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What is a Religion and Worldviews approach? Maybe you have heard the phrase and are unsure what it means. This free self-study course provides an introduction to what is happening in Religious Education right now, covering the most recent report into the subject and the thinking behind a new approach to teaching and learning in the subject. Take the course

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Free to use, quality assured, resources and subject knowledge for Religious Education teachers. Comprehensive coverage of religion and worldviews.

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holt religious education in the secondary school

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The 'conscience clause' allows parents to withdraw their children from religious education and collective worship; however, the reasons why parents might wish so to do are not stated in the legislation. This article looks briefly at the legal issues to do with the place of religious education in the school curriculum, the type of religious education to be provided in schools without a religious affiliation (including an exploration of the meaning of the 'Cowper‐Temple' clause), and at the grounds on which parents may wish to exercise the conscience clause. It shows conclusively that withdrawal may only occur on the grounds of conscientious objection, not as a matter of choice.

Notes

In nineteenth‐century writing and in all legislation, 'he' is interpreted as including 'she', and 'master' as including 'mistress'.

The story of the background to the two societies is well rehearsed in many history of education texts; see, for example, Cruickshank, Cruickshank M (1964) 1964 Church and State in English Education, 1870 to the Present Day (London, Macmillan) and Murphy, 1971.

Technically, religious education and worship were the only compulsory subjects in the school curriculum until the Education Reform Act of 1988 created the National Curriculum.

Copley (1997) provides a useful account of the content of Agreed Syllabuses.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

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The conscience clause in religious education and collective worship: conscientious objection or curriculum choice?

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The 'conscience clause' allows parents to withdraw their children from religious education and collective worship; however, the reasons why parents might wish so to do are not stated in the legislation.

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Introduction

In religious education ( RE), pupils enter into a rich discourse about the religious and non-religious traditions that have shaped Great Britain and the world. RE in primary and secondary schools enables pupils to take their place within a diverse multi-religious and multi-secular society. At its best, it is intellectually challenging and personally enriching. It affords pupils both the opportunity to see the religion and non-religion in the world, and the opportunity to make sense of their own place in that world.

This review explores literature relating to the field of RE. Its purpose is to identify factors that contribute to high-quality school RE curriculums, the teaching of the curriculum, assessment and systems.

Since there are a variety of ways that schools can construct and teach a high-quality RE curriculum, it is important to recognise that there is no single way of achieving high-quality RE.

In this review, we have:

outlined the national context in relation to RE

summarised our review of research into factors that can affect the quality of education in RE

considered curriculum progression in RE, pedagogy, assessment and the impact of school leaders' decisions on provision

The review draws on a range of sources, including our 'Education inspection framework: overview of research' and our 3 phases of curriculum research.

It is also supported by research into RE, including research into practice and the theoretical work of academics and professionals.

We hope that, through this work, we will contribute to raising the quality of RE for all young people.

The education inspection framework and RE

Our education inspection framework ( EIF) reflects the expectations of how RE is provided. All schools that are state-funded, including free schools and academies, are legally required to provide RE as part of their curriculum. All schools are required to teach RE to all pupils at all key stages (including sixth form), except for those withdrawn.

In schools without a religious character, we look at RE as part of EIF inspections under section 5. We also look at RE in voluntary controlled ( VC) schools, whether or not they are designated as having a religious character.

In other schools with a religious character, RE is inspected by a body appointed by the maintained school's governing body under section 48 of the Education Act 2005 or as provided in the academy's funding agreement.

This report will be of particular interest to schools whose RE we look at under the EIF. However, it should also be of interest to the entire RE sector. For a summary of the legal context of RE and Ofsted's inspection arrangements, see Appendix A.

Developments in RE

In RE, there are different issues that can affect quality of education. Ofsted's previous report on RE in 2013, 'Religious education: realising the potential', stated that the structures that underpin the local determination of the RE curriculum have failed to keep pace with changes in the wider educational world. The local determination of RE also means that a concept of quality is not straightforward to identify.

Since 2013, various subject and research reports have been published. A detailed commentary on them is outlined in Appendix B. These reports may supply further insights into the concept of high-quality RE. They include:

Much of this literature also suggests that RE curriculum development in England has not kept pace with the academic and intellectual developments that might help pupils to make sense of our complex multi-religious and multi-secular society.

The evolution of society's religious and non-religious landscape highlights that it is all the more important for pupils to build up accurate knowledge of the complexity and diversity of global religion and non-religion. The 2013 Ofsted report stated that many pupils leave school with scant subject knowledge in RE.[footnote 14] The literature also references chronic and intractable problems with school-level provision for RE. These are factors that can affect quality of education in RE and will be discussed at various points of this curriculum research review.

RE at different stages of education

Reception and primary years

As at secondary level, arrangements for RE in Reception and primary years are localised.[footnote 15] Most locally agreed syllabuses recommend spending the equivalent of approximately 60 minutes a week on RE at key stage 1 and about 75 minutes a week at key stage 2. Most RE provision in Reception would be integrated within the Reception curriculum, as opposed to a stand-alone subject (see, for example, the RE Council of England and Wales's 2013 non-statutory framework).[footnote 16]

However, the National Association of Teachers of Religious Education ( NATRE) argues that a significant number of schools give insufficient curriculum time to RE, based on responses to its regular primary school surveys. For NATRE, insufficient time is considered to be fewer than 45 minutes of teaching time a week. The surveys have suggested that:

The latest survey did, though, note that, in almost 96% of schools, the curriculum time given to RE had either remained the same or increased.[footnote 17] Almost half of academies without a religious character and almost a third of schools required to teach a locally agreed syllabus had increased the amount of curriculum time spent on RE. These positive changes were, in part, attributed to Ofsted's focus on the curriculum.[footnote 18]

Secondary years

However, using unweighted school workforce census data, the 2017 'State of the nation' report (see Appendix B) estimated that this threshold of curriculum time was only met in:

The report also found that 34% of all academies reported no timetabled RE. Overall, it estimated that, at key stage 3, 64% of state-funded schools gave 5% or more of their curriculum time to RE.

At key stage 4, the report estimated that 5% or more curriculum time was given to RE in 50% of state-funded schools. Specifically, the 5% threshold was met in 45% of schools where the locally agreed syllabus applies (including VC schools); in 91% of other schools with a religious character; and in 27% of academies.

Further, the report found that 44% of all academies reported no timetabled RE. If schools do not teach pupils any RE, this is illegal.

As part of RE teaching in key stage 4, schools may enter pupils for a religious studies qualification. Pupils in England can take either the full course GCSE in religious studies or the short course, which is equivalent to half a GCSE.
Table 1: Religious studies GCSE qualifications in England, 2018 and 2019
The number of pupils taking the full course GCSE has been decreasing steadily since a high point in 2016 when 268,761 pupils took it.[footnote 23] This followed a dramatic increase in numbers between 2009 and 2016.

However, the numbers of pupils entered for either a short or full GCSE fell significantly in the decade between 2009 and 2019. Over this period, the numbers dropped by about 40%.[footnote 24] Many RE teachers attribute this pattern, as well as the provision of RE at key stage 4 generally, to the fact that the religious studies qualification is not part of the English Baccalaureate. Also, the short course was not counted in performance tables from 2013/14 onwards and so its popularity diminished.[footnote 25] This may explain, in part, the decline in overall numbers of pupils entered for a religious studies qualification.

Schools may also offer a religious studies qualification in key stage 5. Schools refer to this qualification by a range of names, including 'philosophy of religion and ethics' or 'religion, philosophy and ethics'. This is because the qualification can include aspects of philosophy and ethics that are to do with religion (see Appendix A for the subject content of the A-level specification).[footnote 26]
Table 2: Religious studies A-level qualifications in England, 2018 and 2019
Ambition for all

A high-quality curriculum is ambitious and designed to give all learners the knowledge they need to succeed in life. This is particularly important for the most disadvantaged and those with special educational needs and/or disabilities ( SEND). All pupils are entitled to be taught RE. Leaders and teachers may, of course, need to adapt the curriculum depending on the specific needs of individual pupils.

RE and the quality of education judgement within the EIF

Within the EIF, there are 4 key judgements that sit underneath an overall judgement of effectiveness: quality of education; personal development; behaviour and attitudes; and leadership and management.

There are a range of different ways RE operates in schools. For example, in some, RE is also used as a vehicle through which to deliver whole-school moral and social initiatives.[footnote 31] As such, RE may take various forms in school, and aspects of RE may sit in relation to 2 different judgements within the EIF: the quality of education and personal development.

The quality of education judgement is about the academic substance of what is taught. It looks at what pupils learn and know in each subject area. The personal development judgement explores how the curriculum may extend beyond the academic, technical or vocational. This may be, for instance, through the spiritual, moral, social and cultural development of pupils. It considers pupils' recognition of different people's values, feelings, faith and ways of living. What is learned and remembered by pupils in RE may, of course, contribute to personal development. However, this curriculum research review series is concerned with the factors that can affect quality of education in different subjects. As such, the scope of this review is primarily concerned with the school RE curriculum considered through the lens of the quality of education judgement.

The EIF considers the extent to which leaders of the curriculum adopt or construct a curriculum that is ambitious and designed to give learners the knowledge they need to succeed in life. As outlined previously, the extent to which school subject leaders are freely able to choose the content of their RE curriculums depends on the type of school and, where appropriate, its funding agreement.

Many academies have greater degrees of freedom about what to include within their RE curriculums. Schools that follow a locally agreed syllabus will use this as a basis for what pupils are taught.[footnote 32] Typically, the content of this syllabus prescribes high-level outcomes that subject leaders go on to use as they design their school-specific RE curriculum. This contextualisation process is similar to the ways that schools may take high-level outcomes from the national curriculum in other subjects and use them to construct their school-specific subject curriculum. Non-statutory guidance might accompany an agreed syllabus to assist subject leaders in constructing their school RE curriculum.

However, to be clear: it is the enacted RE curriculum, in the context of the school, which is taught to and experienced by pupils, that is considered within the quality of education judgement. The contextualised school RE curriculum is also the focus of this research review.

Curriculum progression

Summary

The RE curriculum should set out what it means to 'get better' at the subject as pupils move through the journey of the curriculum at primary and secondary level. Pupils build 3 different forms of knowledge in RE, which we will explain in this section. In high-quality RE at primary and secondary level, leaders and teachers think about how these 3 forms of knowledge are interconnected and sequenced within the RE curriculum. It is this RE curriculum that pupils need to know and to remember.

Curriculum progression and debates about knowledge in RE

The types of knowledge that pupils build within RE have not been extensively discussed or theorised. In some cases, this is because the ongoing debates about the aims and purposes of RE have led educators to claim that knowledge alone is insufficient for specific educational purposes such as fostering tolerance or mitigating xenophobia.[footnote 35] Sometimes, the very idea of 'knowledge in RE' itself has been avoided because claims made about both religion and non-religion are contested, even though many educators recognise that the contention itself is part of the knowledge content of RE.[footnote 36] Broadly speaking, teachers, practitioners and researchers in RE do not have well-established conventions to discuss the different types of knowledge that appear in RE curriculums.

Although educators make different claims about the purpose of RE, it is nonetheless vital for subject leaders, curriculum designers and teachers to be aware of different types of knowledge in RE. Without this awareness, misconceptions about the nature of religion can be taught. These misconceptions can be based on claims (for example, 'only loving religion is true religion') that are unwarranted by high standards of academic scholarship.[footnote 37] A lack of consideration of the nature of knowledge can also result in pupils' misunderstandings about the credibility of religion (for example, 'science is about facts; religion is about opinions'), as well as the difference between types of knowledge in RE and in other subjects.[footnote 38]

The importance of recognising different types of knowledge is also clear when thinking about the types of tasks pupils carry out in RE. For instance, when teachers plan for pupils to construct a response to a statement or question, there are at least 2 forms of subject-specific knowledge in operation: a knowledge of the topic that is being discussed and knowledge about the mode of enquiry that is being asked through the question.[footnote 39] This is particularly important given different expectations about what constitutes an 'argument' in RE.[footnote 40]

So, although the building of subject-specific knowledge may not be sufficient for every possible suggested aim for RE, it is necessary and beneficial for a range of purposes.

3 types of knowledge

In high-quality RE curriculums, these 3 types of knowledge are not artificially separated from each other. For example, when subject leaders plan a sequence of specific content and concepts for pupils to study, they also need to consider the most appropriate methods that pupils need to know to study that content.

Substantive content and concepts in RE

knowledge about artefacts and texts associated with different religious and non-religious traditions

concepts that relate to religious and non-religious traditions, such as 'dharma', 'incarnation', 'ritual', 'authority', 'prayer', 'sacred', 'anatta' and 'moksha'

Learning substantive knowledge in the RE curriculum

The schema that pupils build concerning RE are important in their lives beyond school. They form part of the basis on which young people go on to speak and to act in society in matters of religion and non-religion. What pupils learn needs to resemble the complex picture of religion and non-religion in society, and show them how and why that picture came to be.[footnote 50] The representations in high-quality RE curriculums will enable pupils to build up a 'mental model' that reflects the global and historical complexity of religion and non-religion (see 'Ambitious curriculum end goals').

