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Este video es un hombre que está hablando sobre el concepto de la identidad de latinas y su complejidad. Este idea es muy importante para pensar, porque el porcentaje del población aquí de latinos es 18% mas o menos. También, pienso que desafortunadamente, etnias minoritarias causan una connotación negativa para algunas personas, pero es para notar en esta video que 90% de inmigrantes/hispanablantes dan cuenta en la importancia para aprender español y también ingles.

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hispanic and latino americans (ethnicity)

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"Latinos and Identity - Why Labels Don't Fit"

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Nearly four decades after the United States government mandated the use of the terms "Hispanic" or "Latino" to categorize Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries, a new nationwide survey of Hispanic adults finds that these terms still haven't been fully embraced by Hispanics themselves.

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Ch. 8 - Cantidad de hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos 

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Ch. 8 - Cantidad de hispanohablantes en los Estados Unidos 

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Este artículo del Guardian es muy interesante a mi, porque dice que después de Mexico, los Estados Unidos es el segundo país en orden del cantidad de hispanohablantes... antes de otros países en latinoamerica o España. El artículo dice que hay 41 millones de hablantes nativos y 11.6 millones de hablantes bilingües. Así, es imposible para evitar que el español es crucial es nuestra cultura, y pienso que este es algo de orgullo!

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The United States is now the world's second largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico, according to a new study published by the prestigious Instituto Cervantes.

The report says there are 41 million native Spanish speakers in the US plus a further 11.6 million who are bilingual, mainly the children of Spanish-speaking immigrants. This puts the US ahead of Colombia (48 million) and Spain (46 million) and second only to Mexico (121 million).

Among the sources cited in the report is the US Census Office which estimates that the US will have 138 million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on Earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.

By state the highest concentration is in the former Spanish colonies of the south and south-west, with New Mexico top at 47%, followed by California and Texas (both 38%) and Arizona (30%). Some 18% of New Yorkers speak Spanish while only 1.3% of West Virginians do. Perhaps surprisingly, more than 6% of Alaskans are Spanish speakers.

The report, El español, una lengua viva - Spanish, a living language - estimates that there are 559 million Spanish speakers worldwide, a figure that includes 470 million native speakers and those with some command of the language.

The Instituto Cervantes was established in 1991 to promote the Spanish language abroad and last year had more than 200,000 students registered on its courses. It estimates that 21 million people are currently studying Spanish and here, too, the US leads with 7.8 million learning the language, followed by Brazil and France.

The report adds that two-thirds of Spanish-linked GDP is generated in two areas: North America (US, Canada and Mexico) and the European Union.

Between them they account for 78% while Latin America only accounts for 22%. It calculates that altogether Spanish speakers contribute 9.2% of the world's GDP.

The Index of Human Development ranks Spanish as the second most important language on earth, behind English but ahead of Mandarin. It is also the third most widely used language on the internet, although less than 8% of internet traffic is in Spanish. The report says that Spanish is the second most used language on Twitter in London and New York. It also comes second on Facebook, a long way behind English though well ahead of Portuguese, Facebook's third language.

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US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain - only Mexico has more

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The United States is now the world's second largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico, according to a new study published by the prestigious Instituto Cervantes. The report says there are 41 million native Spanish speakers in the US plus a further 11.6 million who are bilingual, mainly the children of Spanish-speaking immigrants.

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Nuestro libro menciona la idea de cognados falsos en ingles y español que parecen similares pero que tienen significados muy diferentes. Es difícil algunas veces, porque adaptamos algunas cognados de español aquí como "troca" para "truck" como discutimos en clase. Este es un listo que he oído mucho en mi experiencia, y pienso que este demuestra la gran influencia de español aquí.

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Once upon a time, I told my Spanish roommates that American food is full of condoms.

Was it totally embarrassing? Yes. Did I learn from it? Oh, you bet I did.

When learning a foreign language, making a fool of yourself from time to time is inevitable.
However, by learning about false cognates you can save yourself from making huge Spanish slip-ups!
I bet if we polled a room full of seasoned Spanish language learners, 9 out of 10 will say they've had people laugh at them after messing up with one of the false cognates discussed below. Everyone makes mistakes. It doesn't matter how much you practice with your language conversation partners or if you already feel completely immersed in the Spanish language.

