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1. What is racial stereotyping and stacking?

Stacking can be defined as placing athletes in certain positions based on racial stereotypes.  For example, whites are commonly thought of as smarter and more intelligent than African-Americans, and thus pushed to play positions like quarterback and center in football, and pitcher and catcher in baseball.

2. What is the danger of stereotyping?

The prejudices that blacks experience in sports often go unnoticed, and unjustly so.  Just because somebody is black should not mean that they are given fewer opportunities to play positions like quarterback than whites. In 2009, about 70% of players in the NFL were African-American, but only 20% of the quarterbacks were black.  “Black athletes are prey to a fallacious logic that runs something like this: Physical ability and smarts are inversely proportional, and since blacks are more naturally athletic than whites, blacks are less intelligent,” explained sports analyst Jon Entine.

3. Provide an example of stacking in cricket.

Rafiq’s teammates, and his club itself, might have felt that calling him the P-word was acceptable dressing-room banter. That was not the only racist banter he was subjected to. Recently, while researching my book, The Impossible Dream, Rafiq told me how for about two years some of his Yorkshire teammates had called him “Rafa the kafir”. For Rafiq, a practising Muslim who has been to Mecca for hajj – the pilgrimage all Muslims are meant to do once in their lifetime – that meant he was an unbeliever and is a devastating charge. He was puzzled because none of the people calling him “kafir” were Muslims or knew anything about Islam.

4. What are the key points of the Football offences act of 1991?

The Football Offences Act 1991 is an act of the UK Parliament signed into law on 27 June 1991. Its creation was intended to curb "disorderly conduct", otherwise known as football hooliganism. It banned the throwing of missiles, indecent and racialist chants, and pitch invasions (among other "disorderly conduct").

5. What is the results for sports clubs of The race relations act 2000?

The Act banned racial discrimination in public places and made the promotion of hatred on the grounds of 'colour, race, or ethnic or national origins' an offence. The sports clubs would have noticed a reduction in racist comments and actions towards players and fans, as people then started to become wary when it was declared an offence. When there are now consequences to their actions people tend to stop in order to avoid trouble with the authorities.

6. What were the findings of the Active people's survey (2014-2015) with regards to gender participation?

In children and young people, boys are more likely than girls to have 4/5 positive attitudes.

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What is racial stereotyping and stacking? Stacking is an unfair advantage to someone
What is the danger of stereotyping? Someone may be offended by the thing you said
Provide an example of stacking in cricket?
Using a different bat which is not regulation
Football offence act 1991? All act of discrimination must be reported to the FA
The race relations Act 2000- The Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 places a 'general duty' on all public authorities to promote race equality.
Gender participation in sport 39% women 16 or over and 35% of women
Men - rugby, football, boxing
Women - gymnastics, equestrian, diving
“This girl can” to increase physical activity in sport
Disability Discrimination act 1996- The law was the first of its kind to protect those with disabilities from discrimination in areas including employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport.
When did the Paralympic first launch? 1960
Sport England 2015-Sport England’s Youth and Community Sport Strategy 2012–17 will see an investment of around £300 million a year (£324.9 million in 2014/15)
from the National Lottery players and tax payers in programmes designed to increase the number of people playing sport for at least 30 minutes once a week, every week

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Racism - Racism is when a person us treated worse, excluded, disadvantaged harassed, bullied, humiliated, degraded because of their race or ethnicity because of their race or ethnicity. And example of this in sport is a player in football being verbally abused by spectators becuase of their ethnicity.
Sexism - Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender. An example of this is a professional womens team not being paid as much as the male team.
Disability discrimination- known as Ableism is discrimination and social prejudice against people with disabilities and/or people who are perceived to be disabled. An example of this is disabled athletes not having the same chances at competing compared to a not disabled athlete

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Racism - Racism involves treating people unfairly or holding biased and unfair views about people because of their nationality and/or ethnicity (Gledhill et al, 2013). Incidents of racism still occur within sports and different activities, as well as everyday life. One of the most memorable incidents of racism in 2021 was at the Euro football finals. England played against Italy and when England lost, their own fans turned against them and blamed Rashford, Sancho and Saka. They missed penalty kicks that cost them winning the entire competition. Instead of the fans being thrilled that their team had made it to the final, they shouted racist abuse towards these players specifically and all three players faced harassment online.