Are the representations on the RE curriculum 'collectively enough'?

The EIF considers the extent to which leaders adopt or construct a curriculum that contains cumulatively sufficient knowledge and skills.[footnote 51] In subject terms, this requires that the RE curriculum comprises 'collectively enough' of the knowledge and skills that would amount to a high standard of subject education at primary and secondary level. This has implications for the substantive content and concepts that pupils learn in RE, not least because it would be impossible to cover everything that could be covered within RE.

High-quality RE prepares pupils to engage in a complex multi-religious and multi-secular world. To reach this goal, leaders and teachers might think about the overall conception of religion and non-religion that pupils build through the RE curriculum. To consider the overall concept of religion and non-religion that pupils build through the curriculum is perhaps more useful than thinking about the quantity and weighting of traditions to include.

reflect the fact that the religious traditions in Great Britain are in the main Christian whilst taking account of the teaching and practices of the other principal religions represented in Great Britain.

Although this prescription is a starting point, it is not a full statement of the substantive knowledge that pupils should learn in high-quality RE. It only explicitly identifies substantive knowledge of Christianity. It alludes to but does not specify precisely what those other traditions are. There are different ways in which the content of high-quality RE might reflect this legislation.

Unfortunately, some leaders interpret the legislation in percentage terms, for example by devoting 51% of RE to the study of Christianity and 49% to 'other religions'. Commentators have noted for some time that this approach does not guarantee a quality RE curriculum.[footnote 53] In fact, it can generate problems. For example, it can unintentionally cause tensions by devoting more time to some religious or non-religious traditions. It can also prevent pupils from exploring the connections between traditions or even imply that there are no connections.[footnote 54]

Equally, simply covering a greater number of religious and non-religious traditions (as inclusive as that sounds) is no guarantee of a high-quality RE curriculum. This overloads the curriculum and might lead to superficial caricatures of religious and non-religious traditions.[footnote 55] Generally speaking, the issue of what might be enough content to constitute a high-quality RE curriculum has been given little consideration in the RE community.[footnote 56]

It is perfectly possible for pupils to get better at RE without knowing all of the different ways that people express religion or non-religion in their lives. High-quality RE curriculums do not require excessive content but do need cumulatively sufficient content. This means that subject leaders should ensure that their curriculums contain collectively enough substantive knowledge to enable pupils to recognise the diverse and changing religious and non-religious traditions of the world.

Are the representations in the RE curriculum accurate?

It is important for subject leaders in primary and secondary schools to plan precise and accurate representations of religious and non-religious traditions in their curriculums. When those representations are inaccurate, pupils end up having misconceptions.[footnote 62] For example, if subject leaders plan for pupils to learn about humanism only in relation to atheism, pupils will not gain wider knowledge of humanism as a way of life.

In RE that does not focus on the nurture of and/or induction into faith traditions (non-confessional RE), the accuracy of representations is particularly important.[footnote 63] The representations should allow teachers to be able to teach accurately without advocating a tradition or ignoring unpleasant manifestations of traditions. This means that subject leaders may have to plan representations that include morally displeasing aspects of that tradition, as well as more agreeable ones.[footnote 64] For instance, when subject leaders plan representations of Buddhist traditions, but ignore all anti-social aspects of the traditions, then the curriculum communicates inaccurate stereotypes to pupils.[footnote 65] Subject leaders and curriculum designers need to question whose version of the tradition is being represented in the curriculum. Constructing representations that are informed by scholarship can prevent unintentional partisanship (see 'Systems, culture and policies' for implications for teacher development).[footnote 66]

Subject leaders also need to be alert to the ways in which the 'authenticity' of traditions can be lost.[footnote 67] Sometimes, subject leaders plan for pupils to learn generalisations (for example, 'Christians believe...' or 'Islam is...'). This becomes problematic when the planned representations give the impression that traditions are given, fixed and stable and do not attend to the fluidity, change and dynamism of 'living traditions' as traditions in transition.[footnote 68] Generalisations might capture a tradition as it once was, but no longer is now. This is especially problematic when generalisations bear no resemblance to the living traditions of pupils and their families. In turn, this raises the question of whether these representations sufficiently prepare pupils for religion and belief diversity.[footnote 69] It is crucial that subject leaders plan well-informed representations that do not present pupils with unsustainable stereotypes and poor generalisations.[footnote 70]

That said, there may be times, particularly in the primary phase, when generalisations are necessary in the RE curriculum. For example, teachers may need to use generalisations to explain simply common features of specific traditions, such as specialist vocabulary, widespread commonalities and shared subject-specific concepts. In doing so, teachers might emphasise aspects of traditions that bind some communities together, such as creeds. As part of using generalisations in this way, simple modifications to planning to make the representations as precise as possible (for example, 'some', 'many', 'majority of European' or 'traditions from South Asia') can add helpful degrees of clarity. Concerns that what pupils learn should be accurate should not be confused with making the curriculum unnecessarily complex.

It is appropriate that pupils might need to build a particular impression of a religious or non-religious tradition, as a starting point. When leaders and teachers think of the curriculum as a journey for pupils, they can then think at what later stage it is appropriate to add nuance. The initial learning of a concept is inevitably incomplete, and can be developed and corrected over time.[footnote 71] Pupils can therefore build more sophisticated knowledge about those traditions at a later stage. Also, pupils can learn why greater nuance in their knowledge is more useful.

As pupils move on from early generalisations, they need to learn the complexities of religious and non-religious traditions. To support this, leaders and teachers might plan for pupils to learn about 'organised worldviews', 'institutional traditions' or '-isms' (such as Judaism) alongside learning how real people (such as individual Jews) live out traditions in their lives.[footnote 72] They may plan for pupils to learn, for example, testimonies from faith practitioners or leaders of organised religious groups that relate to generalisations. Pupils will then learn both the generalisation and an example of the 'living' traditions. This lets them 'test' the generalisation when learning it alongside instances of the 'lived reality' of religious traditions.[footnote 73] This also prevents pupils from making incorrect inferences about how common individual experiences are because it also provides them with knowledge of how widespread they might be.

Accuracy of representations is also important in relation to how the curriculum is constructed and around teachers' questioning (including curriculum 'enquiry' questions). Imprecise questions sometimes encourage pupils to use weak generalisations or unsustainable stereotypes (for example, 'what's the difference between Islam and Christianity?'). Instead, rich and precise questions, which emphasise 'social actors' and their uses of traditions, promote the use of accurate representations (for example, 'how have different Muslims understood Islam's relationship with Christianity?').[footnote 74]

Are representations on the RE curriculum deep, as well as broad?

It is of course important that leaders and teachers try to portray the diversity of religion and non-religion in the RE curriculum. However, attending only to the breadth of knowledge that pupils build is insufficient for high-quality RE. Curriculum leaders at primary and secondary level must also consider the depth of knowledge.

Depth of study prepares pupils with many crucial components of the curriculum. What teachers consider to be crucial components will depend on those aspects of the RE curriculum that are useful 'hooks' or conceptual 'pegs' that enable pupils to approach current and new content on a firm foundation. These components may include specific vocabulary and concepts, pertinent facts, examples, illustrations, and aspects of disciplinary procedures necessary for later study in the curriculum. Pupils need to acquire these components through typical forms of RE content, which are not separated out from their in-depth context. These forms may include:

Often, what leaders plan for pupils to study in depth in the curriculum reflects the traditions that are found in their local area, which may be indicated by their locally agreed syllabus.[footnote 77] As well as this, leaders and teachers should be mindful of global contexts.[footnote 78] To achieve this, leaders can select depth of representations from contrasting religious and/or non-religious traditions. This may avoid pupils developing misconceptions. For example, if depth of study takes place only in Abrahamic traditions (Jewish, Christian and Islamic) and no dharmic traditions, then pupils' schema of 'religion' would be skewed.

The curriculum can relate specific traditions to historical context, cultural settings, sacred literature and ways of thinking and living in the world. Pupils will build knowledge of the rich intellectual and spiritual histories of religious and non-religious traditions, the ideas that gain prominence within them, how they relate to culture and how they have shaped - and continue to impact - the globe. This in-depth knowledge enables pupils to dig beneath the surface of contemporary political and public faces of the traditions. On this in-depth basis, pupils can then explore the historical, geographical, metaphysical and cosmological aspects of traditions.[footnote 79]

In-depth contextual knowledge is especially important when aspects of exams focus on very narrow representations of religious traditions. For example, sacred texts are sometimes used as 'proof-texts' in religious studies exams in England. This can misrepresent centuries of practices about how sacred texts inform religious traditions.[footnote 80] In-depth contextual knowledge ensures that pupils are better informed and can see the limitations of such uses.

Leaders should, however, take care that the knowledge that pupils build does not become overly 'siloed' by how the curriculum is planned. It can be problematic, for instance, when the entirety of the curriculum is composed of units of discrete religious or non-religious traditions (for example, 'Christianity'/'Judaism'/'Humanism'/'Hinduism'/'Sikhism'), without any opportunities for pupils to build towards seeing blurred boundaries and areas of overlap between them. This approach, intentionally or otherwise, ends up following a 'world religions' paradigm.[footnote 82]

Recent literature claims that the paradigm is 'creaking' because it does not sufficiently account for religious and cultural plurality (for example, 'cultural Christians' or 'secular Muslims').[footnote 83] Leaders and teachers might respond to this by planning in-depth study of traditions, but also by including opportunities for pupils to learn that the idea of a discrete tradition sometimes breaks down. In this way, pupils can see the 'model' of an institutional worldview, as well as the reality of how different people actually live out religion or non-religion in their lives.

Sequencing substantive knowledge in RE

High-quality curriculums are coherently planned and well sequenced.[footnote 85] To achieve this, leaders need to consider what prior content pupils need ahead of future content. At both primary and secondary level, the curriculum needs to prepare pupils for forthcoming topics based on content that has preceded them. This is part of recognising that the curriculum maps out the journey of what it means to 'get better' at the subject. This aspect of curriculum in RE has been underdeveloped, although some recent projects have considered how curriculum content maps out developing expertise.[footnote 86]

Our previous research outlined that well-sequenced curriculums are also structured to help pupils integrate new knowledge into their existing knowledge and make enduring connections between content, ideas and concepts.[footnote 87] When pupils encounter new content in RE, their prior knowledge has an impact on what they learn.[footnote 88] Prior knowledge that pupils need in order to learn new content may include, for example, vocabulary, concepts, narratives and/or factual knowledge.[footnote 89]

Sequencing of the curriculum involves identifying links that exist even between very different areas of substantive content. For example, vocabulary and concepts such as 'creation story', 'creation myth' and 'foundation myth' can connect Christian origin narratives with shruti in Hindu traditions, concepts of the patriarchs in Jewish traditions and how all these concepts play out in different people's lives. Subject leaders and teachers might use links like these as part of sequencing the curriculum effectively. For example, leaders can make links between stories about and experiences of different religious and cultural communities in the early years foundation stage with RE concepts in key stage 1.

Another part of effective curriculum sequencing is considering how to enable pupils to move towards ambitious end goals. This means going beyond making connections between substantive content alone. Effective curriculum sequencing might include moving towards global contexts (how religion is patterned around the world), considering models with exceptions (for example, individuals who identify as Roman Catholic but do not believe in God), and adding further complexity and detail. All of this requires rich content knowledge and strong knowledge of connections between content.[footnote 90] Pupils may also develop broad expertise in 'ways of knowing' the substantive content (see 'Ways of knowing in RE'). For a discussion of ambitious curriculum end goals, see 'Interplay, end goals and competencies'.

There is some disagreement within RE literature about the relationship between concepts and building complexity through the curriculum, and how to sequence based on this.

Other approaches introduce highly specific concepts early on in the curriculum.[footnote 92] In doing this, leaders and teachers might plan for pupils to learn similar concepts a number of times in the curriculum at different stages in increasingly detailed, subject contexts. Examples of this at primary and secondary level could be:

pupils studying the concept of incarnation as part of the Christian nativity story at key stage 1, as part of Christian beliefs about the Trinity at key stage 2, and as part of Christian social action at key stage 3

pupils studying the concept of rebirth as part of Sikhi traditions about cycles of birth, death and rebirth at key stage 2; as part of Buddhist mandala traditions (the Bhavachakra) at key stage 3; and as connected to sanatan dharma, moksha and yoga at key stage 4

It is clear that sequencing towards ambitious subject-specific goals requires pupils to build knowledge of significant links and connections between concepts. It is important for pupils to have knowledge not simply of isolated concepts, but of the relationships between them.[footnote 93] Leaders and teachers might identify, for example, pertinent concepts that pupils could learn in a range of contexts and pattern them within the curriculum to enable pupils to make rich connections with them.

