# data[].attributes.body
Globalisation has been a liberating and democratising force for civil society.

Habib, A., & Kotze, H. (2002). Civil society, governance and development in an era of globalisation. Centre for Civil Society and School of Developmental Studies, accessible at www. ukzn. ac. za/ccs.

London, L., & Schneider, H. (2012). Globalisation and health inequalities: Can a human rights paradigm create space for civil society action?. Social Science & Medicine, 74(1), 6-13.

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Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References:
1. Normative Issues in Global Environmental Governance: Connecting Climate Change, Water and Forests Gupta, J

Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands ISSN: 1187-7863 EISSN: 1573-322X DOI: 10.1007/s10806-014-9509-8

Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics, 2015, Vol.28 (3), p.413-433

2. Special issue: Exploring global and transnational governance of climate change adaptation
Persson, Åsa ; Dzebo, Adis

Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands ISSN: 1573-1553 ISSN: 1567-9764 EISSN: 1573-1553 DOI: 10.1007/s10784-019-09440-z

International  environmental agreements : politics, law and economics, 2019, Vol.19 (4), p.357-367

3.The Institutional Fragmentation of Global Environmental Governance:
Causes, Consequences, and Responses

Zelli, Fariborz ; van Asselt, Harro

CAMBRIDGE: MIT PRESS ISSN: 1526-3800 EISSN: 1536-0091 DOI: 10.1162/GLEP_a_00180

Global environmental politics, 2013-08-01, Vol.13 (3), p.1

4. Governing climate change transnationally: assessing the evidence from a database of sixty initiatives Bulkeley, H ; Andanova, L ; Bäckstrand, K ; Betsill, M ; Compagnon, D ; Duffy, R ; Kolk, A ; Hoffmann, M ; Levy, D ; Newell, P ; Milledge, T ; Paterson, M ; Pattberg, P ; VanDeveer, S

London, England: SAGE Publications ISSN: 0263-774X EISSN: 1472-3425 DOI: 10.1068/c11126

Environment and planning. C, Government & policy, 2012, Vol.30 (4), p.591-612

5. Complex global governance and domestic policies: four pathways of influence
BERNSTEIN, STEVEN ; CASHORE, BENJAMIN

Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd ISSN: 0020-5850 EISSN: 1468-2346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01090.x

International affairs (London), 2012-05, Vol.88 (3), p.585-604

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Human Rights are simply a form of western cultural imperialism. Discuss this statement, remembering to include arguments on both sides of the debate, with particular focus on Global Governance and Globalisation.

References:

American Bar Association. Section of Individual Rights Responsibilities. (1970). Human rights : journal of the Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities. Chicago, Ill.: Section of Individual Rights and Responsibilities, American Bar Association.

Beyrer, Chris, Allotey, Pascale, Amon, Joseph J, Baral, Stefan D, Bassett, Mary T, Deacon, Harriet, … Corey, Lawrence. (2021). Human rights and fair access to COVID-19 vaccines: the International AIDS Society–Lancet Commission on Health and Human Rights. The Lancet (British Edition), 397(10284), 1524–1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00708-X

Schrempf-Stirling, Judith, & Wettstein, Florian. (2017). Beyond Guilty Verdicts: Human Rights Litigation and its Impact on Corporations' Human Rights Policies. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(3), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2889-5

Arceneaux, Phillip. (2018). The Public Interest Behind #JeSuisCharlie and #JeSuisAhmed: Social Media and Hashtag Virality as Mechanisms for Western Cultural Imperialism. Journal of Public Interest Communications, 2(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.32473/jpic.v2.i1.p41

Javed, Qasim. (2018). ‘Development’ as Both Idea and Action Represents a Contemporary Version of Western Economic, Political, Cultural and Ideological Imperialism. Development (Society for International Development), 61(1-4), 160–163. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41301-018-0193-2

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues.

References:
Global governance : a review of multilateralism and international organizations. (1995). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. $$# UkShU.

Barnett, M. N., & Duvall, Raymond. (2005). Power in global governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Marrakech Partnership, issuing body, & United Nations. Climate Change Secretariat, publisher. (2017). Yearbook of global climate action. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Climate Change Secretariat.

