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A lady in the 1700's that believed that women need an education to be virtuous and useful. This went right against Rousseau's belief that women's education should be second to men. She also encouraged women to join male-dominated fields, like politics and medicine.

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The french word for philosopher and the name for the social critics in France at the time. They believed that people could apply reason to every aspect of their lives. They had five core beliefs: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress and Liberty. Reason meant that it could be applied to every part of their lives. Nature meant that what was natural was good and reasonable. Happiness meant that they should have happiness in this life as well as the next. Progress meant that humans can improve. Lastly, liberty meant that everybody should have rights.

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A writer who believed that every human was born free and didn't believe that reason, science, and art would improve life for all people. He thought that civilization made people corrupt.He thought that the only good government was where the people chose to make a government and were directly involved in the running of it. This government is called a direct democracy. The people chose to give away some freedom to prosper as a whole. He talked about this idea in his book "Social Contract". It was very different view from Hobbes's views on the social, while his was more between the society and government, while Rousseau's social contract was saying that the people wanted to make a government. It isn't a forced agreement, it's a wanted thing, not something they are forced to do.

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Another French writer who focused on making reforms to political liberty. He believed that Britain had the most balanced and fair government because they had different parts of parliament have power over different things. Montesquieu called this distribution of power the separation of powers. He believed that this would keep one branch or individual from gaining too much power. He thought that "power should be a check to power". This idea was later called checks and balances.

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A French philosopher that is said to be the most influential of the Enlightenment. He was a fierce supporter of tolerance, reason, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech. He was put in jail twice, and then eventually exiled to England. His most famous quote was "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it".

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A time when the philosophers and scholars started to look for new explanations for old theories. They wanted more insight into government, religion, economics, and education. It was a time that stressed reason, thought, and the individual ability to solve problems.

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The agreement that people had to give up their liberty to a higher power so that they, as a community, they can gain law and order. This was perceived by Thomas Hobbes, and he thought that humans were corrupt in nature, and this was the right way to rule humans.

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Another enlightenment writer who had the exact opposite opinion of human nature and the proper style of government. He believed that humans are good and can learn from their mistakes. He thought that the perfect government was their to protect the rights of the people; their liberty, life and property.

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Hobbes was a enlightenment writer that believed that human nature is the worst part of humans. He thought that it made humans corrupt and that they needed government to control them and keep them from tearing themselves apart. He thought that they should have a ruler with absolute power, like a "Leviathan".

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An ancient Greek philosopher who added on the beliefs of Aristotle, that the Earth was the center of the solar system. He said that God put Earth at the center of the universe, and concluded that Earth was the special place where the drama of life played out.

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The assistant to Tycho Brahe, who studied his works and concluded that certain mathematical laws governed the orbits of planets. He showed that the planets orbit in ellipses, instead of perfect circles, around the Sun. He used math to prove that the planets orbit around the Sun and that the basic ideas of Copernicus were correct.

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A method of thought that was developed by Francis Bacon and . It was focused on observing things and experimenting to prove or disprove these arguments. The steps were: Observe, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze, and Conclude. The hypothesis was a statement that was a possible solution, and could be proved right or wrong.

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He was a scientist that was the first to suggest that the Earth wasn't the center of the solar system (mind blown ! ), and that the Sun was the center of the solar system. He wrote about it in his book "On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies" which he published in 1543. He was afraid that he would be in a lot of trouble for going against the common beliefs, so he put off the publication date.

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A law that states that everything in the universe is attracted to each other. It was first discovered by the scientist Isaac Newton. It was the final link between the motion of the planets and the motion on earth. It explained why the planets orbited around the sun.

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A scientist that discovered that gravity governs all of the planets and introduced the law of universal gravitation. This stated that everything in the universe attracted every other thing. The degree of attraction depended on the distance and the mass of the objects. He also believed that God had created the universe.

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An Italian astronomer that supported Copernicus in his claims that the sun is the center of the solar system, not the earth. He was taken to trial for his claims and, being threatened  with torture, recanted his claims. He invented the first telescope and used it to  prove that the stars aren't perfect spheres. He also saw that Earth isn't the only planet that attracted other celestial bodies, the moons of Jupiter proved that. They were orbiting Jupiter instead of Earth.

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Beginning in the mid-1500s, it was when scholars made new assumptions about old theories. It was a new way to think about the natural world and was dependent on scholars creating their own ideas about older, "proven" theories.

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The theory that was first announced by Nicholas Copernicus, and later confirmed by Johannes Kepler and  Galileo , where the Sun is the center of the solar system, and the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

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The theory that was first introduced by Aristotle and then readdressed by Ptolemy that states that the Earth is the center of the solar system .