The importance of sequencing when introducing sensitive and controversial issues

Though the topics discussed in RE will differ between primary and secondary schools, the importance of sequencing applies equally at both levels. At primary level, leaders can consider the appropriate point within the sequence of the curriculum to introduce social and religious concepts, such as 'death'. They may do this through considering what pupils will have learned previously in other subjects, such as science, about the way that death is a natural process and part of life. Also, leaders can consider how death has been explained in the early years foundation stage, such as through the death of a school pet.

High-quality RE curriculums will prepare pupils with the prior knowledge they need in order to think about and respond to controversial issues in an informed way. For example, for topics such as Christian responses to suffering, pupils may need prior knowledge of distinctive Christian concepts such as 'resurrection' and knowledge of the social and spiritual dimensions of concepts such as 'evil'. Pupils need to possess prior knowledge of concepts such as 'death' and related vocabulary such as 'choice', 'freedom', 'plan' and 'trust'. Some topics in the RE curriculum may also require knowledge from other subjects, such as English literature, history, geography and science. Subject leaders and teachers might order the curriculum so that pupils have developed knowledge of the content, concepts and related vocabulary needed to approach a controversial topic. Without this, pupils' engagement will be superficial.

Also, the representations of religious and non-religious traditions that leaders and teachers choose are particularly critical when it comes to sensitive and/or controversial issues. If subject leaders and teachers only plan for pupils to learn about some traditions in relation to controversial topics, then pupils will build up substantive knowledge about that tradition only in relation to the controversial. They will miss out on the wider context of that tradition's history and different forms of expression. For example, if pupils only learn about Jewish traditions within a topic of the Shoah or about Islamic traditions only within a sequence of lessons on 'religion and terror', then their knowledge of those traditions will be eclipsed by those topics. Subject leaders and teachers might plan broader representations of those religious traditions before teaching about controversial topics.

'Ways of knowing' in RE

'Ways of knowing' is an area of development that is currently emerging within RE. There seem to be 2 main forms of 'ways of knowing' that pupils can learn in the curriculum:

knowledge of well-established methods and processes and other tools of scholarship that are used to study and make sense of global and historical religion/non-religion

knowledge of the types of conversation (or 'modes of enquiry' or 'scholarly discourses') that academic communities have about religion/non-religion

One part of 'ways of knowing' is pupils learning about scholarship. To meet the professional standards of teachers, teachers must promote the value of scholarship.[footnote 101] Leaders and teachers of RE can consider this when asking questions of the RE curriculums that they construct:

How is scholarship valued in the teaching of substantive content?

What do we plan for pupils to learn about how the knowledge in the RE curriculum was constructed?

What do we expect pupils to learn about how accurate, tentative or reliable representations of religious and non-religious traditions are?

What do we expect pupils to learn about how to construct new knowledge, and evaluate existing knowledge, in trustworthy ways?

Considerations such as these lead to a conception of quality beyond learning substantive content. Substantive knowledge may include different claims about reality that cannot easily be dismissed or relativised.[footnote 103] High-quality RE curriculums build forms of knowledge that give pupils the capacity to think about the status of the content.

If the curriculum is not explicit about 'ways of knowing', implicit assumptions (as well as a general lack of clarity) are passed on to pupils about how they ought to approach future RE content. This links to the important question of 'what kind of neutrality' is required in non-confessional RE.[footnote 104] The idea of a position of absolute neutrality when studying religion/non-religion is considered untenable (for further discussion, see 'Teacher education and professional development in RE').[footnote 105] Teachers should be concerned about the accuracy of their portrayals of religious and non-religious traditions as well as concerned about expecting pupils to adopt teachers' own beliefs.[footnote 106] Yet, pupils need to be educated to respond to content in informed, intelligent and reflective ways.[footnote 107] In plural, non-confessional and multi-faith RE, a range of 'ways of knowing' about religion/non-religion would broaden, rather than limit, pupils' educational experience.[footnote 108]

'Ways of knowing' as scholarly tools, methods and processes

Leaders and teachers might plan, throughout the journey of the curriculum, for pupils to develop their expertise by learning how these different methods might be applied to varied and different substantive content. Of course, a school RE curriculum could never fully capture every method, tool or process that could be used concerning religion. Possible tools and methods that pupils could learn about include:

tools for exploring customs, habits and ways of living (ethnography)

archaeological procedures

methods in historical reconstruction

participant observation

in-depth interviews

analysis of relevant data

When pupils learn about these tools through lots of different substantive content in a sequenced curriculum, they learn:

'Ways of knowing' as types of academic conversations

Without this form of knowledge in RE, teachers may spread (rather than counteract) illiteracy about the content learned in RE. For example, ideas about 'proof' and 'truth' play very different roles in scientific conversations compared with religious ones. High-quality RE can play a clear role in developing pupils' literacy about types of knowledge in the world; poor-quality RE can cause confusion and misconceptions.[footnote 118] High-quality RE also helps pupils to distinguish knowledge in the RE curriculum from 'everyday' knowledge, opinions and ideas.

As with specific methods and tools, pupils can learn both:

about scholarly discourses (a receptive expertise)

through the way that leaders and teachers sequence the curriculum, how to participate in and lead the discourses themselves (a productive expertise)

Some curriculum approaches formalise 'ways of knowing' into simplified disciplines, such as 'theology', 'philosophy' and 'human/social sciences'.[footnote 119] In these cases, the curriculum content is framed as if it were considered by, for example, theologians, philosophers or human/social scientists. These can be taught in simplified ways in primary schools.

This recognises that there are different ways of approaching similar topics and different types of questions that can be asked about similar topics. For example, the Islamic concept of the 'oneness' of God (Tawhid) could be approached in different ways at secondary level:

At primary, the symbol of light in Hindu traditions could be approached in contrasting ways:

Pupils can learn different types of conversation (and the assumptions that are implicit within them) about religion and non-religion.[footnote 120] The contrasting types of conversation on the curriculum are key because some preclude the possibility of 'ultimate reality' (or 'realities'), while others do not.[footnote 121] This is certainly important in pluralistic RE, which recognises that there is no absolutely neutral vantage point from which to explore religion.[footnote 122]

The importance of 'ways of knowing' in the RE curriculum

'Ways of knowing' within the RE curriculum is currently an area of development and theorisation for teachers. Focusing on this type of knowledge might improve some aspects of RE.

The over-simplified generic application of terms such as these may suggest a lack of precision in expectations about what pupils learn beyond substantive content.[footnote 125] It may also suggest that teachers are unclear about how pupils should (or even could) respond to the substantive content.

It would be more useful and constructive for leaders and teachers to plan for pupils to learn 'ways of knowing' that are specific to the content. For example, they can learn how to know the extent to which particular beliefs are widespread, or suitable tools for interpreting religious texts, or the criteria for valid arguments in analytic philosophy.

High-quality curriculums in which pupils learn a range of 'ways of knowing' can help prevent over-simplifying or stereotyping religion. Recognising that there can be different 'ways of knowing' brings to light a variety of perspectives, positions and voices. This may also help overcome misconceptions that later ideas, practices and perspectives in some religious traditions are necessarily deviations from an original pure tradition.[footnote 126]

Given that what is presented to pupils in the curriculum is a representation of religion and non-religion, there are scholarly questions to ask about 'who says' the representation is accurate, appropriate or suitable.[footnote 127] Representatives and/or faith leaders of organised traditions (sometimes called institutional worldviews) offer unique perspectives. But the voices of other individual adherents and practitioners (sometimes called personal worldviews) also offer unique perspectives on that tradition.[footnote 128] Both types of voices can broaden the representation. Beyond the substantive content, learning about 'ways of knowing' enables pupils to think about, to question and to discern whose perspective is being heard through the representations of traditions, and why.

Based on the above, high-quality RE may have the following features

A curriculum design that includes 'ways of knowing' as a form of knowledge that pupils build through the RE curriculum. This helps pupils learn about the construction of substantive knowledge, its accuracy, its reliability and how provisional that knowledge is. Pupils are therefore prepared to think in critical and scholarly ways about the representations of religion and non-religion that they learn through the curriculum and encounter in the world beyond.

A sequenced RE curriculum that includes scholarly methods and tools that pupils learn.

Subject leaders and teachers who make good decisions about which 'ways of knowing' pupils need to learn and who match the 'ways of knowing' to the substantive content.

Curriculum impact that includes pupils recognising the type of specialist discourse they are engaging in when asking questions, using methods and making claims about different content in the RE curriculum. This might have been achieved, for example, because pupils have learned how disciplinary discourses construct knowledge about religion/non-religion or how groups or families of methods explore religious and non-religious traditions.

'Personal knowledge' in RE

'Personal knowledge' has been described by various educators as 'knower-knowledge', 'personal worldview', 'reflexivity' and 'positionality'.[footnote 129] When pupils study RE content, they do so 'from a position'. This position is their 'viewpoint' or perspective on the world, which is influenced by, for example, their values, prior experiences and own sense of identity. Through the curriculum at primary and secondary level, pupils build 'personal knowledge', which includes an awareness of the assumptions that they bring to discussions concerning religious and non-religious traditions. The focus on both knowledge of religious traditions and also what that knowledge contributes to the pupils' self-understanding is well established in RE.[footnote 130] This form of knowledge is similar to academic reflections in higher education.[footnote 131]

RE is sometimes seen as a key place in the curriculum where there are opportunities for pupils to consider their own personal backgrounds and influences.[footnote 132] Similarly, in some approaches to RE, the development of this kind of 'personal knowledge' occurs through tensions between their own perspectives and the perspectives of others.[footnote 133] The way in which RE considers this background knowledge valuable, and the way that RE uses it as a basis for personal reflection, is sometimes considered a strength of the subject.[footnote 134]

At primary and secondary level, the most suitable substantive content for pupils to develop personal knowledge will have the capacity to illuminate and to inform pupils' own self-knowledge. For example, content relating to meaning and purpose, human nature, justice in society, values, community and self-fulfilment would have potential.[footnote 136] Therefore, subject leaders need to be highly selective in identifying substantive content for reflection that relates to pupils' developing identities. What they select from the sequence of substantive knowledge should contain plenty of detail about the function of the content and concepts within specific religious traditions.

Learning about concepts such as 'forgiveness' in Christian traditions or 'sewa' ('selfless service') in Sikh traditions, together with rich detail about how they form parts of Christian and Sikh ways of life, provides opportunities for pupils to see how these concepts may relate to their own position.[footnote 137] There is plenty of content that will help build pupils' 'personal knowledge' through looking at particular religious traditions.[footnote 138]

However, not all content is as useful or appropriate to serve as the basis for developing pupils' 'personal knowledge'. Some literature suggests that content like 'static features' of religious traditions, such as the features of religious buildings, provides more limited opportunities for developing 'personal knowledge'.[footnote 139] Perhaps more significant problems occur when leaders and teachers are imprecise in their selections of content. For example, selecting 'the parable of the lost sheep' instead of, for example, Christian concepts of 'searching', 'salvation' or 'rejoicing' (taken from the parable) would not be helpful. In cases such as these, what can be developed is more like personal, social, health and economic ( PSHE) knowledge (for example, 'knowing the importance of caring for others') rather than 'personal knowledge' developed through substantive RE content.[footnote 140]

Based on the above, high-quality RE may have the following features

An RE curriculum that does not induct pupils into any religious tradition (in settings where the EIF applies to RE).

A curriculum that builds pupils' awareness of their own assumptions and values about the content that they study ('personal knowledge').

Precise, detailed and fruitful content (substantive content and concepts) that subject leaders and curriculum designers have selected to build pupils' 'personal knowledge'. Not all substantive content is equally appropriate to select as the basis for developing pupils' 'personal knowledge'.

Subject leaders and teachers who adeptly identify specific content for the development of 'personal knowledge' because they recognise that some pupils may not otherwise see the immediate value of that content.

Interplay, end goals and competencies

This section considers:

how the different types of knowledge that pupils build in the RE curriculum interact with each other (interplay)

what the knowledge in the RE curriculum is building towards (end goals)

how pupils' developing knowledge relates to educational aims that extend beyond the subject matter of RE (competencies)

Interplay of knowledge in the RE curriculum

As the types of knowledge within RE have not been well established, the connection or relationship between them have only recently begun to be explored.

In non-statutory models for school RE curriculums, the anticipated strands of progression are often presented as discrete and the connections between them unclear.[footnote 141] Ofsted's definition of progression is that pupils 'know more and remember more' of the planned curriculum.[footnote 142] For RE, this involves thinking through, in subject-specific terms, not only the nature of the knowledge that pupils study, but also the connections between the different forms of knowledge.[footnote 143]

The substantive content and concepts of the RE curriculum provide the 'substance' that enables pupils to learn 'ways of knowing' such as theories, methods, modes of enquiry and the status of theories and generalisations. For example, statements such as 'religious leaders are often important people in communities' depend on specific content, such as the status of individual priests, ministers, rabbis and other leaders of religion in different faith communities. Similarly, asking a question like 'how have religious groups contributed to culture in the local area?' requires content about the contributions (or lack of them) that religious traditions have made to a specific place. Substantive knowledge is what pupils use to build links and connections.