Gordon, David J, & Johnson, Craig A. (2018). City-networks, global climate governance, and the road to 1.5°C. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 30, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.011

Hadden, Jennifer, & Bush, Sarah Sunn. (2021). What's different about the environment? Environmental INGOs in comparative perspective. Environmental Politics, 30(1-2), 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2020.1799643

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References:

Shaw, C., & Nerlich, B (2015). Metaphor as a mechanism of global climate change governance: A study of international policies, 1992–2012. Ecological Economics, 109, 34–40.  DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.001

Zhou, K., & Cao, X. (2010). Fostering a Triple Response Mechanism to Combat Global Climate Change: Emission Abatement, Carbon Capture and Water Improvement. Frontiers of law in China, 5(3), 435–451. DOI：10.1007/s11463-010-0106-0

VIRGOE, J. (2009). International governance of a possible geoengineering intervention to combat climate change. Climatic Change, 95(1-2), 103–119. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-008-9523-9

Jorgensen, K., Saerbeck, B., & Janicke, M. (2017). The Multi‐level System of Global Climate Governance – the Model and its Current State. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(2), 108–121.  DOI: 10.1002/eet.1747

Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 28(3), 413–433. DOI: 10.1007/s10806-014-9509-8

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References:

1.Patt, Anthony G. (2010). Effective regional energy governance—not global environmental governance—is what we need right now for climate change. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 33–35.

2.Persson, Åsa, & Dzebo, Adis. (2019). Special issue: Exploring global and transnational governance of climate change adaptation. International Environmental Agreements : Politics, Law and Economics, 19(4), 357–367.

3.Bernstein, Steven, & Cashore, Benjamin. (2012). Complex global governance and domestic policies: four pathways of influence. International Affairs (London), 88(3), 585–604.

4.Gupta, J. (2015). Normative issues in global environmental governance: Connecting climate change, water and forests. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 28(3), 413–433.

5.Esty, Daniel C. (2008). Climate Change and Global Environmental Governance. Global Governance, 14(1), 111–118.

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

Reference list:

Watts, Nick, Amann, Markus, Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja, Belesova, Kristine, Bouley, Timothy, Boykoff, Maxwell, Byass, Peter, Cai, Wenjia, Campbell-Lendrum, Diarmid, Chambers, Jonathan, Cox, Peter M, Daly, Meaghan, Dasandi, Niheer, Davies, Michael, Depledge, Michael, Depoux, Anneliese, Dominguez-Salas, Paula, Drummond, Paul, Ekins, Paul, … Ghanei, Mostafa. (2018). The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. The Lancet (British Edition), 391(10120), 581–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32464-9

Thew, Harriet, Middlemiss, Lucie, & Paavola, Jouni. (2020). “Youth is not a political position”: Exploring justice claims-making in the UN Climate Change Negotiations. Global Environmental Change, 61, 102036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102036

Pasztor, Janos. (2016). The Role of United Nations Secretary-General in the Climate Change Process. Global Policy, 7(3), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12345

Kinley, Richard, Cutajar, Michael Zammit, de Boer, Yvo, & Figueres, Christiana. (2021). Beyond good intentions, to urgent action: Former UNFCCC leaders take stock of thirty years of international climate change negotiations. Climate Policy, 21(5), 593–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1860567

The UN Environment Programme needs new powers. (2021). Nature (London), 591(7848), 8–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00528-8

# data[].attributes.body
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.

References :
1. Global governance : a review of multilateralism and international organizations. (1995). Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. $$# UkShU.

2. Stephen, Matthew D. (2014). Rising powers, global capitalism and liberal global governance: A historical materialist account of the BRICs challenge. European Journal of International Relations, 20(4), 912–938. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066114523655

3. Beck, S, Borie, M, Chilvers, J, Esguerra, A, Heubach, K, Hulme, M, … Görg, C. (2014). Towards a reflexive turn in the governance of global environmental expertise : the cases of the IPCC and the IPBES. Gaia (Heidelberg, Germany), 23(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.23.2.4

4. Bisaro, Alexander, & Hinkel, Jochen. (2016). Governance of social dilemmas in climate change adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 6(4), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2936

5. Condon, B. J., & Sinha, Tapen. (2013). The role of climate change in global economic governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

# data[].attributes.body
Globalisation has been a liberating and democratising force for civil society.

Habib, A., & Kotze, H. (2002). Civil society, governance and development in an era of globalisation. Centre for Civil Society and School of Developmental Studies, accessible at www. ukzn. ac. za/ccs.

