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TLR2 and TLR4 (toll-like receptor proteins that are part of the innate immunity) on macrophage (eating cell) recognize Leishmania outside, whereas TLR3 and TLR9 recognize Leishmania in the vacuole.  Activation of TLRs activates the proteins signaling through other proteins such as MyD88 which is important for Leishmania clearance.

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Upon entry into the mammalian hosts, Leishmania parasites first come in contact with the complement system (protein part of the innate immunity system). Once the complement pathway is activated, some cells such as C3b facilitates the membrane attack complex (MAC) on the Leishmania surface and lyses the parasite, which means the cells form a hole in the parasite that will kill it.

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These cells are equipped with several  encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)  surface in the macrophage cell's surface that help them to recognize invading pathogens.

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The major innate immune cells that respond to Leishmania infection are neutrophils and macrophages.

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In addition to the membrane bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectin like receptors (CLRs), recent advances in science has seen a dramatic progress in our understanding of the cytoplasmic PRR that include Nod-like receptors (NLR), Aim2-like receptors (ALR), RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) and several cytoplasmic DNA sensors. Despite all these advancements, our understanding on TLRs and cytoplasmic PRRs that recognize and respond to Leishmania are rather limited which is discussed below.

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The disease is transmitted by the female of the insect, when the insect bites infected mammal and subsequently bites another mammal. EXAMPLE: mosquito bites an infected dog and after bites a human, linking the human blood to the infected dog blood, causing the disease.

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For visceral leishmaniasis, serological testing can provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis.

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An increase in the number of cases of these diseases has been observed worldwide in recent decades, with an estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths annually, especially in low and middle income countries1. Of the 200 countries that reported cases of leishmaniasis, 87 are considered endemic1.

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Fewer than 15 thousand cases per year (Brazil)

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STOMACH, INTESTINES, EYES -->  WET PLACES

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CAUSES ALERGIES/ FIGHTS WORMS

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BEST ANTIBODY!

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FIRST ANTIBODY TO BE PRODUCED, NOT THE STRONGEST ONE

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produces ANTIBODIES

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kill the infected cells with "physical" contact, actual touch it

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all cells together to fight against the virus at the same time

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LINK BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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LINK BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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T reg/ anti inflammatory
=IL10

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allergies/ worms
=IL4

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inflammatory/ bacteria = IFN gamma

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"soldiers who search out and destroy the targeted invaders"

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after eating part of the cell, the macrophage presents it to the T CELL

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they eat the intruder cells until only a small part of it remains