High-quality curriculums might also develop pupils' personal knowledge through the content that they study. For example, pupils might consider how the insights of religious people relate to the way that pupils themselves see the world.[footnote 144] Again, this is dependent on substantive content. To reflect on others' personal religious insights requires first that pupils know how a religious person might perceive the world. For example, pupils must first know how a concept like 'goodness' functions within specific religious and non-religious traditions before they can see how it may differ from their own assumptions and values of goodness.

Sometimes, 'what pupils already know' refers more broadly to pupils' own background concepts and ideas about religion. This might include pupils' own personal experiences.[footnote 147] The composition of pupils in RE classrooms may differ vastly according to, for example, the local demographic of schools. RE teachers will need to respond to the particularities of the classroom.[footnote 148]

In terms of the curriculum, 'what pupils already know' refers to the prior knowledge that pupils acquire and build through the journey of the RE curriculum. In high-quality RE, just as teachers will be aware of pupils' experiences and assumptions, they will also be aware of the knowledge that pupils have or have not built up through the curriculum. This is particularly important to inform teachers' planning of learning activities (see 'Teaching the curriculum').

Ambitious curriculum end goals

Previously, we introduced the idea of a cumulatively sufficient subject education in RE. One feature of a cumulatively sufficient RE curriculum is the end goal. When constructing RE curriculums, subject leaders need some concept of an endpoint, of what they are building 'towards'.[footnote 149] In high-quality RE curriculums at primary and secondary level, these are subject-specific end goals that are ambitious in scope.

There are curriculum end goals that are useful for a range of aims of RE. For example, one curriculum end goal is that pupils build accurate knowledge about the complexity and diversity of global religious and non-religious traditions.[footnote 150] Another might be that pupils' knowledge builds towards theories about religion/non-religion developed by communities of experts.[footnote 151] Well-considered curriculum end goals also help subject leaders and curriculum designers to select RE curriculum content. For example, they can choose illustrative content that leads to an end goal, which reduces the pressure of having to cover vast amounts of religious and non-religious traditions in their curriculums. Content that is selected to be in the curriculum needs to be precise and purposeful - and ambitious curriculum end goals provide a basis for what is purposeful.

Pupils' education in RE would generally be considered incomplete or impoverished if it did not build towards the global and the complex (that traditions are internally plural and interact with individuals in different ways around the world).[footnote 152] Often, pupils bring simplified views about religion, religious traditions and global issues into the RE classroom.[footnote 153] A cumulatively sufficient education in RE must include the global and the complex features of religion and non-religion because these reflect the lived nature of traditions, identity, belief and practice, as evidenced in contemporary research.[footnote 154] Curriculum end goals that enable pupils to become knowledgeable about global religion and non-religion prepare them to engage in a multi-religious and multi-secular world.

The RE curriculum and competencies

To develop competency in a subject, pupils require a deep foundation of knowledge, structured and organised within a conceptual framework.[footnote 155] This is very important for RE subject leaders and curriculum designers who see RE as directly contributing to wider educational aims beyond the subject. These aims often relate to broader aspects of pupils' personal development, for example how to work alongside people from different cultural backgrounds ('intercultural competencies').[footnote 156] However, if teachers focus on these at the expense of building pupils' subject knowledge, then pupils will be attempting to develop competencies on insecure grounds.

High-quality RE curriculums will already provide many of the components that enable pupils to develop interpersonal competencies. This is important for 2 reasons.

Second, subject leaders should prioritise the quality of knowledge that pupils learn in RE. They need to be aware that teachers may unintentionally distort the knowledge that they teach when intending to promote social acceptance in the classroom. This can happen to such an extent that pupils consider RE to be a form of citizenship or PSHE education.[footnote 159] Teachers can sometimes present overly positive portrayals of religion, which may be linked to the desire for pupils to interact positively with members of religious traditions.[footnote 160] Though these claims about religion may be taught for well-meaning reasons, they are unwarranted and unscholarly.[footnote 161] Subject leaders should ensure that pupils are not hindered from acting and engaging meaningfully in the world as a global citizen because of misconceptions they learned through a poor-quality RE curriculum.

Teaching the curriculum

Summary

High-quality teaching in RE at primary and secondary level enables pupils to remember the intended curriculum in the long term. Pedagogies chosen in the RE classroom (curriculum implementation) need to enable pupils to build the forms of knowledge distinctive to RE. Teachers need to make subject-sensitive, 'fit-for-purpose' decisions about what is suitable depending on the subject matter. In particular, teaching focuses on crucial content that helps pupils to learn the specific topic they are studying and also builds a firm foundation that subsequent teaching builds on. High-quality curriculum implementation in RE comprises classroom methods that are well suited to the full scope of the RE curriculum.

Pedagogical models in RE

This section on teaching the curriculum focuses on procedures, methods and strategies as aspects of teaching. Within the literature on RE, however, 'pedagogy' can have a range of meanings, some of which are all-encompassing:

some RE literature considers pedagogy to be a 'model' of teaching and learning, which includes subject aims, curriculum content and teaching methodology that draws on generic educational principles[footnote 162]

others consider pedagogy to mean the specific classroom procedures, methods and strategies that link to how pupils learn the content taught

Pedagogy in the former ('models') sense, while educationally important, is much broader than the use of 'pedagogy' to mean implementing the curriculum, which is how it is used in the EIF.[footnote 163] RE literature that explores pedagogy as 'aims, curriculum and methodology' is outlined in Appendix C.

Suitable procedures, methods and strategies in RE

At primary and secondary level, leaders and teachers decide how to teach specific content and topics in RE. These decisions about procedures, methods and strategies are part of curriculum implementation. Implementing the curriculum effectively involves considering the teaching methods that will enable pupils to know and remember the curriculum in the long term. If teachers do not consider this, the impact of the curriculum will be weak.

Teaching activities that are clear about the RE curriculum object

When primary and secondary teachers select appropriate teaching methods and activities in RE, they need to be clear about the object of what they want pupils to learn (the curriculum object). When they are clear on this and use it as a basis for decisions about how to teach, they can support pupils to build up rich and diverse stores of knowledge.

As mentioned earlier, schema in long-term memory are interconnected 'webs of knowledge'. Their extensiveness can vary depending on the range of knowledge that is encoded in pupils' memory. Memory of concepts and ideas is often developed through experiencing repeated similar episodes.[footnote 165] This repetition builds up the meanings of complex ideas and abstractions. In RE, for instance, pupils may build up a subject-specific concept of 'afterlife' through encountering it in different contexts, for example by learning about related rituals and beliefs in religious and non-religious traditions. This means that teaching should be clear on what pupils need to learn and should focus on providing pupils with periodic and recurrent opportunities to encounter these concepts.

Once teachers are clear about the object of what they want pupils to learn in RE, they can choose appropriate classroom methods and activities. Methods and activities are appropriate when they reinforce pupils' learning of the object. If teachers choose classroom methods based on other criteria (for example, on whether the activity is perceived to be engaging), then they are less likely to support pupils' learning of the curriculum in the long term. So, the suitability of a classroom activity depends on whether it will introduce and then reinforce pupils' memory of the curriculum object effectively.

to learn about the experiences of faith practitioners (that is, testimonies that could be used as case studies)

for pupils to recognise their own assumptions as they listen to an individual from a faith community (that is, 'personal knowledge')

Given this range of possibilities, it is important for leaders and teachers to be clear about what precisely they expect pupils to learn from the encounter and, importantly, how that links to curriculum goals. Otherwise, meeting faith practitioners may be enjoyable for pupils but is unlikely to lead to curriculum impact.

When RE teachers are clear on the curriculum object, they are able to focus their subject expertise on the classroom processes of, for example:

Teaching activities that are well matched to pupils' prior knowledge

Pupils' rich and diverse schemata lay the groundwork for their future learning. Pupils will draw on these webs of knowledge when they learn subsequent knowledge or carry out complex operations.[footnote 172]

In terms of classroom practice in primary and secondary schools, this suggests that pupils' readiness for certain tasks will depend on whether they have the requisite knowledge to be able to succeed at the task.[footnote 173] When teachers use textual sources and longer reading extracts (such as sacred literature, religious narratives or scholarship), they need to consider whether these are accessible to pupils. Pupils will require sufficient vocabulary knowledge to make sense of the text. Teachers may act on this, for instance, by teaching pupils subject-specific vocabulary before they encounter it in content.[footnote 174]

When teachers plan activities for pupils to make links between content, they need to consider whether all pupils in the class have enough prior knowledge to make the links they intend. An activity around making links may be, for example, a key stage 2 classroom investigation about why a particular individual lives the way that they do. Without sufficient prior knowledge about the topic, it is unlikely that all pupils would be able to make the links between content that more proficient or expert thinkers might.[footnote 175]

Leaders and teachers may take into account pupils' prior knowledge when planning trips and educational visits. Educating pupils about sacred spaces is one way for them to learn about historical and cultural aspects of religion, as well as 'real life' religion through meeting members of traditions. The value of visits to sacred places is enhanced when pupils have the necessary prior knowledge to make sense of the experience.

Teaching activities that support the recall of knowledge of the RE curriculum

Research from cognitive science highlights that the practice of retrieving knowledge at intervals over time helps pupils to remember knowledge in the curriculum in the long term.[footnote 176] Within a coherent and well-sequenced curriculum, there is an emphasis on crucial knowledge, such as particular concepts, vocabulary and other components of knowledge, and on teaching activities that focus on retrieving that knowledge. This enables pupils to retain crucial knowledge over time.

There are many ways in which RE teaching at primary and secondary level may draw on these insights. Again, it requires subject sensitivity to consider what type of knowledge needs to be recalled within classroom activities, as well as the form that the recall takes. Teachers can make fit-for-purpose decisions about what needs to be retrieved from earlier RE content when they think about the journey of the curriculum. The way in which it needs to be retrieved will depend on subject-specific considerations. For example, low-stakes multiple-choice quizzing may be appropriate for getting pupils to recall certain types of content such as vocabulary or concepts. However, this would be a rather blunt tool for recalling stories, where it is important to hold various elements of the story together. In these instances, forms of narration would be much more appropriate ways to recall.

In other instances, activities themselves enable recall. Some examples of these could be:

In ways such as these, teachers construct classroom activities that draw on, and reinforce, earlier parts of the RE curriculum. Classroom activities are optimal when they are specific to the subject knowledge that pupils are learning.

Considering which aspects of the RE curriculum are particularly useful for pupils to learn to automaticity is a key part of removing unnecessary barriers for pupils to learn in RE (see section on 'Curriculum progression'). But this is also important to consider when teaching the curriculum. Just as leaders and teachers might consider whether elaborate or complex tasks can actually distract pupils from learning the curriculum object, so too might they consider whether classroom activities actually generate barriers for some pupils. For instance, some pupils with particular, cognitive-related SEND may struggle if left to determine on their own which knowledge is pertinent and which is not. With some well-intentioned but elaborate classroom activities, these pupils may be left unsure which knowledge to focus on. In high-quality RE, the classroom activities remove unnecessary barriers for pupils.

Assessment

Summary

High-quality assessment in RE uses assessment sufficiently, but not excessively. At primary and secondary level, leaders and teachers make fit-for-purpose decisions about applying different types of assessment, which makes it manageable. This requires them to be crystal clear about what is being assessed and why in RE. When assessment is used to determine the pupils' progress in RE, it is important for the assessment to consider whether pupils have learned the curriculum, since the curriculum sets out the journey of what it means 'to get better' at RE.

Types of assessment in RE

There is no clear picture from literature about the nature and function of assessment in RE, let alone a straightforward conception of what constitutes high-quality assessment. This is partly due to uncertainty about what exactly is being assessed in RE.[footnote 180] It has been claimed that this sort of confusion about the subject's identity has been 'at the start of a long chain', culminating in, among many things, 'unreliable assessment'.[footnote 181]

As a starting point, it is useful to draw on literature that categorises RE assessment into 2 kinds: the 'knowing kind' and the 'personal qualities, beliefs and values kind'.[footnote 182] In this report, we focus on the first kind of assessment because this is appropriate for checking the forms of knowledge that pupils build through the RE curriculum (see 'RE and the quality of education judgement within the EIF'). This may be useful for RE leaders and teachers because, previously, very little thought was given to assessment when planning the RE curriculum.[footnote 183]

Assessment can be used for different purposes in the curriculum. It can be used formatively (assessment for learning) as part of adaptive teaching which, for example, responds to pupils' misconceptions in RE.[footnote 184] Formative assessment is granular. For the pupil, it provides feedback, 'in the moment', to improve. For example, teachers' questioning can reveal pupils' misconceptions about particular aspects of dharma practice. Formative assessment provides a very clear feedback loop for teachers, such that they can adapt their teaching responsively as they implement the curriculum.[footnote 185] However, problems occur when formative assessment (for example, a low-stakes quiz) is used for other kinds of purposes (for example, accountability). The misuse of this kind of formative assessment to generate data for accountability purposes does not provide valid or reliable information about progress. Worse, it also adds unnecessarily to teachers' workload.[footnote 186]

Assessment can also be used for summative purposes (assessment of learning), such as when teachers use an end-of-topic assessment to sample pupils' knowledge from a domain of RE content. Often in RE, summative assessment uses composite tasks to assess learning.[footnote 187] These require pupils to draw on a range of subject knowledge (including different types of knowledge) to construct a more complex output, like extended writing in RE. Summative assessment in RE often ties into whole-school monitoring of pupils' progress and accountability procedures.

