would sometimes pretend to not know English and speak in their mother tongue for fun.
- a lot of kpop idols are very fluent in english for some are self taught while others are native speakers of the language.

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one of the best movies to experience and see the difference between Korean English and Standard English.

summary : a group of young children who were immigrated from South Korea by the government due to political reasons, grew up without knowing their heritage and culture. Coming back as teenagers under a summer camp funded by the government

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The English language, despite its taboo to korea has been heavily discussed on whether it should be taught in schools or be used in profressional sectors. click the link to read more about the future of English in Korea

https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/the-future-of-english-in-korea/

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Alhamdulillah, first and foremost we would like to Allah S.W.T and His Messenger; Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. It is because of His blessing, it is possible for us to finish this assignment. Next, we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude and deep regards to our lecterur, madam Suchitra for her exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout this project. Then, we would like to thank our parents who always prayed well for us and gave us endless support. Last but not least, I would like to say thank you so much for my teammates who worked very hard. Without complaining, all of you spent your money, time, energy; literally everything for this presentation and because of that, I'm grateful. We made Madam Suchitra proud, we made our lecterurs proud, we made our classmates proud, we made our family proud and most important, we made ourselves proud. We are all winners, girls.

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This is Korea English's group members. Soffi, Nureen, Myra and Sarah.

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Introduction: Korean is the native language of about 80 million people in North and South Korea and in expatriate communities across the world. It is a language whose classification is in dispute. Some linguists believe it exists in a family of its own; others place it in the Altaic language family and claim that it is related to Japanese. Korean has been heavily influenced by Chinese. A large proportion of Korean words were either coined in Korean using Chinese characters or borrowed directly.

The significant differences between Korean and English, particularly in sentence structure and morphology (word structure), make it hard for most Korean ESL students to acquire English at the same rate as, for example, their Dutch or Danish peers.

Alphabet: The Korean alphabet is called hangul. It was introduced in the 15th century by King Sejong to replace the existing Chinese script (called hanja), which few Koreans could read. Hangul consists of 14 simple consonants and 6 simple vowels (together with consonant clusters and diphthongs). Hangul can be written horizontally or vertically, with the horizontal, Latin style much more favoured. Koreans are exposed in their daily lives to the Latin script and therefore have no particular difficulties with the English writing system.

Phonology: Korean is a syllable timed language in which individual word stress is insignificant. This is radically different from English and accounts for the 'flat' quality of much of the English spoken by Korean ESL students, particularly in extended pieces of oral language such as presentations.

The main problem in the pronunciation of individual words lies in the reproduction of consonants. Several English consonant sounds do not exist in Korean. The most significant of these are the /θ/ and /ð/ sounds in words such as then, thirteen and clothes, the /v/ sound, which is produced as a /b/, and the /f/ sound which leads, for example, to phone being pronounced pone. Differences in syllable structure between the two languages may lead to the addition of a short vowel sound to the end of English words that terminate with a consonant or within words containing consonant clusters.

Grammar - Verb/Tense: Korean is an agglutinative language. This means, for example, that verb information such as tense, mood and the social relation between speaker and listener is added successively to the end of the verb. This is in contrast to English which makes extensive use of auxiliaries to convey verb meaning. It is to be expected, then, that some Korean learners will initially have problems in accuratley producing English verb phrases.

Korean does not conjugate verbs using agreement with the subject. This is a possible reason why it takes some learners so long to remember the -s ending in English in the third person singular present simple tense: He like .. instead of he likes .. . Reference to the past in Korean is most often accomplished through a single past tense. Predictable, therefore, are the problems that Korean learners have in choosing the correct English tense from among the several possibilities (past simple, present perfect, past pefrect continuous, etc.)

Grammar - Other: Korean has a Subject- Object- V erb word order. Since personal reference is avoided, it is common to encounter Korean sentences consisting of the verb only. Korean ESL students have little difficulty adjusting to the fairly strict SVO word order that typifies English. However, they need training and practice in working within the permitted exceptions in order to avoid monotonous written text whose sentences all start with the subject.

Grammatical categories in Korean have no clear correspondence with those of English. This often results in Korean learners using a noun or adjective where English would have an adjective or a noun. For example: My daughter doesn't come to school today because she is illness.

