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It not about creating something from scratch but drawing on what already exists.

It imitates other texts or genres.

The postmoderen author doesn't have to just choose one - they can mimic as many genres as they like.

Pastiche and parody can sometimes get mixed up.

They are both example's of intertextuality and relying on our knowledge as readers.

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Irony

Irony was not just used in postmodernism. Verbal irony is a kind of sarcasm just fancier. Not all people mean that irony is fun. Irony can be fun and bring some smiles into peoples faces. But it can also be used to highlight the absurdity or severity of serious situations.

In the late modern society, irony had become so popular so it seemed to have lost its impact. Irony can always be an effective literary device. Irony is used in common speech but also in literature.

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There was a period called enlightenment. In this period, everyone was about order, rationality, science, reason and unity. The movement had a lot of challenges. And as time went on, new movements came in and played a role in society. After romanticism and gothicism, then modernism took over, after world war 1. They were all about uncertainty, alienation and fragmentation. The modernist was different from the postmodernist by expressing a sense of sadness and say the fragmentation as something to be moured. Opposite, postmodernism embraced the idea of fragmentation and used it to reflect and explore the chaos of the world.

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capitalism describes an industrial society in which consumerism and private ownership are the order of the day and competition is the name of the game.

Ernest Mandel helped popularize the idea that capitalism comes in three stages. The most relevant is late capitalism. Madel defines late capitalism as a time of "generalized universal industrialization. And began around 1945—the same year that World War II ended and postmodernism is often said to have gotten started. Late capitalism is also known as advanced capitalism a stage in which industrialization and commodity culture have invaded more and more areas of everyday life.

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Postmodernism: All about the connections between texts, including various ways in which one text references another or many others. These techniques that authors can use to highlight these links - including pastiche, parody, quotes and direct references = all examples of intertextuality

Vertical axis - The relationship between us and other texts

Treats literature as a network and invites us to pick up on how a text relates to other texts.

It’s the author who weaves together this collection of intertextual references

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While some authors and theorists welcomed postmodernism with open arms, others have argued that it's not all fun and games

Guy Debord wrote an influential book, his conclusion was that we're now living in a society in which nothing's real anymore

Jean Baudrillard was another guy who held this outlook, he argued that media and consumer culture had gone into overdrive and led to a Matrix-style scenario where there's no originality left and what seems real is just a simulation.

Baudrillard thought that the postmodern age had a damaging effect → we've become so bombarded with images that we've lost touch with reality and, what's more, mistake these images, or "simulacra," for reality. The result? Life may seem real but it's no longer really real—we're now living in a state of hyperreality.

Baudrillard’s theory has its roots in one of the big ideas behind postmodernism (there's nothing original left so say and no story that hasn't been told)

Postmodernists: Nothing's truly original anymore

→ art and literature are created by reworking existing texts and ideas

Postmodernism’s attitude is: "so what?" - takes it as a given and works from there → some people don’t like.

William Gibson's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer: Takes Baudrillard's vision of a hyperreal society and places it in a futuristic setting - high-tech consumer society (virtual streets, bars, and shopping malls - reality = simulation.

Kurt Vonnegut's "Harrison Bergeron": The concept of hyperreality - Society where everyone are equal → achieved: no one is allowed to have individual skills or characteristics - Brainwashing techniques = people % recognizing + confronting reality.

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Post ww2                                     The postmodern era is set to start about after ww2 but it's hard to know exactly when it started. The article states that the horrific events like holocaust could be one of the reasons to a new type of literature and artwork. many people believe that postmodernism is more about an attitude than a specific type of writing or a time period. It used fiction to talk about heavy topics like the holocaust.

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Post ww2                                     The postmodern era is set to start about after ww2 but it's hard to know exactly when it started. The article states that the horrific events like holocaust could be one of the reasons to a new type of literature and artwork. many people believe that postmodernism is more about an attitude than a specific type of writing or a time period. It used fiction to talk about heavy topics like the holocaust.

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When a text is metafiction, it's 100% aware that it's fiction.

Authors create this effect by story-within-a-story. It's not about creating something new and real, it's about embracing the idea of writing stories about stories.

"historiographic metafiction" is when a text brings in history but put their own spin on things.

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We all know minimalism where everything tends to be small, neat and simple. Maximalism is the opposite. In postmodernism, authors and writers likes to describe stuff a lot and therefore their articles tend to be extremely long and lengthy. They also like to go on tangents, so they definitely don't stick to traditional ideas of plotting and narrative structure. If an author is making loads of references to other texts—and to itself as a text—then we're most likely dealing with a work of maximalist fiction. Maximalism gives the author the chance to experiment.