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Start with a simple question and progress to harder ones, drawing students in, engaging them on terms that emphasize what they already know.

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Students do not volunteer because they do not think they can answer, but when forced to try, they are happily surprised to find themselves succeeding. Teachers must show respect and have faith in students and keep the atmosphere positive.

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Questions come at students quickly, clearly, and calmly, in clusters directed to multiple students, in multiple locations around the room, rather than focused on a single student or a group of students in isolation.

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Use Cold Calling a few times each and everyday; students will come to expect it and change their behavior in advance by paying attention and readying themselves mentally.

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Poor implementation can do as much harm as good. This is not a "gotcha"

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Having students think deeply because anyone could be called. Less discretionary and more accountable.

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Quickens the pace by not waiting for volunteers to raise their hand

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Questions for all

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Call on students regardless of whether they are raising their hands.

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Level of engagement

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level of rigor

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Students do the cognitive work: thinking, analyzing, talking.