Articles do not exist in Korean. Learners have signifcant and often permanent problems with the complexities of the English article system.

Vocabulary: Due to the long-term American presence in South Korea many (city-dwelling) Koreans are used to seeing and hearing English on a daily basis. Korean has also borrowed some words directly from English. However, there is an absence of the significant number of cognates that help, say, the German student quickly begin to understand much of what he or she hears and reads in English.

Miscellaneous: Korean grammar is heavily influenced by honorifics. Verb endings and choice of nouns, adjectives or pronouns depend on the relative status of the speaker or writer to the listener or reader. Honorifics do not play a major part in the English language (except in conventions for addressing people as 'Professor' or 'Your Majesty'), which can make English much easier for Korean to learn than vice versa. It may result, however, in the Korean learner struggling to convey the appropriate amount of deference or assertiveness in his or her dealings with others in English.
View the sources of the information on this page

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Introduction: Korean is the native language of about 80 million people in North and South Korea and in expatriate communities across the world. It is a language whose classification is in dispute. Some linguists believe it exists in a family of its own; others place it in the Altaic language family and claim that it is related to Japanese.

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On October 9th, 1446, Hangul was formulated by King Sejong, the 4th monarch of Joseon Dynasty. It was created as an attempt to make education achievable by more people. Using Chinese as the nation's language, learning to read and write was a difficult task in those times, inevitably rendering poor peasants illiterate due to their social status and circumstances. Originally holding the name Hunminjeongeum, the Korean language now has its own distinctive features that was recognized internationally as 'the most-scientifically-superior language among world languages', as stated by some Harvard University professors.

The explanation behind this is the unique phonetic system of Korean language. The shapes of the letters are related to the features of the sounds they represent. The letters for consonants, each pronounced in a distinct place in the mouth, are built on the same underlying shape as the place where it is pronounced. Additionally, vowels are made from vertical or horizontal lines so that they are easily distinguishable from consonants.

Shapes of Korean alphabets are resemblant to that of the mouth shape.
(Photo courtesy of takelessons.com)

Basic components

Korean has 14 consonants and 10 vowels, which can be put together horizontally or vertically-from left to right or from top to bottom-to form a syllable. English has 26 alphabets-5 vowels and 21 consonants-that are all written horizontally.

10 vowels and 14 consonants of Korean.
(Photo courtesy of languagetrainers.com)

It is critical to note that English has both monophthongs (a vowel sound that has single perceived auditory quality) and diphthongs (a vowel sound that has two perceived auditory quality), while Korean only has monophthongs with no diphthongs. This is one decisive feature that distinguishes the two languages from one another when it comes to pronunciation.

Lastly, the use of honorifics, which is the degree of formality or familiarity between the person speaking and the person the speaker is addressing, is an indispensable component in Korean. Such a factor is absent in English language. Honorifics is an essential aspect of Korean language and needs to be taken into consideration when conversing with anyone. Consequently, pronouns and verbs have several forms that vary based on the degree of respect whereas English grammar and speech do not require different forms of referent.

Asymmetry between the two languages

Consonants and vowels are inseparable in Korean.
(Photo courtesy of emagasia.com)

One noticeable difference between Korean and English can be decoded in terms of phonology. Korean is a syllable-timed language in which individual word stress is insignificant, whereas English is a stress-timed language. In other words, the rhythm and intonation of Korean language are based on each syllable while English derives its own from the distribution of stressed and unstressed syllables. This is largely accountable for the extra syllable added by Koreans who are learning English as their second language; the syllable-timed structure of the language necessitates a vowel sound to be attached to a consonant sound.

Moreover, syntax is also a significant characteristic. In Korean, the sentence order is subject, object, and verb, when English puts verb before object. For instance, a Korean would say "Mary coffee drank" while an English speaker would say "Mary drank coffee." Besides, lack of subject and object markers in English makes Korean unique.

Subjects and objects in Korean are always followed by their makers, either by "ie" or "ga" or by "eun" or "leul," respectively. Taking the previous example, the simple sentence in Korean would be "Mary-ga coffee-leul drank" while in English it is "Mary drank coffee" without a marker attached to the subject and the object of the sentence. Similarly, one element that English has but Korean does not is articles such as a, an, or the. For this reason, Korean learners of English have significant and often permanent problems with the complexities of the English article system.

