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The Open Door policy was a statement of principles presented by the United States in 1899 to Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia. It stated that countries had to have equal privileges when trading with China. The policy became a staple of the United States' foreign affairs with East Asia until the mid-20th century.

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The Opium Wars were a series of wars between the Qing dynasty and western powers, taking place between 1839 and 1860. The first war was against Great Britain, starting in 1839. Western powers kept winning the wars, eventually leading to them having unfair power over China's trading.

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The Taiping Rebellion, or the Taiping Civil War, was a rebellion in China between the years 1850-1864. It took place between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The war is known to be the bloodiest of all of world history, and although the Qing dynasty declared victory, it's often referred to as a pyrrhic victory (too deadly to determine an outcome).

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Extraterritoriality is when a person is exempt from the local jurisdiction. Extraterritoriality usually comes from a person being involved with diplomatic negotiations. Although it usually applies to individuals, it can also apply to groups including foreign embassies, military bases of foreign countries, and offices of the United Nations.

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The Boxer Rebellion was started by a Chinese secret society called the Boxers. It was a movement to push all foreigners out of China, and although peasants were some of the first to join the movement, the government eventually supported it. The rebellion lasted for almost two years in the early 1900s.

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Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. After his death, the Mongol Empire became the largest contiguous empire in history. One of his greatest accomplishments was bringing the Mongolian steppe together and capturing the Jin dynasty's territory all the way to the Caspian Sea.

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The Yuan Dynasty was China's first foreign-led dynasty. The dynasty existed between the Chinese Song and Ming dynasties, and Kublai Khan established it. The dynasty eventually fell due to the "Four Class System" and heavy taxation.

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The Spheres of Influence was a time period when European nations had control over China's trading and trading ports. European nations completely disregarded and ignored the well-being of the Chinese people. It eventually led to the United States' open-door policy and their own disputes with European nations.