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RNA is nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides.

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RNA is nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides.

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Codons are each three-letter "word" in mRNA. 

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Codons are each three-letter "word" in mRNA. 

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Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. 

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Amino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins. 

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Point mutations are mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides.

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Point mutations are mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides.

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Transcription is segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

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Transcription is segments of DNA that serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

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Mutagens are chemical or physical agents in the environment.

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Mutagens are chemical or physical agents in the environment.

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Translation is the decoding of mRNA message into a protein.

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Translation is the decoding of mRNA message into a protein.

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Gene expression is the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic info into action in cells.

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Gene expression is the way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are involved in putting genetic info into action in cells.

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Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information.

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Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information.

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Central dogma of molecular biology is information that is transferred from DNA --> RNA --> protein.

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Central dogma of molecular biology is information that is transferred from DNA --> RNA --> protein.

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Transcription uses a strand of DNA as a template to build a molecule called RNA. The RNA molecule is the link between DNA and the production of proteins. During translation, the RNA molecule created in the transcription process delivers information from the DNA to the protein-building machines.

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Transcription uses a strand of DNA as a template to build a molecule called RNA. The RNA molecule is the link between DNA and the production of proteins. During translation, the RNA molecule created in the transcription process delivers information from the DNA to the protein-building machines.

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What is the sequence (aka the Central Dogma) of the transfer of genetic information in organisms? DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into protein.

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What is the sequence (aka the Central Dogma) of the transfer of genetic information in organisms? DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is translated into protein.

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True or False: Most mutations have a fatal effect on an organism. False; most mutations have NO effect on an organism. 

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True or False: Most mutations have a fatal effect on an organism. False; most mutations have NO effect on an organism. 

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What does gene regulation allow cells to do? Control their expression and regulate together and only make genes and proteins when needed.

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What does gene regulation allow cells to do? Control their expression and regulate together and only make genes and proteins when needed.

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Why are codons and anticodons important to protein structure? Their function is to base pair with the codons on a strand of mRNA during translation to build the protein.

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Why are codons and anticodons important to protein structure? Their function is to base pair with the codons on a strand of mRNA during translation to build the protein.

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3 differences between RNA and DNA: Sugar in RNA is ribose, RNA is single-stranded, and RNA contains uracil, not thymine.

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3 differences between RNA and DNA: Sugar in RNA is ribose, RNA is single-stranded, and RNA contains uracil, not thymine.

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3 types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

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3 types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).

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In prokaryotes, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.

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In prokaryotes, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm.

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In eukaryotes, RNA is produced in nucleus, moves to cytoplasm for protein production.

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In eukaryotes, RNA is produced in nucleus, moves to cytoplasm for protein production.

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In order to be able to read codons, start at the middle of the circle and move outward. 

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In order to be able to read codons, start at the middle of the circle and move outward. 

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The "GUAC" wheel reads three "letters" at a time, each word is three bases long, and it corresponds to a single amino acid.

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The "GUAC" wheel reads three "letters" at a time, each word is three bases long, and it corresponds to a single amino acid.

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Comparing RNA and DNA: Both play roles similar to master plans (DNA) and blueprints (RNA) used by builders. DNA stays in nucleus and RNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm.

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Comparing RNA and DNA: Both play roles similar to master plans (DNA) and blueprints (RNA) used by builders. DNA stays in nucleus and RNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA molecules that carry copies of amino acid assembly and carry info from DNA to other cell parts.

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Messenger RNA (mRNA): RNA molecules that carry copies of amino acid assembly and carry info from DNA to other cell parts.

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Ribosomal RNA (rNA): Contained within the two subunits of the small organelles referred to as ribosomes and ribosomes are made up of several rRNA molecules & up to 80 different proteins.

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Ribosomal RNA (rNA): Contained within the two subunits of the small organelles referred to as ribosomes and ribosomes are made up of several rRNA molecules & up to 80 different proteins.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome and is specified by the coded messages in mRNA.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transfers each amino acid to the ribosome and is specified by the coded messages in mRNA.

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RNA, in one form or another, touches nearly everything in a cell. RNA carries out a broad range of functions, from translating genetic information into the molecular machines and structures of the cell to regulating the activity of genes during development, cellular differentiation, and changing environments. Protein synthesis is the process all cells use to make proteins, which are responsible for all cell structure and function. Proteins are important in all cells and do different jobs, such as incorporating carbon dioxide into sugar in plants and protecting bacteria from harmful chemicals.

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RNA, in one form or another, touches nearly everything in a cell. RNA carries out a broad range of functions, from translating genetic information into the molecular machines and structures of the cell to regulating the activity of genes during development, cellular differentiation, and changing environments. Protein synthesis is the process all cells use to make proteins, which are responsible for all cell structure and function. Proteins are important in all cells and do different jobs, such as incorporating carbon dioxide into sugar in plants and protecting bacteria from harmful chemicals.