Perhaps the biggest difference comes when Korean verbs are considered. They are used to convey information. Subject and tense are all added onto the verb, making it longer in length. English uses separate words known as auxiliaries instead of the way Korean language does. Also, Korean does not conjugate verbs using agreements with the subject: "he like" is grammatically correct in Korean when it is not in English.

What is more is the difference in alphabet sounds. English sounds such as /f/, /v/, /th/, and /z/ are missing in Korean inventory, leading to the substitution of those sounds with the most similar ones. For example, a Korean might pronounce coffee as "coppee", Vancouver as "bancouber", think as "sink", this as "dis", pizza as "pija" and so on. There is a certain degree of overlap in terms of vocabulary, especially in modern times, as Korea has been subject to American influence over the years following the Korean War.

Jeon Chae-yun chaeyun111@hanyang.ac.kr

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On October 9th, 1446, Hangul was formulated by King Sejong, the 4th monarch of Joseon Dynasty. It was created as an attempt to make education achievable by more people. Using Chinese as the nation's language, learning to read and write was a difficult task in those times, inevitably rendering poor peasants illiterate due to their social status and circumstances.

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Based on this video, we can learn how to pronouce words like Koreans.

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Accents - Korean Vs British | 악센트 차이 한국식 vs 영국식 | Korean Billy vs Anna English

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In politics, Koreans use English Language as a medium of communication in parliament terms. However, Korean politicians have the tendency to use a translator.

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Moon speaks at Sweden’s parliament on issue of peace drive on Korean Peninsula

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Up till these days, Koreans still use hangeul (Korean alphabet) to learn English, which makes their accent to stand out and cause lots of grammar errors.

They create English-Korean words or KongLish where those words are originated from English but pronounced in a Korean way or having a totally different meaning.

Example:
- 인싸 [inssa] originated from the word 'insider'. According to Cambridge dictionary, “insider” means someone who is an accepted member of a group and has influence. However, Koreans use insider to describe an outgoing person extrovert

This influenced the usage of English in SNS or Social Media:
Instead of writing in english, Korean writes the english words in hangul.

Ya igeo neomu obada (over)
saeng shot! (Good shot)

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There is two types of broadcasting media in Korean.
1. Broadcasting media that used only Hangul.
2. Broadcasting media that uses both Korean and English. Koreans to communicate with their own members of the country is Korean and English to communicate with their international fans.

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After School Club(Ep.205) GOT7(갓세븐) _ Full Episode _ 032916

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Students from various high school in Korea gather in a unique show called Intelligence high school debate Their accent and pronounciation follow standard English and is easy to understand.
students will also take personal English lessons outside of the syllabus because of the influence of k-pop idols who are fluent in English.

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Korean english vocabulary uses loan words. Its loan words are divided into two. Those that have a traditional korean word and those that do not.
Those that have a traditional korean words are spelt in hangul, pronounce in korean. However, koreans have the tendency to use its english pronounciation
E.g: Chicken = Dak (korean)
Koreans pronounce it as Chikkin
Orange = Joo-hwang (korean)
Pronounce as O-ren-ji

The second one, those that do not have a traditional korean words. There are the words that are taken directly from english and are used in their vocabulary. Everything is taken from the english spelling to their pronounciation. The difference is that the english spelling is spelt in hanguel and pronounce using their accent. They also changed the spelling a little bit they do not have certain vowels and consonant.
E.g: Fork - pokku
Poster - posteu

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If you're trying to learn Korean Vocabulary you will find some useful resources including a course about vocabulary and expressions... to help you with your Korean grammar. Try to concentrate on the lesson and notice the pattern that occurs each time the word changes its place. Also don't forget to check the rest of our other lessons listed on Learn Korean. Enjoy the rest of the lesson!

Korean Vocabulary

Learning the Korean Vocabulary is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Korean language. But first we need to know what the role of Vocabulary is in the structure of the grammar in Korean.

Korean vocabulary is the set of words you should be familiar with. A vocabulary usually grows and evolves with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Here are some examples:

List of Vocabulary in Korean

Below is a list of the vocabulary and expressions in Korean placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Korean vocabulary.

