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Title IX and the Allocation of Resources to Women's and Men's Sports

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Title IX and the Allocation of Resources to Women's and Men's Sports

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- While Title IX greatly increased athletic opportunities for women in college, the regulation has been controversial because of a perceived negative effect on men's sports.
- Male participation in sports is flat.
-Model predicts that the total amount of resources devoted to women's sports is matched by a one for one decrease in the resources to men
-Many women's sports are not bringing in nearly as much revenue as some dominant male sports, such as football, so why are they entitled to that money and resources.

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- Central Argument: Spread awareness that Serena is playing for herself, not to cure racism, but ultimately knows that she represents more than herself--Serena is a trailblazer of change--wants to open doors

NOT carrying the burdens of others

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From Masculine Myths To Girl Power Realities: The Athletic Female Body and The Legend of Title IX

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From Masculine Myths To Girl Power Realities: The Athletic Female Body and The Legend of Title IX

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-America’s recent acceptance and advocacy of women’s and girl’s sport, definitions of the athletic female body as biologically inferior to men’s serve to sustain a masculine hegemony of sport. Specifically, she examines how this definition informs the recent surge in hostility toward Title IX as well as the commercial image of the female athlete as martyr as illustrated by the Nike “ATHLETE” campaign.

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Playing But Losing Women's Sports After Title IX

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Playing But Losing Women's Sports After Title IX

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-Participation has improved in both quality and quantity; however, these gains have not translated into increased coverage in newspapers, magazines, or televised news and highlight shows.
- For example, in 2003 ESPN began broadcasting the entire women's NCAA basketball tournament on its sister station, ESPN2. In a similar study released in 2010 by the University of Southern California's Center for Feminist Research, and found that ESPN-the dominant sports network in the U.S.-dedicated 100 segments and over three hours on the men's golf tournament, and only 11 segments and 6 and a 1/2 minutes on the women's. When ESPN aired the women's segments, their tournament coverage was relegated to a small, scrolling ticker at the bottom of the screen.
- In order to combat the trivialized and hyper-sexualized images of female athletes, we need more women in positions of power within media organizations who could challenge embedded sexism and masculine ideals.
-Since Title IX passed, women in coaching and administrative roles have plummeted to an all time low to roughly 40 percent (dropped from 90)

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Gaining opportunities at the expense of men

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Gaining opportunities at the expense of men

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Cheering on Women and Girls in Sports: Using Title IX To Fight Gender Role Oppression 

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Cheering on Women and Girls in Sports: Using Title IX To Fight Gender Role Oppression 

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- Female athletes that participate in either traditional male sports or feminine sports  are often sexualized by the news media and local communities
- Although these athletes possess considerable strength and skill, the media often highlights them as fragile
-Many that play traditional masculine sports are associated with lesbianism.
-Many heterosexual female athletes want to assure their audiences that they will maintain their femininity and heterosexuality, even while "playing like men"
-Despite these attempts, the fear of lesbianism persists, hurting both heterosexual and lesbian athletes.
- The sexualization and trivialization of female athletes is accompanied by  a growing complaint that women and girls are gaining sports opportunities only at the expense of men
-Reverse discrimination (Lawsuits have been unsuccessful)

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Requirements Under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 - Before the enactment of Title IX, most colleges and universities traditionally emphasized sports for male students, and the benefits and educational opportunities in athletic programs generally were limited for women. Title IX has helped focus attention on meeting the needs of women interested in athletics and helped education officials to recognize their responsibilities regarding the provision of equal athletic opportunity. The result has been increased involvement of girls and women in sports at all levels
Empowering Women Through Sport- Sports can help advance gender equality. With the lack of visual representation across the media, young girls are not seeing their potential or other career possibilities because there is a lack of female representation across television platforms.
- The implementation of youth girls' sport programs are critical to developing confidence, life skills, and a career path outside of sport.

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Schools Are Complying with Title IX Regulations

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Schools Are Complying with Title IX Regulations

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Gives history of title IX: Title IX has made a great impact on school sport.

Budgeting, participation numbers between males and females, and has opened up many opportunities for women.

How Title IX affects sports programs

Title IX’s purpose-brought to balance sport

How schools make decisions about compliance

None of the high schools or colleges that were surveyed had cut a single men's sport to equalize the gender of the teams. Every high school and NAIA college that he talked to had added one or more female athletic teams in order to make it fair.

How have schools’ efforts affected girl’s participation

Budgeting

Other schools stated when they added sports, they take money away from other activities, so that each sport gets a smaller piece of the pie

is reducing the money given to other sports and use the savings to finance equal sport offerings

Equality

Title IX requires colleges and universities to take specific steps to provide additional competitive sport opportunities for women.

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Sports Participation and Women’s Personal Empowerment : Experiences of the College Athlete 

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Sports Participation and Women’s Personal Empowerment : Experiences of the College Athlete 

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- A proactive approach to life
- Becoming empowered at the personal level would represent a foundation from which women could counteract these limiting self-perceptions as well as gain control over their lives.
- Participation in sport provides women with an increased sense of power.

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- Women and girls acquire new professional networks, develop a sense of identity and access new opportunities to become more engaged in school and community life
- Sports serve as a vehicle to improve women’s and girls’ leadership roles and participation in decision-making
- Sports convene people across borders, cultures and belief systems, and can promote greater tolerance and understanding among individuals and communities
- Girls’ participation in sports can challenge gender stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes
- Studies show a direct correlation between girls’ participation in sports and higher education and employment”.