# data[].attributes.body
After the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem there was wide spread celebration among the people of the south. But the assassination plummeted Vietnam into chaos, as there was no leader/government. It also lead to the U.S becoming more involved in Vietnam, as they tried to stabilize the government and fight back rising communist rebels

# data[].attributes.body
-  Kennedy was born in Massachusetts in 1917. He went to Harvard then joined the navy, and served during WWII.
- He was a democratic congressman and advanced to senate in 1953.
- Put economic programs and new civil rights legislation in action.
- Wanted America to continue as the first nation dedicated to the revolution of human rights, and brought aid to developing nations. However, communism remained a challenge for the US's international affairs.
- His administration during the Cuban crisis and the Cold War gave Americans hope for equal rights and world peace.

# data[].attributes.headline
Overall Goal: Prevent Communism From Being Spread to Vietnam

# data[].attributes.subject
Overall Goal: Prevent Communism From Being Spread to Vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident

Bauer, Patricia. "Gulf of Tonkin incident". Encyclopedia Britannica, 26 Jul. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-incident. Accessed 22 April 2021.

# data[].attributes.body
By 1963, Americans' effort to prevent the spread of communism is failing in South Vietnam. While more and more Vietnamese began to gravitate to Communism, JFK struggled to get Communism under his control

# data[].attributes.headline
Video Resource Explaining The Gulf Of Tonkin Incident

# data[].attributes.subject
Video Resource Explaining The Gulf Of Tonkin Incident

# data[].attributes.body
- Diem was known for often imprisoning and killing people that opposed his regime

- He claimed his victims to be communists

- This eventually sparked much outrage against his rule, leading to many protests

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/jfk-assassination
https://americandiplomacy.web.unc.edu/2020/11/without-dallas-john-f-kennedy-and-the-vietnam-war/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/jfk-foreign-affairs/
https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-f-kennedy/

# data[].attributes.body
For thirteen days in October the two countries were on the brink of nuclear war.

However, the Khrushchev finally agreed to remove their missiles in Cuba, in exchange for Kennedy to not invade the island and later to remove some missiles in Turkey.

In 1963,  the Soviet Union, the US and more than 100 other nations signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to end the testing of nuclear weapons.

# data[].attributes.body
- The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 is when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict

- Involved calculations and miscalculations, direct and secret communication and miscommunications

- Primarily played out at the White House and the Kremlin, with little bureaucracies involved
- The Cuban missile crisis stands as a singular event during the Cold War and strengthened Kennedy’s image domestically and internationally.

# data[].attributes.body
Kennedy did a commendable role in reducing the cold war tensions. His statement in 1963 revealed that he was unlikely to bolster South Vietnamese with US troops.

His assassination caused unease worldwide as the incident occurred during the Cold War. People feared that the shooting was part of a larger attack on the US.

His successor Lyndon Johnson also tried to prove his ability as a new president, so he would not disappoint the US people. In foreign policy, he claimed "I will not lose in Vietnam".

# data[].attributes.body
The funeral of  Ngo Dinh Diem

# data[].attributes.body
Dictatorial and presidental power over South Vietnam. (1955-1963)

# data[].attributes.body
Oswald was arrested for the assassination of JFK.
- Born in New Orleans, stayed in orphanages and sent to youth detention center for truancy.
- Interested in socialism
- Joined marines in 1956, discovered marxism.
- Defected to USSR, denied citizenship but allowed to stay. Monitored by KGB.
- Returned to Texas with soviet wife and child.
- Hated capitalism and wanted to strike at the system.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ngo-dinh-diem-assassinated-in-south-vietnam

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngo-Dinh-Diem

# data[].attributes.body
- Happened days after the overthrow of his government by Southern Vietnam military
- November 2nd, 1963: President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother were captured and killed by a group of soldiers
- His death caused celebration among many people in South Vietnam, but also led to political chaos
- The United States became more involved to help stabilize the Southern Vietnamese Government and beat back the growing threat of communist rebels
-Later, it was revealed that US officials encouraged the officials who organized the coup because of Diem's growing dictatorial rule.

# data[].attributes.body
Immediately after the attack, President  Lyndon Johnson requested permission to retaliate on national TV.

President Lyndon Johnson undermines United State's role and depicts US in a defensive position.

The media work with such statement to create an need for military action.

Congress Wayne Morse rejected this idea and work  to stop this "Act of War".His action come no avail.

# data[].attributes.body
If the US didn't already feel threatened by the spread of communism, they definitely did after the Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba, once a military base for the US, underwent a communist revolution similar to many other countries around the world. But this was during the midst of the Cold war, when the nuclear arms race was in full fledge. Unlike modern day ICBMs, the Soviet union had no missiles that could hit the US from across the pacific ocean, and would have to rely on nuclear submarines and aircraft carries. But when the now communist Cuban dictator made a deal to setup Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba, suddenly most of the United States was vulnerable to a nuclear attack. Even though it eventually de-escalated, it was the most intense moment of the cold war, and the closest humanity has come to M.A.D. (Mutually assured destruction). It was no wonder the US feared another crisis could form, where a pro-Soviet dictator could take power and plot to take down America and her allies.

# data[].attributes.body
November 22, 1963, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, TX

# data[].attributes.body
The main cause for the crisis was the Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union. After the Cuban Revolution, Castro relied on the Soviet Union for protection against possible future US aggression. The Soviet Union provided nuclear weapons for Cuba on the condition that it would be kept a secret until the missiles were ready for use. In 1962, American spy planes flying over Cuba saw missile installation sites, leading the US to interfere. The provision of nuclear missiles led the two world powers to one of the closest encounters with nuclear war.