Vocabulary and expressions have a very important role in Korean. Once you're done with Korean Vocabulary, you might want to check the rest of our Korean lessons here: Learn Korean. Don't forget to bookmark this page.

The links above are only a small sample of our lessons, please open the left side menu to see all links.

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If you're trying to learn Korean Vocabulary you will find some useful resources including a course about vocabulary and expressions... to help you with your Korean grammar. Try to concentrate on the lesson and notice the pattern that occurs each time the word changes its place.

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Based on a study by Hyouk Keun Kim (June 25, 1999) shows that several English consonant sounds do not exist in Korean. The most significant of these are the /th/,/z/, /v/ and /f/. This leads to the substitution of those sounds with the most similar ones. Commonly, Koreans pronounced the /v/ sound as /b/. For examples:

Vancouver as "Bankubeo"

Coffee as "keopi"

Three as "seuri"

Phone as "pone"

Pizza as "pija"

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Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English

1. Korean and English Stops

While Korean has three distinctive voiceless stops as phonemes, English has two distinctive stops: voiceless stops /p, t, k/ and voiced stops /b, d, g/. Voiceless stops are aspirated in the word initial or in the stressed-syllable initial position, but they are not aspirated after /s/ and in the unstressed-syllable initial position, and they remain unexploded in the syllable coda position. The following show the Korean and English stop phonemes and allophones. The most similar sounds are linked together. [ Note: English unaspirated voiceless stops sound more similar to Korean fortis stops rather than lenis stops. ]

(1)

Korean and English Stop Phonemes and Allophones

Koreans tend to substitute Korean /p , t , k / for English /p, t, k/, and Korean /p, t, k/ for English /b, d, g/, which causes a devoicing problem in the word initial or word final position. [ Note: Actually, the result of Major & Faudree (1996) shows that the voiced stops in the word initial position are not a big problem to Korean learners of English. They conclude that the subjects overcame the difficulty of voicing in the word initial position. However, according to Ladefoged (1993), native listeners of English differentiate a voiceless stop and a voiced stop in the word initial position by the presence of aspiration not by the presence of voicing, and also those in the word final position by the duration of preceding vowels not by the presence of voicing, since English stops in those positions are partially devoiced. Thus, the Korean speakers do not seem to have problems in differentiating voiceless stops (= aspirated ones) and voiced stops (= unaspirated lenis ones) in the word initial position. However, many Korean learners of English do not know that the vowel duration is longer before a voiced consonant than before a corresponding voiceless consonant. This must have lead to much poorer result in the production of word final voiced stops in Major & Faudree's (1996) experiment. ] The following are consonant substitutions (H-B Park, 1992:59) and vowel substitutions made by Korean speakers:

Not only the phoneme inventories but also the syllable structures of English and Korean are quite different from each other. The Korean syllable structure is much simpler than that of English: V, CV or CVC. It does not allow consonant clusters, [Note: There is some debate about the treatment of glide in the Korean syllable structure. It has usually been regarded as part of a vowel (C-W Kim & H-Y Kim, 1991) owing to the orthography, but recently there is another claim that it may not part of a vowel but an onset element (YS Lee, 1983). If such a claim is admitted, we may say Korean allows a consonant cluster only in the form of "C + G" in the syllable onset position. However, because this issue is beyond the scope of the present study, it will not be considered further here.] and the syllable coda position is restricted to only lenis stops /p, t, k/, nasals /m, n, / and a lateral /l/.

Broselow (1987:272) proposes the following Syllable Structure Transfer Hypothesis:

(3)

Syllable Structure Transfer Hypothesis
When the target language permits syllable structures which are not permitted in the native language, learners will make errors which involve altering these structures to those which would be permitted in the native language.