You're gonna accidentally say silly things, and that's an important part of the experience.

Learning a new language is sometimes like feeling your way blindfolded through a minefield. What you assume to be safe ground could easily blow up in your face. With this lovely imagery in mind, you can probably see why it's a good idea to learn about common mistakes before you make them. Take a few moments, explore this post and get to know Spanish false cognates a little bit better.

A Quick Introduction to Cognates

A cognate is a word that is basically written the same, with the same meaning, in both languages. For instance, the English word "sofa" is " el sofá " in Spanish. The same goes for the English words "idea," "family," "minute," "restaurant," and countless others.

Sometimes, a word only seems to be the same in both languages, but really has two completely different meanings. These are what we call false cognates, and they're out there lurking just below the surface, waiting for unsuspecting students to amble by and pluck them up by accident.

1. Embarazada.

What it looks like: Embarrassed

What it means: Pregnant.

Using the word embarazada incorrectly could leave you, well... embarrassed. There are a few different ways of saying "embarrassed" depending on the dialect, but what I usually go for is tener vergüenza. It literally means, "to have shame," but it does the same job.

What it looks like: Exit

What it means: Success

If you were to ask someone where you can find the you might be in for a bit of a philosophical reply. Instead, look for the signs marked , and get on with your day. To make things even more confusing, the word in Spanish means "event" or "something that happens."

What it looks like: Molest

What it means: To annoy

This one does take a while to get used to actually saying out loud, but it's important to know. You don't want to get the wrong impression from someone complaining that their boss "molested" them all day in the office. You might want to know that the true translation of "molest" is .

4. Constipación

What it looks like: Constipation

What it means: A cold.

Be sure you get this one right before calling in sick to work, otherwise you might accidentally be giving your co-workers a bit too much information. If you are actually constipated, the word for constipation is estreñimiento, but you might still want to keep that to yourself.

What it looks like: Fabric

What it means: Factory

As much as I'd like to wear a shirt that's made of factories, I don't think it sounds very practical. Instead, just opt for one made of tela like everyone else, it's probably much cooler and more environmentally friendly.

What it looks like: Soap

What it means: Soup

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important, and many people are making an effort to clean up their eating habits, but ordering soap in a restaurant might be taking it a bit too far. If you need soap, the word is , not to be confused with , which is "ham" and perfectly fine to order.

What it looks like: Realize

What it means: To do/ to perform

If you want to say that you realized something in Spanish, the way to do it is to say, "Me di cuenta..." means "to do" or "to perform." For instance, "You realized your plan to take over the world." It's kind of like the word "execute" in English.

What it looks like: Pie

What it means: Foot

Even though the two are spelled the same, there is a difference in pronunciation. In Spanish, is pronounced " pee-eh" and means "foot." Two feet are dos pies, pronounced, " pee-ehs." Something I always found funny is that the translation for "toes" is dedos del pie. Literally, "fingers of the foot." If you want an actual pie, you should order

In many regions, the English word for the dessert pie has been adopted directly and is said in a pseudo-English accent. Keep this in mind while exploring delicious Hispanic cuisine.

9. Introducir

What it looks like: Introduce

What it means: Insert

Introductions are sometimes awkward enough without telling your friends that you'd like to insert them into each other. A correct introduction for your friends would be, "Quiero presentarte a mi amigo [Miguel]." No insertion necessary.

10. Recordar

What it looks like: Record

What it means: To Remember/To Remind

To remember something is . To remind someone of something is recordarse. In a sentence, "Recuérdame mañana que necesito grabar el capítulo nuevo de Juego de Tronos." Literally, "Remind me tomorrow that I need to record the new episode of Game of Thrones." Hint: means "to record."

What it looks like: Rope

What it means: Clothes

actually shares a root with the English word "robe," so it's easier to remember. Just don't make the mistake of thinking that Cuban is actually made of old clothes. It's actually a very tasty dish of shredded beef, usually served with rice. Actual "rope" is called or in Spanish.

What it looks like: Actual

What it means: Current

This is a confusing one for beginners as the words are identical, but have slightly different meanings. in Spanish means "current" as in , or "current events." If you want to say "actual," use the word . "Actually" would translate to en realidad, and is a quite common expression.