When the curriculum is treated as the progression model, summative assessments attempt to determine how much of the curriculum pupils know and remember. This can be done by sampling from the knowledge that teachers expect pupils to retain through the curriculum journey. As part of this, it is important that instances of summative assessment take place at sufficiently long intervals, to allow time for the RE curriculum to be taught and learned.[footnote 188] Given the limited curriculum time allocated to RE, standardised intervals for summative assessments may mean that the curriculum domain being assessed may be far smaller in RE than in other subjects. Leaders can consider whether there is enough time allocated to RE to teach and assess the curriculum.

Assessing types of knowledge in RE

For assessments to be fit for purpose, leaders and teachers in primary and secondary schools need to be clear about what they are testing and why. They can then make decisions about the most appropriate format of assessment (type of task) and when best to do it.

Composite assessment tasks are sometimes used in RE to establish whether pupils have learned the curriculum. These tasks do not separate out different types of RE knowledge and may assess more than one type of RE knowledge within the same task. For example, RE teachers might assess 'ways of knowing' through the ways that pupils use substantive content and concepts to respond to a question. Responses may be in different forms, such as written tasks, presentations, spoken accounts and visual accounts.[footnote 189] These sorts of composite assessment tasks can be used to check:

More simple assessment tasks in RE can be used to isolate portions of pupils' knowledge, such as vocabulary and basic concepts. For example, multiple-choice questions are one way that leaders and teachers might do this. These questions could be useful as part of formative assessment practice, or as part of summative assessment to determine how much of the domain of the RE curriculum pupils have learned. However, they become a blunter instrument when used to attempt to assess 'ways of knowing' or 'personal knowledge'.

Of the 3 forms of knowledge that pupils build through the RE curriculum, personal knowledge is the least straightforward to assess in isolation. There are cognitive aspects of this knowledge that can be assessed. For example, pupils may express the assumptions that they brought to the study of a particular topic or how their own vantage point changed as a result of new content that they learned. But other aspects of personal knowledge, such as the development of personal qualities, beliefs and values, are far less straightforward to assess. There are, of course, pioneering research methods and instruments that attempt to assess pupils' attitudes.[footnote 190] However, these are not of the same order as models of assessment for pupils' progress in schools. As with other aspects of pupils' development, schools are not the sole factor in how well they develop their personal qualities and values.[footnote 191] It may well be that personal knowledge, due to its highly individualised personal, intimate or abstruse nature, might be an aspect of RE that ought to be 'unencumbered' by assessment.[footnote 192]

Relating assessment expectations to the RE curriculum

When leaders and teachers want to know whether pupils have made progress in RE, they are asking a summative question: have pupils learned and remembered the RE curriculum? But it is often the case, both in assessment design and in school practice, that curriculum and assessment are considered as separate entities.[footnote 194] Often, this happens when there is a lack of clarity about the object of assessment in RE.

Effective assessment treats the curriculum as the progression model, so leaders and teachers need to ensure that assessment expectations are related to the RE curriculum. When expectations are not related to the curriculum, assessment can be hollow and can meaninglessly add to teachers' workload.

Problems with using generic progression models in RE

Some assessment models in RE continue to use 'scales', 'ladders' or 'levels' of generic skills to determine progress. Many of these are variations of obsolete assessment models, such as the 8-level scale of attainment that arose from the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority in the early 2000s.[footnote 195] In these sorts of assessment models, the object of assessment is considered separately from the RE curriculum that pupils journey through and learn. They are not valid assessment models to assess specific RE curriculums. Some educators in RE have highlighted key flaws in them.[footnote 196]

Second, a hierarchy of command words linked to steps of progress (such as 'describe', 'explain' and 'evaluate') creates a second unnecessary and unreliable progression model, removed from the journey of the RE curriculum. These additional progression models are unhelpful because they do not consider progression through the forms of knowledge that pupils build within the RE curriculum. Similarly, applying age-related expectations may appear to be a clear way to compare pupils, but often these expectations do not closely reflect the RE curriculum that pupils are learning.

Problems when the curriculum as the progression model is used inconsistently

Sometimes, summative assessment practices in RE consider the curriculum as the progression model in 'structural' terms but fail to do so in 'substantial' terms. These are some examples to illustrate this:

if leaders and teachers recognise that pupils in Year 4 need to learn and remember RE from the start of key stage 2, then they consider the curriculum as the progression model in structural terms. However, if they do not check in Year 4 whether pupils have learned and remembered that knowledge, and subsequently report to parents solely based on their perceived impression of pupils' learning, then this assessment practice fails to treat the curriculum as the progression model in 'substantial terms'

if a summative assessment in Year 6, such as an extended piece of writing, is expected to draw on previous learning, then the assessment practice considers the curriculum as the progression model in 'structural' terms. However, if the assessment task is poorly designed and does not enable pupils to demonstrate what they have learned from earlier in the curriculum, then it fails to consider the curriculum as the progression model in 'substantial terms'

Relating composite assessment tasks to the RE curriculum

'social practice etiquette' of RE argumentation (general expectations around pupils' expression and attentiveness)

generic aspects of argumentation (expectations that an argument should contain claims, rebuttal and qualifiers)

However, the analysis also indicated a lack of clarity over the substance of what is appropriate evidence, warrant and backing within an argument.

Without clearly framing a summative assessment task by explaining what precisely constitutes evidence, warrant or backing for a particular type of question, the argument that pupils go on to construct will not reveal effectively what they have learned. It may reveal something of the substantive content pupils have learned but would fail to assess what pupils have learned about 'ways of knowing' (how 'epistemically informed' pupils are).

Leaders and teachers can construct suitable composite tasks as effective summative assessments when they are clear about:

the domain of RE knowledge that pupils are drawing on

the type of subject-specific question that is being asked

what is appropriate evidence and warrant for the question posed

Limitations and problems when using exam-style questions

Leaders and teachers of RE also need to be aware of the limitations of, and problems with, applying exam-style questions (such as GCSE religious studies exam questions) in non-qualification assessment settings. This also applies to misusing GCSE assessments to identify curriculum progression at key stage 3.

There are of course general problems when the assessment of pupils in non-qualification RE contexts (for example key stages 2 and 3 or non-examined key stage 4) draws on GCSE exam-style questions. This is inappropriate, not only because pupils will not have had the opportunity to learn the domain of the GCSE programme of study, but also because it (incorrectly) implies that generic exam skills are sufficient to assess the impact of the RE curriculum.

Also, GCSE-style questions can promote the use of textual sources as 'proof texts' to justify particular expressions of living or beliefs.[footnote 201] This would be an insufficient assessment tool within a curriculum that intends for pupils to learn how sacred texts, religious literature and other sources of wisdom can be interpreted within diverse traditions.

The way GCSE assessment tasks are used in non-exam contexts raises questions about teacher education and also about pupils' learning:

Based on the above, high-quality RE may have the following features

Different types of assessments are used appropriately:

Formative assessments can help teachers identify which pupils have misconceptions or gaps in their knowledge, and what those specific misconceptions or gaps are. This can inform teachers about common issues, so they can review or adapt the curriculum as necessary. Formative assessments are less useful in making judgements about how much of the whole curriculum has been learned and remembered.

Where summative assessments are used for accountability purposes, leaders can ensure that they are sufficiently spaced apart to enable pupils to learn the expanding domain of the curriculum.

The purpose of the test should guide the type of assessment, the format of the task and when the assessment is needed.

RE assessment needs to relate to the curriculum, which sets out what it means to 'get better' at RE.

Leaders and teachers can consider whether existing assessment models in RE do in practice treat the curriculum as the progression model.

Leaders and teachers can design RE assessments that are fit for purpose, in that they are precisely attuned to the knowledge in the RE curriculum that they intend for pupils to learn.

Leaders who ensure that assessments are not excessively onerous for teachers.

Professional development opportunities for leaders and teachers to reflect on how different assessment questions and tasks in RE can frame teachers' and pupils' expectations about engaging with religious and non-religious traditions.

Systems, culture and policies

Summary

There are particular challenges concerning RE that school leaders and subject leaders need to consider carefully at both primary and secondary level. There are many different ways that schools attempt to fulfil their statutory duty to provide RE. However, primary and secondary school leaders need to consider whether the RE provision is of sufficient scope (is there 'enough' RE?) to be able to deliver an ambitious RE curriculum.

Although there are clearly strong practitioners within the RE subject community, it is likely that school leaders will have staff members who lack qualifications in RE. School leaders and subject leaders need to consider carefully the appropriate type of professional development to ensure that RE teachers have improved subject knowledge and are well placed to teach a high-quality RE curriculum.

Prioritising RE in the school curriculum

All schools that are state-funded, including free schools and academies, are legally required to provide RE as part of their curriculum (see Appendix A). All schools are required to teach RE to all pupils at all key stages (including sixth form), except for those withdrawn.[footnote 202] The way in which school leaders structure and plan ways to fulfil these obligations in school is one indication of the quality of education in RE.

How the RE curriculum is classified may be another indication of the extent to which a school prioritises RE. Fancourt, drawing on educational work by Bernstein, considers where RE is strongly classified (typically treated as a discrete subject) or weakly classified (where RE might be part of a more thematic curriculum).[footnote 203] Although it is possible for pupils to know more and to remember more of the RE curriculum in both classifications of RE, problems can emerge when RE is too weakly classified. Sometimes, this can lead to its erosion in the curriculum. Some examples of RE being too weakly classified might be:

at primary, a key stage 2 topic approach that provides pupils with a rich historical and geographical knowledge, but has relatively little RE content

at secondary, delivering RE through tutor times, assemblies or in conjunction with PSHE education, or in rotation with other subjects, where the format of delivering RE limits the curriculum that pupils can learn

Having subject-specialist RE teachers can also contribute to high-quality RE. School and subject leaders have to make decisions about how specialist staff are distributed across a timetabled curriculum. Following this decision process, pupils in RE classes are often the ones deprived of a main or specialist teacher. A report by the All-Party Parliamentary Group ( APPG) on RE in 2013 found that, of 300 primary schools responding to a call for evidence, 44% allocated the main class teacher to teaching RE.[footnote 205] The remainder were taught by either a planning, preparation and assessment ( PPA) cover teacher or by a teaching assistant. At secondary, a subject organisation report in 2017 found that whether RE lessons were taught by subject specialists varied considerably depending on the type of state-funded school:[footnote 206]

in schools of a religious character, 77% of RE lessons were taught by a qualified subject specialist

in schools where the locally agreed syllabus applied, this figure was lower, at 58%

in academies, this figure was the lowest, at 47%

If these proportions provide an accurate indication of the current level of specialist teaching in RE, school leaders should consider reviewing how they allocate teachers to RE lessons. If higher-level teaching assistants (for example, at primary) or teachers of other specialisms (for example, at secondary) are teaching RE, this raises questions about whether they have sufficient training or subject expertise to deliver high-quality RE.[footnote 207] Leaders can consider appointing suitably qualified RE teachers as part of strategic planning. Notably, in 2018, the vacancy rate of RE teachers in state-funded secondary schools was 0.6% (below the national average of 1%).[footnote 208]

Teacher education and professional development in RE

At primary and secondary level, pupils should be taught by teachers who have secure subject and curriculum knowledge, who foster pupils' interest in the subject and who are equipped to address pupils' misunderstandings.[footnote 209] Findings over the past few years suggest that RE is not fulfilling this ambition. Although schools cannot always control factors relating to the standards of RE teachers recruited to teach RE, school leaders' actions can impact on the development and retention of RE teachers.

The 2013 APPG report found that about half of primary school teachers lacked confidence in teaching RE and more than half of secondary school RE teachers had no qualification or appropriate expertise in the subject.[footnote 210] The 2019 commons briefing paper on RE suggested that the contemporary picture had not changed significantly.[footnote 211] Its analysis of the DfE's 2018 statistics on RE teachers' qualifications found that of around 14,600 state-funded secondary school RE and/or philosophy teachers, about 7,900 did not have a relevant post-A-level qualification. This means that 54% of RE teachers did not have a relevant post-A-level qualification compared with 26% of secondary school teachers across all subjects where data was published.[footnote 212]

This dearth of post-A-level subject qualifications among RE teachers could be addressed through school leaders' actions and make a difference for current RE teaching staff. In-service subject-specific professional development is important for primary and secondary schools.

