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Its armies conquered the Middle East, North Africa, and Iberia.

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The office of the Caliph, helped unify the dar al-islam under a single leader.

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A male ruler in a society or high-respected father in a family.

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a faction in the Dar al- islam due to disagreement over the qualifications of the Caliph.

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a faction in the Dar al-Islam.

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A deputy who lead the Muslim community, since the idea of another prophet was unimaginable.

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A tradition to the scholar-statesman. Had a long history, in the late Zhou Dynasty.

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A post classical age where it reinstated tradition of using a Confucian bureacracy in China's political system.

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Nomadic tribes that lived around the Arabian Peninsula and soon after became unified under the Dar al-Islam civilization.

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An independent state that that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state. Based on their belief that Chinese civilization was superior to them.

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To prevent peasant land from falling into the hands of the aristocracy.

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-A Islamic civilization that was once multiple nomadic tribes and eventually unified together through the monotheistic teachings of Muhammad.