London, L., & Schneider, H. (2012). Globalisation and health inequalities: Can a human rights paradigm create space for civil society action?. Social Science & Medicine, 74(1), 6-13.

Zarsky, L., & Tay, S. S. (2017). Civil society and the future of environmental governance in Asia. In Asia's Clean Revolution (pp. 128-154). Routledge.

Eastwood, L. E. (2018). Negotiating the environment: Civil society, globalisation and the UN. Routledge.

Gola, N. R. (2019). Forces of Development: Globalisation, Civil Societies, and NGOs in Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Narratives. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 10(5), 120-127.

# data[].attributes.body
Topic: Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues.

References:

1.  Levy, David L. (2021). COVID‐19 and Global Governance. Journal of Management Studies, 58(2), 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12654

2. Dellmuth, Lisa Maria, & Tallberg, Jonas. (2017). Advocacy Strategies in Global Governance: Inside versus Outside Lobbying. Political Studies, 65(3), 705–723. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321716684356

3.  Joyeeta Gupta, & Claudia Pahl-Wostl. (2013). Global Water Governance in the Context of Global and Multilevel Governance. Ecology and Society, 18(4), 53. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05952-180453

4. Kofler, Natalie, Collins, James P, Kuzma, Jennifer, Marris, Emma, Esvelt, Kevin, Nelson, Michael Paul, … Schmitz, Oswald J. (2018). Editing nature: Local roots of global governance: Environmental gene editing demands collective oversight. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 362(6414), 527. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4612

5. Thérien, Jean-Philippe, & Pouliot, Vincent. (2020). Global governance as patchwork: the making of the Sustainable Development Goals. Review of International Political Economy : RIPE, 27(3), 612–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1671209

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Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat climate change and environmental issues. Discuss this statement in the light of Global Governance and Globalisation, remembering to include arguments on both sides of the debate.

References:
1. Zurita, Maria de LourdesMelo, Thomsen, Dana C, Holbrook, Neil J, Smith, Timothy F, Lyth, Anna, Munro, Paul G, . . . Powell, Neil. (2018). Global water governance and Climate Change: Identifying innovative arrangements for adaptive transformation. Water (Basel), 10(1), 29.
2. Javeline, Debra, Dolšak, Nives, & Prakash, Aseem. (2019). Adapting to water impacts of climate change. Climatic Change, 152(2), 209-213.
3. Campbell, Lisa M, Gray, Noella J, Fairbanks, Luke, Silver, Jennifer J, Gruby, Rebecca L, Dubik, Bradford A, & Basurto, Xavier. (2016). Global Oceans Governance: New and Emerging Issues. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 41(1), 517-543.
4. Hadden, Jennifer, & Bush, Sarah Sunn. (2021). What's different about the environment? Environmental INGOs in comparative perspective. Environmental Politics, 30(1-2), 202-223.
5. Pacheco-Vega, Raul, & Murdie, Amanda. (2021). When do environmental NGOs work? A test of the conditional effectiveness of environmental advocacy. Environmental Politics, 30(1-2), 180-201.

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Multiculturalism is compatible with civic unity. Discuss this statement with reference to culture, identity and its impact on globalisation.

1. Paquet, G. (2008). Deep cultural diversity [electronic resource] : a governance challenge. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.

2.Ng Tseung-Wong, Caroline, & Verkuijten, Maykel. (2015). Multiculturalism, Mauritian Style : Cultural Diversity, Belonging, and a Secular State. The American Behavioral Scientist (Beverly Hills), 59(6), 679–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764214566498

3.  Educational Publishing Foundation, & Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues. (1999). Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology. Washington, DC]: [Educational Pub. Foundation of the American Psychological Association].