There are also other important reasons why schools should prioritise RE-specific professional development for subject teachers. As some literature notes, this specificity is important because teachers' professional identity and teacher professionalism have mainly been discussed in generic terms.[footnote 213] Generic approaches to professional development can be unhelpful for RE teachers because of the complexities involved in the subject. Many aspects of RE can create 'role-identity conflict' for RE teachers.[footnote 214] These aspects might include:

RE is under-resourced, which can also erode teachers' professional identity.[footnote 215] At primary, many teachers view RE as one aspect of their professional identity, and this is significantly shaped by the variability of RE they observe in schools during their training.[footnote 216]

Subject-specific professional development in RE

There is no straightforward consensus on what constitutes high-quality subject-specific professional knowledge for teachers.[footnote 217] Literature suggests that, broadly, it would be beneficial to develop RE teachers at both primary and secondary in 4 key subject-specific areas. These are useful for both RE teachers and leaders, given that it is not unusual that RE teachers are the only specialist teaching the subject.[footnote 218] The areas are:

First, RE teachers require essential knowledge of policy about the subject. They need to be clear about the requirements of the locally agreed syllabus, where it applies. Given the legal requirements behind the RE curriculum, further development of this kind of knowledge would enable RE teachers to adapt their professional activity appropriately in different schools.[footnote 219] Recent literature on subjects in the primary curriculum suggests that part of professional development for primary teachers should involve some knowledge of the history of RE, its current position and recent developments in RE.[footnote 220]

Second, RE teachers require content knowledge: knowledge of the subject that they are teaching.[footnote 221] Broadly speaking, this knowledge is drawn from the academic study of religion(s). Some educators claim that teachers with degree-level religious studies qualifications are the most secure in their knowledge base for teaching RE.[footnote 222] However, given that pupils also build knowledge of 'ways of knowing' in RE, subject content knowledge will inevitably include knowledge derived from theology, religious studies and cognate disciplines. It is obviously key that the knowledge that teachers possess is relevant and sufficient to teach the school RE curriculum, however vast this content knowledge could be. But it is important for teachers to continue developing:

Third, RE teachers benefit from the ongoing development of pedagogical content knowledge: knowledge of how to teach a particular subject or topic.[footnote 224] This requires them to draw on the most pertinent and up-to-date insights on how humans learn, alongside subject-specific principles and procedures of teaching, learning and assessing in RE.[footnote 225] One aspect of this professional knowledge is learning about the impartiality of RE teachers.[footnote 226]

Based on the above, high-quality RE may have the following features

Sufficient curriculum time allocated to RE in order for leaders to deliver an ambitious RE curriculum.

Subject-specialist staffing, so that pupils are taught RE by teachers with appropriate subject professional knowledge.

Access to high-quality in-service training for leaders and teachers of RE to develop their professional subject knowledge.

Subject leadership that can identify high-quality sources of training (for example, through subject associations and organisations) to further their RE knowledge in policy, subject content, subject pedagogy and RE research.

Conclusion

This RE research review outlines the factors that can contribute to the quality of education in RE. This document has drawn on a range of research, evidence and other literature to identify features of high-quality RE at primary and secondary level. As such, it explains the research basis for how we look at RE in schools (where RE falls within our inspection remit). This review is not a simple checklist of activities that we expect to see in school RE, since there are various ways that schools can construct and teach high-quality RE. Rather, it outlines a conception of quality of education in RE viewed through the lens of the EIF.

RE is vital in preparing pupils to engage in a diverse and complex multi-religious and multi-secular society. However, this review has also identified that there are significant challenges that limit high quality in RE, including:

insufficient time to teach an ambitious RE curriculum

school decisions that are not taken in the best interests of all pupils, such as decisions concerning the statutory teaching of RE, the opportunity to take a qualification in religious studies, or early examination entry

a lack of consideration about what it means to 'be scholarly' in objective, critical and pluralistic RE

a lack of clarity on what constitutes reliable knowledge about religion/non-religion, leading to teachers embedding unhelpful misconceptions

teaching approaches that do not support pupils to remember the RE curriculum in the long term

approaches to assessment that are poorly calibrated to the RE curriculum

insufficient development of RE practitioners to address gaps in professional subject knowledge

That said, this review shows that there are well-warranted and constructive ways forward that could support improvements in RE. The literature suggests that many of these are already taking place in the sector in subject communities and in some schools. The significant interest that RE attracts from a range of organisations and associations may also indicate that there is sufficient capacity to support improvements in RE in primary and secondary schools for the benefit of pupils.

We hope that this research review will be useful for all those involved in the design, support and inspection of high-quality RE in schools in England, including agreed syllabus conferences, advisers, curriculum designers, ITE providers, local authorities, local standing advisory councils on RE ( SACREs), other inspectorates of RE, researchers in RE, school leaders, subject organisations and teacher subject associations.

Appendix A: The legal context of RE and inspection arrangements

The legal requirements governing RE were set out in the Education Reform Act of 1988 and confirmed by the Education Acts of 1996 and 1998. Although RE is a statutory subject, it is not part of the national curriculum.

In community, foundation and VC schools, RE must be provided in accordance with the locally agreed syllabus. Parents have the right to withdraw their children from RE and this right should be identified in the school prospectus.[footnote 231] RE in voluntary aided (VA) schools must be provided in accordance with the trust deed of the school and the wishes of the governing body.

The model funding agreements for academies broadly reflect the provisions that apply to local authorities and schools in the maintained sector. Academies that do not have a religious designation must arrange for RE to be taught to all pupils in accordance with the general requirements for agreed syllabuses. In other words, they should also 'reflect the fact that the religious traditions in Great Britain are in the main Christian while taking account of the teachings and practices of the other principal religions represented in Great Britain'.

In special schools, the legal requirement to provide RE is varied by section 71(7) of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998. Special schools should provide RE 'so far as is practicable', with all children taking part unless withdrawn by parents.

Appendix B: Developments in RE since 2013

At around the same time as Ofsted's 2013 subject report, the RE Council of England and Wales published 'A review of religious education in England'. This was carried out in response to the DfE's review of the national curriculum for schools in England, which did not include RE. Notable was the review's use of the language of 'religions and worldviews'. The phrase was 'meant to be inclusive, and its precise meaning depends on the context in which it occurs, for example in terms of belief, practice or identity'.[footnote 232] This review also included a non-statutory national curriculum framework for RE, which proposed 3 curriculum aims for RE:

The GCSE specifications required:

the study of 2 religions

'sources of wisdom and authority' (such as sacred texts)

the influence of religion on people

common and divergent views

the application of knowledge to analyse questions and to construct well-informed and balanced arguments

The A-level specifications required the study of 3 out of 4 possible areas of study:

In June 2015, a pamphlet by the former Secretary of State for Education, The Rt Hon Charles Clarke, and Professor Linda Woodhead MBE, entitled 'A new settlement: religion and belief in schools' was published.[footnote 234] The pamphlet arose from research by the Westminster Faith Debates and the Religion and Society Research programme. It suggested:

that the whole area of RE had 'suffered' from being treated very differently from other subjects on the curriculum

a list of recommendations, making a case for reform in each area (for example, collective worship, the legal status of RE, schools of a religious character and the RE curriculum)

creating a national RE curriculum in which pupils develop knowledge about a range of beliefs and values, an ability to articulate their own values and commitments and the capacities to debate and engage with others

that RE would contribute to community cohesion and to the countering of radicalisation and extremism within the school system

proposed a number of recommendations, including the idea of a change from locally determined RE to national determination, as it is for national curriculum subjects

suggested that the content of the RE curriculum should reflect the 'real' religious scene, as highlighted through the researchers' findings

argued that the study of the changing religious landscape, including a range of religions, beliefs and non-religion (including what makes up the categories of 'religion', 'belief' and 'non-religion') would make RE more fit for purpose[footnote 236]

In December 2015, the Woolf Institute, based at the University of Cambridge, published the 'Living with difference' report.[footnote 237] This report was the product of the independent Commission on Religion and Belief in British Public Life, chaired by The Rt Hon Baroness Elizabeth Butler-Sloss GBE. This report:

2015 and 2016

In December 2015, the DfE published guidance concerning the awarding of the religious studies GCSE.[footnote 238] Following the Fox vs Secretary of State case, and concerning the decision not to include non-religious worldviews (such as humanism) as discrete options within the GCSE subject content, the DfE published further guidance in July 2016.[footnote 239]

The guidance clarified that schools and agreed syllabus conferences are free to determine their approach to teaching RE and the selection of the GCSE, where appropriate. It stated that there is no requirement for a school's RE curriculum to mirror the make-up of a local or national population. It also stated that there is no obligation to give 'equal air time' to the teaching of religious and non-religious views, or to 'balance out' the detailed teaching of a religion by teaching, in equal depth, a non-religious worldview.

Importantly, the guidance made a distinction between the GCSE religious studies subject content and the RE curriculum across the key stages. The guidance recognised that curriculum balance, in terms of the content of religions and non-religious worldviews, can be achieved across the key stages.

combined school survey data, data on entries for GCSE religious studies for 2014 to 2016 and school workforce census data for 2010 to 2015 to build up a picture of provision on RE within secondary schools in England

considered a relatively basic factor affecting quality of education in RE: whether or not secondary schools were meeting their statutory requirements to teach RE on the curriculum

found that the level of provision of RE is highly variable and largely dependent on the type of school (see 'Secondary years')

In July 2018, Charles Clarke and Linda Woodhead launched a follow-up report to their 2015 pamphlet, entitled 'A new settlement revised: religion and belief in schools'.[footnote 241] Many of the recommendations made around the RE curriculum were structural, and concerned the setting of a national RE curriculum. Specifically, in terms of the RE curriculum, they recommended that any framework for curriculum be simple and clear and that academic excellence be at the centre of teaching in RE. The pamphlet highlighted that the way that religion is taught and learned in school has changed along with wider culture. Accordingly, pupils need to be taught about the inner diversity of religious traditions, as well as the beliefs and values of those who do not identify with religious traditions.

used the language of 'religion and worldviews', not only as a suggested way to reframe the name of the subject, but also as a way to reframe the content of the subject

proposed that content of the subject reflects the way in which patterns of belief, expression and belonging may change across different worldviews, for different groups of people and throughout history

suggested that existing RE provision often focused on superficial stereotypes of religious traditions, rather than their complex and diverse manifestations

emphasised that it was important for pupils to learn different ways in which religion and worldviews can be understood, interpreted and studied

Appendix C: Pedagogical models in RE

The models can be broadly summarised as:

a phenomenological model, linked to the work of Ninian Smart

a human development model, linked to the work of Michael Grimmitt

a spiritual development model, linked to the work of David Hay and others

a critical realist model, linked to the work of Andrew Wright

a concept-cracking model, linked to the work of Trevor Cooling

an ethnographic interpretive model, linked to the work of Robert Jackson

a deconstruction model, linked to the work of Clive Erricker

Some models have pedagogical procedures, methods and strategies linked to them. Others are more theoretical and offer few practical teaching methods that teachers can use throughout the whole curriculum.[footnote 244]

Some pedagogical models in RE are designed with particular types of RE content in mind. This means that by only using one of these models, teachers may exclude certain content. For instance, the concept-cracking model is mainly designed to help pupils understand Christianity.

Other pedagogical models exclude certain 'ways of knowing'. This means that pupils would develop only a partial perspective on religion. For example, the 'critical realist' model focuses more on truth claims and less on the lived realities of global religion.

Other pedagogical models prefer certain explanations of religion over others. This means that pupils are unaware of alternative explanations. For example, the 'phenomenological' model only considers naturalistic explanations of religion.

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Research review series: religious education

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In religious education ( RE), pupils enter into a rich discourse about the religious and non-religious traditions that have shaped Great Britain and the world. RE in primary and secondary schools enables pupils to take their place within a diverse multi-religious and multi-secular society. At its best, it is intellectually challenging and personally enriching.

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Link to significant and useful reports related to Religious Education (latest is from 2017) 

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Link to significant and useful reports related to Religious Education (latest is from 2017) 

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The Religious Education Council of England and Wales

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Reports relating to religious education in England and Wales.

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‘Ways of knowing’ in RE

‘Ways of knowing’ is about being scholarly in the way that substantive content and concepts are approached. It refers to the different ways that pupils learn how it is possible to explore that substantive knowledge. With only substantive (‘what to know’) knowledge, the RE curriculum would be incomplete because pupils also need to learn ‘how to know’ in RE.[footnote 96] At primary and secondary level, leaders and teachers might teach ‘ways of knowing’ by ensuring that pupils learn not only selected content, but also tools to explore that content.