What it looks like: To assist

What it means: To attend

This one has the potential to set your head spinning. means "to attend" as you would do to a meeting or lecture. means to "pay attention." So, you can a meeting in order to . The word for "to help" is , and the noun "help" is . Always a good one to keep in mind.

What it looks like: Delight

What it means: Crime

Whatever you do, don't say "." That means "It's a crime to meet you," and probably won't make you very many friends. "Delight" translates to , but in the previous example it's better to say "" means "pleasure."

What it looks like: Choke

What it means: To hit/punch

is what happens when two cars run into each other or two people get into a scuffle. It means "to hit" or "to clash," not "to choke." In Spanish, "to choke" is if you mean that you're choking on food or drowning. Estrangular is when a person chokes another person.

16. Contestar

What it looks like: To contest

What it means: To answer

This seemingly strange translation actually makes sense when you think about it. In English, the word "contest" is used when you must answer an argument in court. So it's easy to see how it could have some relation to the Spanish word , which means "to answer" a question or a telephone. However, in court you would use the Spanish word to contest a verdict.

What it looks like: Large

What it means: Long

This is an easy one to mix up when you're a beginner because the two meanings are so similar. However, is only used to refer to length, whereas is used to refer to overall size. So something could be both and grande, or just one or the other.

What it looks like: Rapist

What it means: Barber or Shaver

This actually isn't a very common word, but still good to know. doesn't mean "rapist" but actually means "barber" or more precisely, "a shaver" from the word meaning "to shave" or "to crop." However, a more common word for "barber" is or . The word for "rapist" is .

What it looks like: To envy

What it means: To send

Far from being one of the 7 deadly sins, simply means "to send." You can "" a letter, a package, or an email, but you can't "enviar" your friends (well, I guess you could, but you should punch holes in the box). If someone has something you wish you had, you can tener celos (to have jealousy) or (to envy) them.

20. Preservativo

What it looks like: Preservative

What it means: Condom

So here's the one that got me in trouble. What we call preservatives in English are called conservantes in Spanish. The word preservativo refers to condoms. You can also say , but just don't say that they're in your food or your roommates might tease you for an entire semester.

So there you go, if you can remember these 20 false Spanish cognates you'll be able to avoid quite a few mix-ups.

If you want to practice, I suggest using news sources to learn Spanish to see if you can pick out any of these false cognates.

Another great route to go down is using FluentU. FluentU is designed to help you make leaps and bounds in your Spanish learning progress through real world videos. FluentU takes music videos, commercials, movie trailers, and inspiring talks, and turns them into memorable language learning experiences. What better way to pick up on false cognates?

If you liked this post, something tells me that you'll love FluentU, the best way to learn Spanish with real-world videos.
Experience Spanish immersion online!

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20 False Spanish Cognates That Could Get You in Trouble

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Once upon a time, I told my Spanish roommates that American food is full of condoms. Was it totally embarrassing? Yes. Did I learn from it? Oh, you bet I did. When learning a foreign language, making a fool of yourself from time to time is inevitable.

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Ch. 8 - "The Book of the Unknown Americans" 

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Ch. 8 - "The Book of the Unknown Americans" 

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En una de mis clases este semestre, leemos este libro, que cuenta la historia de familias inmigrantes en los Estados Unidos y sus historias. He encontrado una parte que me gusta mucho: "English was such a dense, tight language. So many hard letters, like miniature walls. Not open with vowels the way Spanish was. Our throats open, our mouths open, our hearts open" (Henríquez, 60). Me gusta esta parte porque demuestra algunas dificultades que gente enfrentan, pero también, en la belleza que los dos lenguas tienen.

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Capítulo 8: El español en los Estados Unidos 

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Capítulo 8: El español en los Estados Unidos 

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Ch. 7 - las diferencias entre países hispanohablantes

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Ch. 7 - las diferencias entre países hispanohablantes

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A mí me interesta mucho en este capítulo porque pienso que las diferencias entre los acentos de español es muy interesante. Este video muestra muy bien ejemplos de latinoamerica y España también. Lo mas interesante para mi es el acento de Argentina. Una de mis mejores amigas en el mundo es de Argentina, y es la verdad que es muy diferente de cualquier otro acento. Recuerdo que un día mi amiga y yo cenamos con su familia de Argentina, y en las primeras momentos no entendí nada y tomó tiempo al ajustar.