# data[].attributes.body
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/learning-from-the-missile-crisis-68901679/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1960s-america/a/the-cuban-missile-crisis

# data[].attributes.body
- After the defeat of the French colonists, Vietnam was divided into southern and northern halves.
- Elections were supposed to happen for reform and unity. South Vietnam leader Ngo Dinh Diem refused to hold elections, which the US had supported.
- Diem's policies broke down his support, and his hold on South Vietnam was so terrible he was overthrown, approved by JFK's administration.
- JFK provided military advisors for Diem but later began to rethink his ineptitude. This led to a coup.
- Operation Plan 34-Alpha was a classified program of actions against North Vietnam.
- The night before the launch, a team of agents were captured in North Vietnam. Two flights of bombers attacked the border outposts.
- The Hanoi government probably thought that this was all working together to fight against North Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.body
In late July, 1964, the USS Maddox (A destroyer ship) was stationed at the Gulf of Tonkin, located in between the island of Hainan and Northern Vietnam, for reconnaissance.
- On August 1st, North Vietnamese patrol boats started to track the Maddox, and the Maddox retreated
- However, the next day, when the Maddox returned, three Vietnamese torpedo boats were approaching the Maddox.
- The Maddox requested that another carrier utilize its air support to fend off the torpedo boats. One torpedo boat was badly damaged, and the Maddox avoided harm.
- The US now believed that the North Vietnamese were targeting its intelligence-gathering operations, while the North Vietnamese believed that the Maddox was taking part in the raids in North Vietnam.
- On August 4th, another alleged attack took place, with more Vietnamese boats attacking the Maddox and other ship sent to assist the Maddox. The validity and details of these claims are not in depth enough to fully claim that an attack happened.
- The US Government believes this attack happened, however, and passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, increasing US military involvement in Vietnam.

# data[].attributes.body
- Ngo Dinh Diem took advantage of the discordant situation in South Vietnam gained power

- Diem created an autocratic regime staffed with his own family members

# data[].attributes.body
Nov. 22, 1963: John F. Kennedy was shot on the street while he was riding in a motorcade for a campaign.

# data[].attributes.body
1962 -
US reconnaissance planes discovered that the Russians were building underground sites in Cuba for launching offensive missiles that could reach the US in minutes.

JFK announced to the world that he was setting up a naval blockade of Cuba until the weapons were removed

# data[].attributes.body
History.com

# data[].attributes.body
During WW2, French colony Vietnam occupied by Japan until March 1945

After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence

French regains control over Vietnam after Japanese defeated by Allies

French send more army troops to South Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh’s resistance army in North Vietnam fights back!

An independence war, known as the First Indochina War, broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces

The United States had been supporting the French out of concern that a victory for Ho’s forces would be the first step in communist expansion throughout Southeast Asia

The French eventually surrendered after massive casualities (1946-1954)

# data[].attributes.body
World leaders from 9 nations meet in Geneva, France to decide the political future of Asia – talks lasted for two months

Nations and Ho Chi Minh decided on an agreement – Vietnam would be split by a demilitarized zone called the “17th parallel” and the territory was divided into North and South Vietnam until an election was held that would help reunify the two halves

An election that would unify the two halves wouldn’t happen for another 20 years...

# data[].attributes.body
Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890  to Vietnamese official in the French Regime. He received a French education. After participating in an anti-french demonstration he was expelled from school. He left Vietnam in 1911 and lived in exile for 30 years.

By early 20th century, Vietnamese nationalism was on the rise because the people weren’t happy with French rule and the French colonial government harshly punished those who resisted the empire

After WWI he tried to deliver a petition for Vietnamese independence to Woodrow Wilson that outlined plans for independence but it was never delivered to President Woodrow Wilson

Minh became founded Vietnamese nationalist group fighting for independence called VIET MINH

He had many aliases and traveled to many European counties. He spent time with French socialists, Chinese communists, and lived in NYC as a baker.

1941: Ho snuck back into Vietnam and called for Vietnamese independence. He gained support from locals and founded the Viet Minh, a North Vietnamese counter-insurgency military

# data[].attributes.headline
Colonial Vietnam “French Indochina” (1858 - 1954)

# data[].attributes.subject
Colonial Vietnam “French Indochina” (1858 - 1954)

# data[].attributes.body
1858: The French colonial empire occupied and seized Vietnam with a bloody invasion of port of Da Nang

Over the course of 50 years, the French took claim over territories that would later be called Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia (they named it “French IndoChina”)

French set up a series of puppet emperors and employed French-speaking Vietnamese officials

French lived on plantation estates and in cities like Saigon in which they built structures inspired by French architecture

French put citizens to work building roads, canals, railroads, bridges and farms to mass produce crops like rice and rubber

# data[].attributes.headline
Ngo Dinh Diem's Election, Rule, and Assassination 

# data[].attributes.subject
Ngo Dinh Diem's Election, Rule, and Assassination 

# data[].attributes.body
(3 January 1901 – 2 November 1963)
Born in a prominent Catholic family, the son of a high-ranking civil servant. He was educated at French-speaking schools.

After serving as the emperor Bao Dai's minister of the interior for less than one year, Diem resigned after the French refused to support his legislative proposals.