‘Ways of knowing’ is an area of development that is currently emerging within RE. There seem to be 2 main forms of ‘ways of knowing’ that pupils can learn in the curriculum:

knowledge of well-established methods and processes and other tools of scholarship that are used to study and make sense of global and historical religion/non-religion

knowledge of the types of conversation (or ‘modes of enquiry’ or ‘scholarly discourses’) that academic communities have about religion/non-religion

Knowledge of the first form develops pupils’ awareness that different methods and processes are useful in different ways, depending on the subject matter being studied. Knowledge of the second form develops pupils’ awareness that conversations about religion and non-religion generally carry within them certain assumptions, link to methods and processes and contain certain criteria about what is considered valuable. These 2 forms have sometimes been referred to as ‘disciplinary knowledge’ in RE,[footnote 97] which has been described as:[footnote 98]

knowledge that acts on substantive knowledge, as well as the products generated by that action[footnote 99]

the collective total of the tools, norms, conventions and methods of particular fields of human knowledge[footnote 100]

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Substantive content and concepts in RE

The substantive knowledge of RE includes the ‘substance’ of religious and non-religious traditions that primary and secondary level pupils study in the curriculum.[footnote 42] Substantive content includes:

different ways that people express religion and non-religion in their lives, including diverse lived experiences and the complexity of the fluid boundaries between different traditions[footnote 43]

knowledge about artefacts and texts associated with different religious and non-religious traditions

concepts that relate to religious and non-religious traditions, such as ‘dharma’, ‘incarnation’, ‘ritual’, ‘authority’, ‘prayer’, ‘sacred’, ‘anatta’ and ‘moksha’

the very concepts of ‘religion’ and ‘non-religion’ and debates around these ideas[footnote 44]

There are well-established conventions within RE to refer to ways of categorising subject-specific concepts:[footnote 45]

concepts that are common to religious and non-religious experience (such as ‘interpretation’)

concepts that are common to multiple forms of religious experience (such as ‘sacrifice’)

concepts specific to a religious tradition (such as the Christian notion of ‘incarnation’)

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Buddhist worldview traditions

Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals.

Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field. They might take a particular position or stance with regards to the worldview in question.

We hope you find these essays helpful as you learn more about this fascinating subject.

Written in 2020 by Denise Cush. Find out about Denise in the section 'About the Author' below.

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Buddhist worldview traditions - RE:ONLINE

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Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals. Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field.

# data[].attributes.headline
An expert stating why Religion should be taught in school

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An expert stating why Religion should be taught in school

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From the University of Stockholm and evaluates an excellent review of why we teach RE in schools and how it should reflect society

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Short debate... what do you think?

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Is religious education in school important?

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Professional discussion about how to improve RE 

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Professional discussion about how to improve RE 

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Based on the above, high-quality RE may have the following features

‘Collectively enough’ substantive content and concepts in the RE curriculum to enable pupils to grasp the complexity of a multi-religious, multi-secular world. This substantive knowledge is a representation and reconstruction of religious and non-religious traditions and concepts.

Representations of religious and non-religious traditions that are as accurate as possible. Leaders and teachers might use scholarship to construct representations so that pupils do not learn misconceptions.

Depth of study in certain areas of the RE curriculum to provide pupils with detailed content that is connected with the concepts and ideas that they learn. Without this, more complex discussions about religion and non-religion will be superficial. Leaders and teachers can make intelligent selections for depth of study to indicate a range of religious and non-religious ways of living.

Detailed knowledge of specific religious and non-religious traditions (such as their stories, narratives, texts and testimonies) in the RE curriculum to enable pupils to make useful connections between content.

A well-sequenced RE curriculum that prepares pupils with the prior knowledge (including content, concepts and vocabulary) they need for subsequent topics. The importance of this is very clear in the case of controversial and sensitive topics. Leaders and teachers might identify the necessary background knowledge that pupils need to learn for a topic and make sure that the curriculum is ordered to accommodate this.

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Teachers TV: Primary RE - Being Reflective

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Lesson observation: Year 6 Religious Education KS2 (excerpt)

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Teachers TV: The Manchester Jewish Museum

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Teachers TV: KS1/2 RE - Experiential Approaches to Hinduism

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Christian worldview traditions

Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals.

Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field. They might take a particular position or stance with regards to the worldview in question.

We hope you find these essays helpful as you learn more about this fascinating subject.

Written in 2020 by Mark Plater. Find out about Mark in the section 'About the Author' below.

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A basic introduction to the facts and beliefs of Christianity. It provides not only a comprehensive guide to the factual and belief structures of Christianity but also address the issues that Christianity encounters as it engages with the 21st century.

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Julian Stern is Professor of Education and Religion at Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln. Born and brought up in Hull, Julian qualified at the Royal Academy of Music, Oxford University, Leicester University, and the Institute of Education, London. He was a school teacher in the South of England for fourteen years, and then worked in the Institute of Education, London, the Open University, Brunel University, the University of Hull, and York St John University, prior to joining Bishop Grosseteste.

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Mastering Primary Religious Education (Mastering Primary Teaching)

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Mastering Primary Religious Education introduces the primary religious education curriculum and helps trainees and teachers learn how to plan and teach inspiring lessons that make religious education irresistible. Topics covered include: * Current developments in religious education * Religious e...

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As an increasingly significant aspect of primary teaching, Creative Approaches to Teaching Primary RE is the essential companion to help bring creativity to life in the classroom.

The text begins with a discussion of creative education and the value of Religious Education, moving on to reflect on the cross-curricular nature of the subject, exploring ways of introducing creativity to the classroom, through the medium of Religious Education.

Each chapter provides ideas and activities demonstrating how pedagogy and theory can be applied in practice within a school setting. The inclusion of case studies will help you consider how to develop creative approaches in all curriculum areas.

This book invites you to ask questions such as:

· What is Creative Education?

· Why should RE be included in the ever-changing curriculum?

· How can I use Religious Education to generate a more creative environment in the classroom?

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Creative Approaches to Teaching Primary RE

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Buy Creative Approaches to Teaching Primary RE 1 by Webster, Maggie (ISBN: 9781408204405) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Teaching Religious Education - excellent chp 8 on Islamaphobia

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Teaching Religious Education - excellent chp 8 on Islamaphobia

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Teaching Religious Education Creatively offers a brand new approach for the primary classroom and is crammed full of innovative ideas for bringing the teaching of RE to life. It helps teachers understand what constitutes a healthy curriculum that will encourage children to appreciate and understand different belief systems. Perhaps most importantly, it also challenges teachers to understand RE as a transformatory subject that offers children the tools to be discerning, to work out their own beliefs and answer puzzling questions.

Underpinned by the latest research and theory and with contemporary, cutting-edge practice at the forefront, expert authors emphasise creative thinking strategies and teaching creatively. Key topics explored include:

What is creative teaching and learning?

Why is it important to teach creatively and teach for creativity?

What is Religious Education?

Why is it important for children to learn 'about' and 'from' religion?

How can you teach non-biased RE creatively as a discrete subject and integrate it with other curriculum areas?

Teaching Religious Education Creatively is for all teachers who want to learn more about innovative teaching and learning in RE in order to improve understanding and enjoyment and transform their own as well as their pupil's lives.

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Teaching Religious Education Creatively (Learning to Teach in the Primary School Series)

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Buy Teaching Religious Education Creatively (Learning to Teach in the Primary School Series) 1 by Elton-Chalcraft, Sally (ISBN: 9780415742580) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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Religious Education (RE) holds a unique place within the state education system. Yet, the teaching of RE has often been criticised for its tendency to present simplified and stereotypical representations of religions. Bringing together the theory of metacognition with RE curriculum content, this book offers a coherent and theoretically supported approach to RE and beyond that is applicable to a range of subjects and students of various age groups.

Metacognition, Worldviews and Religious Education seeks to support teachers in creating a new and exciting classroom approach. With a focus on putting children and teachers' worldviews back on the RE agenda and developing awareness of these through metacognitive processes, it includes

* Tables, frameworks and checklists to make it easy for teachers to adapt the approach to their own context

* Concrete examples of how the approach can work in the classroom, including case studies from teachers

* Call-out boxes for teachers and others to reflect on their own practice and to consider their own beliefs and values in relation to teaching and learning

Co-authored by three researchers from Exeter University and one experienced advanced skills RE primary school teacher, this book explains in a jargon-free way the theories of metacognition and worldviews which underpin the creation of a unique learning environment, making it an essential read for students, experienced teachers, researchers in RE and anyone interested in taking a thinking skills approach to pedagogy.

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Metacognition, Worldviews and Religious Education: A Practical Guide for Teachers

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Buy Metacognition, Worldviews and Religious Education: A Practical Guide for Teachers 1 by Larkin, Shirley, Freathy, Rob, Doney, Jonathan, Freathy, Giles (ISBN: 9780367223052) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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This collection of simple-to-use activities will jumpstart students' understanding of the world's religions and belief systems. A wealth of activities, including discussion techniques, group tasks and thought experiments, guides the teacher in delivering stimulating and imaginative RE lessons.

Based around religions' sacred texts, beliefs, leaders, spaces and festivals, this indispensable and practical guide covers all major belief systems including:

Jumpstart! Religious Education is an essential classroom resource to encourage students' engagement with and comprehension of religions around the world. If you are a trainee, newly-qualified or experienced teacher looking for a range of quick, effective, fun and challenging ways to teach about religion, then this is the perfect book for you.

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Jumpstart! RE: Games and activities for ages 7-12

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Buy Jumpstart! RE: Games and activities for ages 7-12 1 by Mogra, Imran (ISBN: 9781138218536) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.

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RE Today supporting Religious Education in schools

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Supporting teachers of religious education with training, reosources and subject knowledge

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The structure of Warrington's SACRE is defined by law, and is made up of four groups or committees.

These are:

The main religions in the local area and their denominations

The Church of England

Teacher and Headteacher associations

The Local Authority

Membership 2021

Committee A - Christian denominations and other religions and their denominations

Committee B - The Church of England

Rev M Burgess - Vice Chairperson

Rev A Raggett

Committee C - Teacher and headteacher associations

Mrs K Coleclough (Sir Thomas Boteler) - Chairperson

Mrs C Taylor

Mrs S Tickle (Beamont Collegiate)

Committee D - The local authority

Recent Minutes

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Standing Advisory Council for Religious Education (SACRE) | warrington.gov.uk

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The law states that Religious Education (RE) must be taught in all schools, but it is not a part of the National Curriculum. Instead, local communities have the change to influence what Warrington pupils learn in RE. They do this by working with the local Standing Advisory council for Religious Educ…

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Hindu worldview traditions

Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals.

Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field. They might take a particular position or stance with regards to the worldview in question.

We hope you find these essays helpful as you learn more about this fascinating subject.

Written in 2020 by Catherine Robinson and Denise Cush. Find out about the authors in the section 'About the Authors' below.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals. Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field.

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Humanist worldview traditions

Humanism is not a religion. It is a non-religious, ethical worldview, concerned with some of the same concepts as religions, but generally derived from secular ideas and considerations that have affected and influenced the lives of people, particularly since the Enlightenment. Humanism is a worldwide phenomenon although it is most often associated with the post-Christian trends of the 20th century in Europe and the developed nations. It has arguably somewhere in the region of 150 million active adherents which is about 2% of the world's population.

The resources contained in the list of subjects below are a basic introduction to the facts and traditions of humanism. They are a portal or window into the world of humanism and by following the websites and bibliographies, an enquirer may discover more and more about this worldview.

The six units are based on the QCA non-statutory framework for Religious Education and the Areas of Enquiry. They provide not only a comprehensive guide to the facts and traditions of humanism, but also address the issues that humanism encounters as it engages with the 21st century.

The section was written by Marilyn Mason.

Marilyn Mason taught English for twenty years before being appointed Education Officer of the British Humanist Association from 1998 to 2006. She has written and spoken widely on humanist perspectives and is a member of her local SACRE and the SHAP Working Party on World Religions in Education.

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Humanist worldview traditions - RE:ONLINE

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Humanism is not a religion. It is a non-religious, ethical worldview, concerned with some of the same concepts as religions, but generally derived from secular ideas and considerations that have affected and influenced the lives of people, particularly since the Enlightenment.

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Muslim worldview traditions

The word Islam is derived from the Arabic root 'salima' which means peace, harmony and submission. Islam, referring to the religion, is the submission of the creation to the will of God and its co-existence in peace and harmony. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) began to receive the last and final revelation from Allah in the year 610 CE. Over a 23 year period, the revelation was received and recorded in the form of the Qur'an. Today, Islam is a worldwide religion with over 1,220 million adherents. This is about 19% of the world's population and it is growing rapidly.

The resources contained in the list of subjects below are a basic introduction to the facts and beliefs of Islam. They are a portal or window into the world Islam and by following the websites and bibliographies, an enquirer may discover more and more about this faith.

The six units are based on the QCA non-statutory framework for Religious Education and the Areas of Enquiry. They provide not only a comprehensive guide to the factual and belief structures of Islam but also address the issues that Islam encounters as it engages with the 21st century.

This section was written by Monawar Hussain, Mubeen Azam and Nourallah Chakroun.