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Are There Differences Between Spanish In Latin America And Spain?

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Esta video explica en mas detalle lo que es el seseo y el ceceo. Me gusta este video porque muestra ejemplos y la manera para pronunciar las formas diferentes. También, este video menciona un poco de historia y también la geografía en referencia a este fenómeno. Finalmente, me gusta este video porque demuestra la diferencia entre culturas diferentes y su pronunciación.

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Visit my website for private lessons https://www.spanishaula.com/private-tutoring/ * ** Visit and like my facebook : Fun exercises very other day : https://www.facebook.com/SpanishAula/ ** Learn the different Spanish sounds with Spanish Aula! In this video, I will teach you what CECEO and SESEO are in Spanish, and as always, some vocabulary to keep you going!

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Encontré este video y pienso que es muy interesante para aprender los hechos que el video dan. Como también el libro menciona, el español es la segunda lengua mas hablado por el mundo después del chino, pero antes de ver este video, no sabía que el español también es la segunda lengua mas usada por redes sociales como Facebook.

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El idioma español en el mundo / Martín Espinoza

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El idioma español es el segundo idioma más hablado en el mundo. Más del 6% de los habitantes del mundo lo adquieren como lengua materna.

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Aquí hay un vínculo para un Quizlet de yo he hecho después de leer nuestro libro y capítulo. Siempre hago un quizlet después de cada capítulo para revisar los conceptos mas importantes de cada sección. También, para mí es buena para memorizar, porque necesito que leer mis notas cuando estoy escribiendo las palabras y sus definiciones en Quizlet.

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Start studying Ch. 7 330L vocab. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Capítulo 7 - Variación lingüística en español

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Capítulo 7 - Variación lingüística en español

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Este video muestra las tres tipos de los actos ilocutivos que son el acto locutivo, el acto ilocutivo, y también el acto perlocutivo. Pienso que estos conceptos son faciles para confundir, así este video da ejemplos y visuales para ver la diferencia entre las tres cosas. Como puedes ver en el video, el uso de las tres formas dependen mucho en el contexto.

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Actos locutivos, ilocutivos y perlocutivos

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Este video demuestra lo que son palabras polisemicas con ejemplos en el video. He dado cueto en una manera en que puedo memorizar la definición de polisémica - poly significa muchas, así palabras polisémicas tienen mas de un significado. Es importante para notar que el contexto en estas oraciones son muy importantes para no confundir el recipiente en tus conversaciones.

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Para mí, esta foto es muy util en la comparación de todos los tipos de palabras de nuestros libros. Aunque aparecemos que todas las palabras son muy diferentes, la verdad es que tienen muchas relaciones también como puede ver en esta foto. A mí me gusta ver los contactos entre todos y los ejemplos también.

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Capítulo 6 - Es estudio del significado: semántica y pragmática

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Capítulo 6 - Es estudio del significado: semántica y pragmática

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Aquí hay un vínculo a un Quizlet que he hecho llena de los terminos del capítulo 6. Esta libro tiene muchas paginas llena de información, así es bueno para ver una lista de solo los terminos. También, hay un herramienta muy util en Quizlet que es puede cliquear en algo para crear una prueba para determinar que palabras sí sabe o no.

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Start studying Ch. 6 Vocab 330L. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Ch. 5 - palabras patrimoniales, cultismos, y semi-cultismos

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Ch. 5 - palabras patrimoniales, cultismos, y semi-cultismos

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Este video explica las diferencias entre palabras patrimoniales, cultismos (o cultas), y semi-cultismos. El libro dice que las palabras patrimoniales cambian menos de las palabras cultismos, pero cuando he leído estas definiciones, no he entendido los conceptos en total. Así este video es buena para dar ejemplos también.

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Diferencia entre las palabras patrimoniales, los cultismos y semicultismos

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Esta foto representa perfectamente los dialectos que son hablados por todos partes en España. Soy un aprendizaje visual, así esta foto me ayuda para estudiar los tipos diferentes de las lenguas. Para mí (y quizás otra gente de los Estados Unidos), este concepto es muy raro. Hay varios tipos de inglés aquí, pero en mi opinión, no hay dialectos tan distintos de los que están en España.