Korean speakers learning English seem to support this hypothesis. Inserting a vowel, they try to break consonant clusters. They also insert a vowel after a fricative or an affricate sound, since fricatives or affricates in the syllable coda position, without vowel insertion, would be neutralized as /t/ under the application of SFNR (1). That is, bus might be homophonous with but. Due to the epenthesis, the original syllable-final fricative or affricate is resyllabified as a syllable-initial one, and can be realized as a more similar sound to the target language (Nam & Southard, 1994:267). A high front vowel /i/ is inserted after a palatal sound such as / , , , / and a high back unrounded vowel / / is inserted elsewhere (Ahn, 1991:15; Tak, 1996:768, 775). The following are some examples of vowel insertion by Korean speakers:

(4)   a. Christmas    -->   [k  ris mas ] b. church --> [   :  i]
In (4b), /r/ in the coda position is deleted, since Korean syllable system does not allow /r/ in this position, and instead its preceding vowel is compensatorily lengthened. [This is by chance similar to British English. However, usually, Korean speakers are not taught British English pronunciation at school. If /r/ is not deleted, it may be neutralized as /l/ by Korean speakers, which must lead to a more undesirable result.]
On the other hand, H-B Park (1992) insists that Korean speakers insert / / after a stop, if its preceding vowel is a tense/long vowel or a diphthong, giving the following examples:

(5)  a. [p i:k  ] 'peak' [k out  ] 'coat' [p aip  ] 'pipe' b. [p ik] 'pick' [kut] 'good' [t ip] 'tip'
However, as shown in the variants [k eik] and [k eik ] for cake, or in the variants [t aip] and [t aip ] for type, vowel insertion may not apply even after a diphthong. K-J Lee (1992) has the similar idea to H-B Park (1992). Exemplifying thatdog has two different variants [tok] and [to:g ] but guide orleague are always realized as [kaid ] and [li:g ], she insists that an English syllable-final voiced stop is epenthesized when following a long vowel or a diphthong, and that it is unreleased when following a short vowel. In fact, a syllable-final voiced stop tends to be epenthesized quite easily, even if it is preceded by a short/lax vowel as shown in [k g ] for gag. This is because the devoiced stop sound by substituting Korean /k/ for English /g/ can be voiced again by Lenis Stop Voicing Rule through vowel insertion. It would be interesting to investigate which strategy (devoicing but keeping the syllable structure, or preserving voicing but adding a syllable through vowel insertion) Korean speakers use more often in such a situation and which is better on the viewpoint of intelligibility by native speakers of English. To sum up, the vowel insertion rules can be formulated as follows:

(6)

Vowel Insertion Rules

a. In the case of a consonant cluster in the syllable onset position

b. In the case of a consonant cluster in the syllable coda position

b-1

If the first consonant following the vowel is permissible in the coda position

b-2

If the first consonant following the vowel is not permissible

c.
In the case of a consonant in the syllable coda position

c-1.

If a non-sonorant consonant is preceded by a long vowel or a diphthong

c-2.

If the consonant is not permissible in the syllable coda position

The transfer of LSVR results in voicing a voiceless stop in an intervocalic position. Not a few Korean learners of English tend to mispronounce stop it as [s t abit], or check up as [ eg p]. Their derivations can be displayed as follows:

(7)

[Exmple of waveform, spectrogram or actual sound]

The transfer of NasR seems to be more serious. Many Koreans pronounce pop music as [p am mju ik], and nickname as [ni neim] (Nam & Southard, 1994).

[Exmple of waveform, spectrogram or actual sound]

A pronunciation of Look at yourself can be described as follows:

(8)

[Exmple of waveform, spectrogram or actual sound]

In conclusion, Korean learners of English tend to transfer Korean phonological rules such as SFNR, LSVR, NasR, etc. to English. They also use vowel insertion to admit permissible syllable structures. The degree of transfer consistency of these rules may be different from each other. That is, those who transfer LSVR also seem to transfer NasR, but those who do not transfer NasR do not seem to transfer LSVR. In order to elucidate such a postulation, more empirical research is required. Such a difference would be a good tool for judging the development degree of an L2 learner's acquisition of L2 phonology or the degree of his or her fossilization in L2 pronunciation.

[last updated June 25, 1999]
Hyouk-Keun Kim

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Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English

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Interlanguage Phonology of Korean Learners of English 1. Korean and English Stops While Korean has three distinctive voiceless stops as phonemes, English has two distinctive stops: voiceless stops /p, t, k/ and voiced stops /b, d, g/.

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This is our poster. Thanks to Madam Suchitra for pointing out our mistakes before we went to print it!

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Colorful Blocks Spring Promotional Poster