Sexism - Gender differences in sport have a long history; sport is traditionally male-dominated and women have had to fight to earn their places within sports (Gledhill et al, 2013). Participation rates in sports are still lower for women then they are for men. Elite sport continues to set men and women apart. The men’s decathlon has been contested at every Olympics since 1912 but there is still no place at major championships for the women’s event. While men play five sets at Tennis Grand Slams, women can only compete over three sets. We also see significant gender gaps when we look at the number of women participating in sport – 1.5 million fewer women than men participate in sport at least once a month. We also see clear gender gaps when we look at the number of women working in sport at every level. Women make up only 18% of qualified coaches and 9% of senior coaches. For almost half (49%) of publicly funded national governing bodies, less than a quarter of their Board are women.(womeninsport.org, 2021).

Disability - The UK has over 10 million disable people. A law has been created in order to aid the prevention of discrimination in sport and this is called the Discrimination Act 1995, though it has been altered in 2005, 2010 and 2017. Essentially, it is illegal for any organisation to discriminate against an individual because of their disability (subject to certain exceptions). This means it is unlawful for sports clubs to treat disabled people less favourably for a reason related to their disability. When the Olympics were first founded, there was no games for disabled people. Whilst there are the ParaOlympic games now, disabled athletes still face discrimination against them. They do not get the same social media platform, funding and sponsorships as abled athletes do, and therefore, they do not have fans that are loyal and that support them at their events.

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Racism- involves treating people unfairly, holding bias and/or unfair views about them because of their nationality or ethnicity (Gledhill et al, 2013).
Sexism- Sports is mostly seen as a traditionally male dominated sport and women have to fight to com peat in many sports (Gledhill et al, 2013).
Disability- historically the access to disabled sport was based on luck and was restricted to very few areas (Gledhill et al, 2013). Invictus games

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Racism - Racism takes many forms and can happen in many places. It includes prejudice, discrimination or hatred directed at someone because of their colour, ethnicity or national origin. Racism can be revealed through people’s actions as well as their attitudes. It can also be reflected in systems and institutions. But sometimes it may not be revealed at all. Not all racism is obvious. For example, someone may look through a list of job applicants and decide not to interview people with certain surnames. (https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/race-discrimination/what-racism)

Sexism - Sexism is prejudice and discrimination against people based on their sex or gender. Sexism also affects people who were not assigned female at birth but who express themselves in a way that people perceive as feminine. This includes trans and gender-expansive individuals. For example, if a person believes that women are weaker than men, they may feel that they have to be strong or tough at all times — even if this means risking their health or participating in violence. (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-is-sexism#what-sexism-is)

Disability Discrimination - Disability discrimination is when you treat someone unfairly or put them at a disadvantage because of their disability. For example, not employing someone with a disability because you don’t want disabled people working for you. (https://www.brighthr.com/articles/equality-and-discrimination/disability-discrimination-with-examples/)

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Racism is the process by which systems and policies, actions and attitudes create inequitable opportunities and outcomes for people based on race. Racism is more than just prejudice in thought or action. It occurs when this prejudice - whether individual or institutional - is accompanied by the power to discriminate against, oppress or limit the rights of others.

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Racism, or discrimination based on differences in skin colour, nationality, or other factors, is seen in football when spectators make disparaging remarks about coloured players.

Sexism—lower pay and disregard for other genders, e.g., women in football are paid less.

Discrimination against individuals with disabilities occurs when they are treated unfairly because of their impairment, such as when sports do not provide a way for persons with disabilities to participate in the sport.

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Racism- the belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or qualities, especially so as to distinguish them as inferior or superior to one another.

Sexism- prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.

Disability Discrimination- Direct discrimination is where you are treated less favourably because of your disability than someone without a disability would be treated in the same circumstances.e.g of this when paraplegic getting discriminated against because of their disability.

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Racism- discrimination against a certain race or culture or ethnic group.

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Racism- the belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or qualities, especially so as to distinguish them as inferior or superior to one another.
a difference in act towards an individual based on different factors.

sexism- prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.

disability discrimination- Disability discrimination is when you are treated less well or put at a disadvantage for a reason that relates to your disability in one of the situations covered by the Equality Act.

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Racism- discrimination due to difference in skin colour, nationality etc- shown in football when disrespectful noises are made by fans to coloured players.

Sexism- lower pay and disrespect shown to other genders e.g. women getting paid less in football.

Disability discrimination- when people get treated unfairly due to a disability e.g. sports not providing a way of playing the sport to people with disability’s.

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Racism - Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. 

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Racism - Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. 

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Sexism -