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Aquí hay un vínculo para acceder al Quizlet para estudiar las palabras del nuestro libro. Este capítulo en particular es muy interesante para mí porque la idea de la evolución de la lengua y los cambios entre español me interesa mucho. También es porque yo fui a muchas partes de España y experimenté los cambios drásticos en la lengua.

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SPAN 330L Ch. 5 Vocab Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying SPAN 330L Ch. 5 Vocab. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Nuestro libro habla sobre la lengua vasca (euskera) mucho, y este video que muestra hablantes de países diferentes es un buen ejemplo para mostrar la singularidad de esta lengua es España que dura a través de latín. De hecho, yo fui a País Vasco hace 2 años, y experimenté este fenómeno en que diferente Euskera está en comparación a otras lenguajes.

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donostia / san sebastián (city/town/village)

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What Basque Sounds Like Compared to Other Languages

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A Vlog special to try and mix things up a bit. Just wanted to spread our profound love of the Basque language. I need a haircut. Eskerrik asko, gero arte!

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Capítulo 5: Historia de la lengua española

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Capítulo 5: Historia de la lengua española

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Aunque este video es para niños, es muy until para los estudiantes de lingüística también. Este video es un resumen muy buena de muchas partes de capitulo 4 en breve. También, el hecho que la video es de niños es interesante a mi, porque en una manera, este tema es mas fácil para niños de su primera idioma. Los niños no necesitan pensar en las reglas porque las conocen, pero aprender este para nosotros es como aprenden una lengua nueva.

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Análisis Sintáctico de Oraciones | Videos Educativos Aula365

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Este es un video que es sobre las oraciones predicativas, y especialmente la diferencia entre las transitivas y intransitivas. Este video me ayuda en la distinción en que las transitivas tienen complementos directos y las intransitivas no, y el video video da muchas ejemplos también. En total, este video me ayuda también para ver que realmente las oraciones intransitivas son mas simples de las que son transitivas.

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Las oraciones predicativas son aquellas que están formadas por un sujeto y un predicado verbal. El núcleo de dicho predicado verbal es un verbo NO copulativo (ser, estar, parecer...). Estas verbos predicativos se distinguen de los copulativos en que estos últimos no tiene significados por sí mismos mientras que los predicativos sí poseen significado pleno.

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Aunque este foto es muy graciosa, muestra un concepto muy importante. El sintaxis puede cambiar todo, si es en relación al orden de las palabras o en este caso, la puntuación. Aquí puedes ver que las dos frases son completamente diferentes - una frase es inocente y el otro una frase raro y quizás de peligro. Es importante saber las reglas para evitas errores como así.

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Aquí hay una lista (Quizlet) de las terminas del capítulo 4 en nuestros libros. Como los otros capítulos, para aprender la lingüística es aprender la terminología. Las palabras de este capítulo consisten en muchas palabras que se refieren a la formación de una frase y oración. Es también buena para notar que cada lista se compila entre sí desde el capítulo anterior.

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SPAN 330L Ch. 4 Vocab Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying SPAN 330L Ch. 4 Vocab. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Capítulo 4: Estructura de la oración - sintaxis 

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Capítulo 4: Estructura de la oración - sintaxis 

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Aunque este video es gracioso, es una representación muy buena de siglas. Siglas son una parte muy común de nuestras lenguajes hoy en día, pero para una persona extranjero, pueden ser difíciles de entender. En realidad, las personas son un poco perezosos. Siglas realmente son coloquiales, así he dado cuenta en clase y debido a este video que es importante para aprender siglas de una otra lengua para entender la gente de un país totalmente.

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The Scrambled States of America Talent Show - "abbreviations"

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En clase, hemos trabajado en el libro para distinguir frases y palabras de aspecto, tiempo, y el modo. Para mí, era muy difícil, especialmente para distinguir el modo en particular. Aunque este video tiene muchas detalles, es un buen resumen y lección para las reglas y con muchas ejemplos para practicar.

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Más sobre este video en: http://bit.ly/1cbxlRk ▶ Suscríbete: http://bit.ly/SubscribeEducatina ▶ ