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Communism vs. Socialism: What's The Difference?

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Originated in the Latin America of the 1960s

Dependency cannot be understood solely as a characteristic of the external environment of developing countries, but also focus on the relations between countries from the centre and those in the periphery.

Dominant position within the dependency approach: Marxist- inspired interpretation.

Marxist tradition of dependency --> Andre Gunder Frank became a leading figure --> ‘development of underdevelopment’

Europe and U.S. development was based on the continuous underdevelopment of the South/non-European world.

According to Frank, the driving force of capitalism has always been exploitation: of the working class by the capital owners, and of the countries of the periphery by those in the core.

Capitalism -->  revolves around the logic of capital accumulation.

Unequal trade, investment and labour relations --> centre has been able to drain economic surpluses from the periphery.

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World-system theory - 1970s -  Immanuel Wallerstein and several dependency theorists --> social-scientific interpretation of the history of the capitalist world-system.

The secret of capitalist success is the pursuit of profits

Occupied the place of dependency theory.

Three main economic zones: core, semiperiphery, and periphery.

Flow of surplus from periphery (coming from local sources) to core --> exploitation of the local workers. Loss of surplus means that capital needed for modernization is not available.

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Dependency theory

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How can these different theories affect the development process?

How does 'dependency theory' compare to the 'modernization theory'?

How can you critique these schools of thought?
(Don't look at the next 2 columns)

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World system theory 1/2

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Marxism/ Historical materialism

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Idealism - Counterpart to Marxism

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Materialism

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Dialectics 1/2

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Dialectics 2/2

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Defining Marxism, Socialism, Capitalism

Deepen on dependency theory, world systems theory, and regulation theory

Conclusions

Questions

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Marx ~ Socialism is a precursor to Communism, and the next logical step after Capitalism.

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Marx ~ Socialism is a precursor to Communism, and the next logical step after Capitalism.

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Everyone in society contributes to services (e.g. taxes)

The distribution of the services is unequal (e.g. healthcare)

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Transition from Socialist to Communist society

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State owns means of production & all aspects of society and economy (including private property)

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Capitalism

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Imperialism

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Critique on Neo-Marxist theories

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Critique by Robert Brenner on the 'world system theory'

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Critique Marxism

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World system theory 2/2

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It's a sort of mindset; if you're a capitalist or a marxist, it will influence your ideas and your actions on development as such. For all of them it's sort of how you think about life, development etc.. It will determine how you think of development as such. Which is a bit more general.

Next to this, when you compare this to the more economic view on development, capitalism and marxism is a very economic analysis of development that they have.

Question by Luuk:
Is there even something as development aid in something as a communist country, even though there hasn't been an official communist country ever. How would socialist countries/societies perhaps join the development process?

Most of the communist countries/socialist countries are still developing countries, apart from China. Maybe this says something about socialism, marxism, communism?

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Modernization: West as an example, other countries have to follow the West (white men burden).

Dependency: takes influence of West onto other countries.

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Discussed together.
Critique on Marxism:
- Does it coincide with human nature? --> e.g. it is in (some) human nature to be greedy.

Critique of dependency theory:
- It is too broad, very top to bottom.
- Human agency is not taken into account.

For all theorization (?):
Who decides how to define development and underdevelopment. Cultural appropriation/Western bias.

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First, go through the sections of the reading thoroughly, summarize, and then answer the questions for each section.

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Influenced by Antonio Gramsci's reflections on the theory of hegemony --> ideological control through the production of consent by institutions (unions, schools, churches, families) in civil society.

Examines problems concerning the political and economic regulation of capital's compulsion to accumulate.

Regulation -->  control and management of social systems.

Regulation school theorizes society in terms of development models: regimes of accumulation (pattern of production and consumption which is reproducible over time) and modes of regulation (cultural habits and institutional rules related to each period of capitalist development).

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Regulation school 1/2

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Regulation school 2/2