4.  Herting, S. (2012). Globalization [electronic resource] : a threat to cultural diversity in southern Ethiopia? Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag.

5.  Mersmann, B., Kippenberg, Hans G., & Gurrey, Owen. (2016). The humanities between global integration and cultural diversity. Berlin, Germany ; Boston, Massachusetts: De Gruyter.

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Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.
References :

Zhou, Ke, & Cao, Xia. (2010). Fostering a Triple Response Mechanism to Combat Global Climate Change: Emission Abatement, Carbon Capture and Water Improvement. Frontiers of law in China, 5(3), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11463-010-0106-0

Shaw, Christopher, & Nerlich, Brigitte. (2015). Metaphor as a mechanism of global climate change governance: A study of international policies, 1992–2012. Ecological Economics, 109, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.11.001

Patt, Anthony G. (2010). Effective regional energy governance—not global environmental governance—is what we need right now for climate change. Global Environmental Change, 20(1), 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.09.006

Tsao, Jiun Han. (2013). Global governance and climate change --an assessment of challenges and strategies related to the COP15 decision-making mechanism. EurAmerica, 43(1), 148.

Nielsen, Tobias Dan. (2014). The role of discourses in governing forests to combat climate change. International Environmental Agreements : Politics, Law and Economics, 14(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-013-9223-4

# data[].attributes.body
Topic:
Multiculturalism is compatible with civic unity.
Reference:
Pakulski, J., & Markowski, S. (2014). Globalisation, Immigration and Multiculturalism - the European and Australian Experiences. Journal of Sociology (Melbourne, Vic.), 50(1), 3-9. DOI: 10.1177/1440783314522186.

Marga, A. (2010). Globalization, Multiculturalism and Brain Drain. Organisational Transformation and Social Change, 7(1), 105-15. DOI:10.1386/jots.7.1.105_1.

Olanrewaju, I., Loromeke, R., & Adekoye, R. (2017). Multiculturalism, Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Nigeria. Journal of African Union Studies, 6(1), 39-62. DOI:10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n1a3.

Bloemraad, I. (2007). Unity in Diversity? Bridging Models of Multiculturalism and Immigrant Integration. Du Bois Review, 4(2), 317-36. DOI:10.1017/S1742058X0707018X.

Banerjee, S. B., & Linstead, S. (2001). Globalization, Multiculturalism and Other Fictions: Colonialism for the New Millennium? Organization (London, England), 8(4), 683-722. DOI:10.1177/135050840184006.

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Essay question:
Human Rights are simply a form of western cultural imperialism. Discuss this statement, remembering to include arguments on both sides of the debate, with particular focus on Global Governance and Globalisation.
Academic sources:
1. Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics. Macmillan International Higher Education.

2. Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Cornell University Press.

3. Meyer, W. H., & Stefanova, B. (2001). Human rights, the un global compact, and global governance. Cornell International Law Journal, 34(3), 501-522.

4. Gregg, B. (2010). Anti‐Imperialism: Generating Universal Human Rights out of Local Norms. Ratio Juris, 23(3), 289-310.

5. Lafont, C. (2017). Human Rights, Sovereignty, and the Responsibility to Protect. In Critical Theory in Critical Times , 47-73

6. O'Connell, P. (2007). On reconciling irreconcilables: Neo-liberal globalisation and human rights. Human Rights Law Review, 7(3), 483-509.

# data[].attributes.body
Topic:
Global governance is an effective mechanism to combat  climate change and environmental issues.
References:

1.
Jaenicke, Martin. (2017). The Multi‐level System of Global Climate Governance – the Model and its Current State. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(2), 108–121. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1747

2.
Allan, Jen Iris, & Hadden, Jennifer. (2017). Exploring the framing power of NGOs in global climate politics. Environmental Politics, 26(4), 600–620. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2017.1319017

3.
Sinclair, T. J. (2012). Global governance. Cambridge, England ; Malden, Massachusetts: Polity.

4.
Paterson, M. (1996). Global warming and global politics. London ; New York: Routledge.

5.
Cossia, J. M. (2011). Global warming in the 21st century [electronic resource]. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.