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The word Islam is derived from the Arabic root 'salima' which means peace, harmony and submission. Islam, referring to the religion, is the submission of the creation to the will of God and its co-existence in peace and harmony. Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) began to receive the last and final revelation from Allah in the year 610 CE.

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Jewish worldview traditions

Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals.

Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field. They might take a particular position or stance with regards to the worldview in question.

We hope you find these essays helpful as you learn more about this fascinating subject.

Written in 2020 by Jon Mayled. Find out about Jon in the section 'About the Author' below.

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Our series of subject knowledge essays are written for the teacher to expand and deepen understanding of religion and worldviews. You might like to share extracts with students but these are aimed at teachers and other professionals. Each essay is authored by an expert or experts in the field.

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The Pagans described in this section refer to contemporary, living religious practices in Western culture. These are however inspired by ancient forms of European faith such as those found in ancient Rome, Greece, Egypt and Celtic or Germanic countries, or other 'indigenous' or 'primary' traditions.

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We are using the term 'Sikhi' within this text and in other resources on the website, as a more accurate name for the beliefs and life of Sikh people. The word 'Sikhism' was coined by the British Raj, it was not a term Sikhs used themselves.

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RE Today produces RE resources to support teachers in the classroom. Whether you are looking for eResources linked to our most recent termly mailings, the back catalogue of REtoday resources, resources linked to our publications and projects, or just FREE resources you can find them in the pods below.
Please note: Termly mailing resources are produced for NATRE members and RET subscribers and therefore when accessing these you will be redirected to the NATRE website.

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Please note: Termly mailing resources are produced for NATRE members and RET subscribers and therefore when accessing these you will be redirected to the NATRE website.

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RE Resources For Primary School Religious Education from TTS

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Buy Primary RE Resources and Religious Educational Supplies to reflect religious beliefs, spirituality, celebration, worship, practices and belonging for KS1 & KS2.

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Join our fantastic, vibrant and supportive community of RE teaching professionals. We're the largest membership organisation for RE teachers and produce high-quality, tried and tested courses, books, and accessible teaching resources.
High quality resources and support
Our membership is designed to meet your needs at every stage of your career and we have many members who joined in their teacher training and have continued their career with us.

We promote, defend, educate and support all RE practitioners. We do this through lobbying government, being a reference point for, and involved in conversations with the DfE and Ofsted, Local Authorities and SACRE's, telling your stories and experiences and being a voice for all teachers. We're always here to support you with what you need to deliver excellent RE.
Choose your membership type to find out more:
Student-enjoy lots of support as you train for your teaching career

All of these have a wide range of benefits including discounts on our courses, publications, termly mailing of our REtoday magazine and Curriculum book and free downloadable 'Instant RE' classroom resources.
Try before you buy
Our basic membership will give you a taste of what we're about for a nominal subscription price. You can upgrade at any time simply by paying the difference for the membership type you want!

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Join our fantastic, vibrant and supportive community of RE teaching professionals. We're the largest membership organisation for RE teachers and produce high-quality, tried and tested courses, books, and accessible teaching resources. High quality resources and support Our membership is designed to meet your needs at every stage of your career and we have many members who joined in their teacher training and have continued their career with us.

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An example lesson from Teachers TV

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Teachers TV: KS3 RE - Sacrifice and Islam

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NASACRE works to support, strengthen and promote the work done by local SACREs and represents the interests of members at a national level.

We provide a range of services for member SACREs, including full access to our training and support materials, other resources and

Our digital communication SACRE Briefing, is sent to all SACREs.

To find out more about NASACRE's work, visit the About section.

The Support and Contacts section provides advice as to which resources or NASACRE personnel might best help you.

Explore the menu for all NASACRE's services and resources.

Click here to find the Still Standing report. The report was commissioned by the REC through funding from CStG and in partnership with NASACRE. The report sought to investigate whether recommendations for SACREs contained with the CoRE report would help to develop/change SACREs work for 21st century.

Click here to find NASACRE's report into SACRE funding in England, published 17th May 2021.

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The Religious Education Council of England and Wales

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The Religious Education Council: Working together to strengthen the provision of religious education in England and Wales.

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Excellent website for learning about and from Christianity

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Excellent website for learning about and from Christianity

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Searching for resources - use the filter options on the left of this page. You can search via the 'Generic Filters' e.g age group, religion or resource type. Alternatively, if you are looking for specific resources for a particular publication then you can search by 'Publication Type'.

Visit our dedicated TERMLY MAILING RESOURCES pages to search by section within publications.
FREE home learning resources for you and your pupils
The documents published here reflect a wide range of approaches amongst RE teachers; and do not represent the personal view of the NATRE Executive.

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Religious education (RE) resources - FREE, KS1, KS2, KS3. KS4

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Visit our dedicated TERMLY MAILING RESOURCES pages to search by section within publications. FREE home learning resources for you and your pupils The documents published here reflect a wide range of approaches amongst RE teachers; and do not represent the personal view of the NATRE Executive.

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miriam rose stations of the cross - Google Search

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indigenous art aboriginal ungunmerr rose foundation aboriginal art australian baumann painting ungunmerr baumann

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How can I be happy? | Narrated by Stephen Fry | #ThatsHumanism (2014)

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Teaching Christianity in a multi-faith school 

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Teaching Christianity in a multi-faith school 

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The Five Pillars of Islam | Religions of the World

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Life as a Jewish child | Religious Studies - My Life, My Religion: Judaism

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What is Christianity? | Religious Studies - My Life, My Religion: Christianity

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experience of religion - case study of two children

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Free classroom resources for teaching religious studies lessons to 7 to 11-year-olds.

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Primary but useful as a stimulus and basic understanding. You may wish to make a video similar

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Meeting two young Hindus | Religious Studies -  My Life, My Religion: Hinduism

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Primary - day in the life is useful to explore

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Life of a young British Muslim | Religious Studies - My Life, My Religion: Islam

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Meeting a young British Sikh | Religious Studies – My Life, My Religion: Sikhism

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Guidance for local-authority-maintained schools on providing a daily act of collective worship.

Applies to England

Documents

Details

This is for:

headteachers

teachers

governing bodies of local-authority-maintained schools

teacher training institutions

faith groups

parents

Parents have the right to withdraw their child from the daily act of collective worship if they wish.

Sixth-formers can decide for themselves whether or not to attend, without giving a reason for doing so.

Report a problem with this page

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Skip to main content We use some essential cookies to make this website work. We'd like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services.

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NATRE guidance to governors (useful for trainee teachers) 

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NATRE guidance to governors (useful for trainee teachers) 

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Faith at Home – Collective Worship for Primary Schools - Episode 1: HOPE

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Faith at Home - Collective Worship for Primary Schools - Episode 2: Courage

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Faith At Home - Collective Worship for Primary Schools - Episode 7: Kindness

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Faith At Home - Collective Worship for Secondary Schools - Episode Four: Humility

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Collective Worship and school assemblies: your rights

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Humanists UK view is that worship is out of place in schools and that the repeated demands of recent Education Acts for collective worship that is “wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character” are unworkable, hypocritical, counter-productive and divisive. Most religious groups, teaching unions…

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Use our free primary school collective worship resources to support collective worship in your school.

Our pupil-led collective worship resources for Catholic schools include a simple planning template and guide, plus loads more ideas for children to plan their own collective worship.

Use our new collective worship resource for primary schools, based on this week's children's liturgy.

Use the planner and guide to help you plan your collective worship.

Use the scripture and prompt cards to get going.

Include an inspiring photo or story in your collective worship.

Back to top

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Collective worship for primary schools | CAFOD

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Use our free primary school collective worship resources to support collective worship in your school. Our pupil-led collective worship resources for Catholic schools include a simple planning template and guide, plus loads more ideas for children to plan their own collective worship. Use our new collective worship resource for primary schools, based on this week's children's liturgy.

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NATRE research related to withdrawing from RE

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NATRE research related to withdrawing from RE

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A study carried out by Liverpool Hope University in the British Journal of Religious Education (BJRE) showed the majority of questioned headteachers are in favour of revoking the withdrawal laws in RE.

The research published 41 per cent of school leaders interviewed said they had received requests for students to be withdrawn from teaching about one religion. Most of these requests were in relation to teaching about Islam.
Dr David Lundie, one of the involved researchers, commented:
"The current settlement, involving the parental right of withdrawal from RE but no other aspect of the curriculum on grounds of conscience, raises important questions about the wider contribution of RE to the life of the school."

"RE is bound up with the fundamental British values of mutual respect and tolerance for those of different faiths, so it is hard to see how a school could support such a right without impacting on this wider duty of the school to prepare children for life in modern Britain."
What is the right to withdraw?
Withdrawal from RE was included in the 1944 Education Act. It provides parents with the availability to remove their child from teaching some or all aspects of religious education.

In this ground-breaking study, Dr Lundie along with his peer Cr Cathal O'Siochru surveyed 450 Headteachers and RE leads. A concrete 71 per cent thought that the withdrawal element is "no longer required" in modern day education.

Through additional commentary, one interviewee commented ""Students that have been removed are the ones that need to understand different cultures the most." This implies the withdrawal law is doing more damage than repair in schools.

The survey also highlighted confusion surrounding various aspects of the law, such as excluding pupils from other curricular activities based on religious views.
Get additional support
The National Association of Teachers of Religious Education (NATRE), in collaboration with the National Association of Head Teachers (NAHT) has published guidance on tackling withdrawal from RE, available here. This document is available FREE for NATRE members.

Browse the range of membership packages available for schools and professionals. Members receive exclusive access to further BJRE articles and additional contemporary resources.

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Withdrawal is "no longer required" say heads

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A study carried out by Liverpool Hope University in the British Journal of Religious Education (BJRE) showed the majority of questioned headteachers are in favour of revoking the withdrawal laws in RE. The research published 41 per cent of school leaders interviewed said they had received requests for students to be withdrawn from teaching about one religion.

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NASACRE withdrawal from RE and Collective Worship 

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NASACRE withdrawal from RE and Collective Worship 

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Year 12 KS5 Religious Studies Lesson: The Bible As A Source Of Wisdom

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controversial report about pastors teaching RE 

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controversial report about pastors teaching RE 

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International view ... do you agree?

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Religious Leaders Not for Classroom, Say Educators  | @CVMTVNews

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confessions of a teacher - just for fun!

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confessions of a teacher - just for fun!

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Confessions of a Teacher – End of Year | Teacher Support | BBC Teach

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The company is called Tortoise and they raise discussion and debate about some issues related to RE

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Do faith schools have a place in modern education?

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POD

THE FIRST DEDICATED RELIGIOUS EDUCATION PODCAST FOR STUDENTS AND TEACHERS.

RE is really boring, right!?

So why do a podcast?

"I have just discovered your podcast yesterday and am very excited about it" Diocesan Advisor, Dublin

I thought this podcast was set out really clearly and was very professional with out sounding boring. The content was very interesting and I was captivated from the very beginning. You included some really good analogies that made it much less complicated but never too easy. Thank you so much for this podcast. It was not only useful but also enjoyable to listen to." Freya, 14, Surrey

'...I thought it was really good, entertaining and fun for RE. It was also really good because your voice is really clear and you explain stuff in a really good way!

'I have just listened to your first podcast! I absolutely loved it! It was very professional and you explained everything really clearly...'

Never miss an episode!

Get the latest news and updates, and no spam ever

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The first dedicated podcast for teachers and students of Religious Studies and Religious Education. Suitable for use with GCSE RS.

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Discussion of religious movements and the theories and individuals behind them.

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Lois Lee responds to our interview with RSP co-founder Christopher R. Cotter about his latest book, The Critical Study of Non-Religion. Calling his work "a milestone" that answers the need for a "systemic intervention" in critical approaches to non-religion, Lee suggests that the parallel lives of critical secular and non-religious studies are starting to converge.

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Lois Lee responds to our interview with RSP co-founder Christopher R. Cotter about his latest book, The Critical Study of Non-Religion. Calling his work "a milestone" that answers the need for a "systemic intervention" in critical approaches to non-religion, Lee suggests that the parallel lives of critical secular and non-religious studies are starting to converge.

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RE Teacher Influencer Nikki McGee's blog 

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RE Teacher Influencer Nikki McGee's blog 

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Big Ideas for RE - Free Religious Education Curriculum for schools

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Big Ideas for RE is a comprehensive modern Religious education curriculum for teachers and schools. Free access no sign-up required.

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Secondary Curriculum (KS3–KS4) Resources | United Curriculum England

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Explore United Curriculum’s sequenced Secondary Curriculum for KS3–KS4. Access high-quality, evidence-based lesson plans, exam-style questions, knowledge organisers, and teacher guides—designed to enhance teacher confidence and student outcomes. Trial resources available now.

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Free KS3 Religious education teaching resources | Y7, 8, & 9 | Oak National Academy

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Get fully sequenced teaching resources and lesson plans in KS3 Religious education