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Research the studies identified in each column, make sure that you explain how it shows inequality / advantage / disadvantage.
***SEE EXAMPLE OF HOW EACH STUDY SHOULD BE LAID OUT & EXPLAINED***
All points need to provide evidence for ethnic inequality, there should be NO evaluation points

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A report by the Sutton Trust found that high-achieving students from independent (private schools) were twice as likely to apply to either Oxford or Cambridge University than high-achieving students from state school. This shows evidence of social inequality because even though working class students may have the same predicted grades they are less likely to have the opportunity to attend prestigious universities which could impact on their future life chances in employment.

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OCR textbook - p.229

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OCR textbook - 229
Those in higher work like chief executives have an increase of 49% compared to average increase of less than 3% for their employees. There are 145 times that are severely unpaid.

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OCR textbook - p.230

In 2012/13, the richest fifth of households paid over six times as much tax (£29,500 total) as the poorest fifth (£4,800 total), but both groups paid a similar % of their gross income. This shows social inequality because one groups pays a higher amount of taxes than the other.

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Office of National Statistics - Income by occupation

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Office of National Statistics - Income by occupation

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OCR textbook - p.228

The data drawn from HMRC and PAYE tax records show that chief executives and senior officials are earning about £120,830 whereas waiters and waitresses are earning only £7,010. This is showing social inequality as to be a chief executive and/or a senior official you typically need to have high education which is more likely to be seen in middle class people, also typically working class people work as waitresses/waiters so the amount that they're getting compared to middle class people are hugely different and it shows the social inequality and income inequalities.

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OCR textbook - p.236

The living wage is an hourly rate of pay set independently and updated annually. But the report by the Resolution Foundation think tank found that 77% of employees aged under 20 earned less than the living wage. A study found that 67% of restaurant and hotel workers and 41% of retail and wholesale workers were paid below the benchmark. This shows social inequality because those people that are being paid less than what they should be are the working class, those who are middle class or higher don't really do retail jobs so they aren't affected by it, in other words the working class aren't getting enough money for their work.

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OCR textbook - p.236

The graph by ONS shows that unemployment in elementary occupations is significantly higher than unemployment in managers & senior officials. This is related to the pay that both jobs receive; elementary occupations receive much less than managers and senior officials. This shows social inequality as the mangers and  senior officials are the ones deciding who typically is employed or not, this technically gives them a sort of invincibility to unemployment. Those in manager and senior officials roles are middle class or higher, this gives them more power than those in elementary occupations within society and the workplace.

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Haralambos p.59-60

Wynne came up with a new middle class, and this new middle class is divided between two main groups based on difference in lifestyle and the sort of capital (economic or cultural) that is most valued. This shows social inequality because it separates the middle class even further based on how much money they have as well as their status in society and there could end up being a certain type of middle class that is favoured.

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Haralambos p.69-70

Murray claimed that Britain was developing an underclass, but unlike America this underclass is neither firmly established nor is it mainly composed of ethnic minorities. He claimed that this 'underclass doesn't refer to a degree of poverty, but to a type of poverty'. He defined the underclass from "behaviours, such as, their homes being littered and unkempt, the men were unable to hold a job for more than a few weeks, drunkenness was common, the children grew up ill-schooled and ill-behaved and contributed a disproportionate share to the local juvenile delinquents". Murray described himself as 'a visitor from a plague area to see if the disease is spreading', and that he found Britain is too being infected. This shows social inequality as people who are seen as upper class are very 'proper' and very much like to keep a clean home and have a stable job; effectively the opposite of the 'underclass', the way Murray describes them seems to remove the fact that they are human and instead that they're plaguing Britain; they're not seen as human.

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Haralambos - p.55-56

The theory of proletarianisation says that routine white collar workers have become part of the proleteriat and can no longer be considered middle class. Braverman was an American marxist who supported this theory because he thinks that many routine non-manual jobs have become deskilled.

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labelling the and the self-fulfilling prophecy:
labelling theory- argues that once a label is attached to a person, there is a tendency for them to see themselves in terms of the label and act accordingly. As well as a tendency for other people to see them in terms of the labelling and acts towards them on this basis.
this results in the Self-fulfilling prophecy:
The self-fulfilling prophecy argues that predictions made by teachers about the future success or failure of students will tend to come true. This is due to the fact that the teacher's interactions with  students will be influenced by their definition of the student.
therefor, the student's action, will, in part, be a reflection of what the teacher expects from them. in this way, the prophecy is fulfilled as the student's attainment level is to some degree a result of interactions between the student and teacher.
ROBERTS-
tested the validity of the self-fulfilling prophecy.
SUGGESTED THAT:
1)teachers expectations can significantly change affect their students' performance
2)teachers' manners, facial expressions, posture, degree of friendliness and encouragement conveyed this impression, which produced self-fulfilling prophecy.
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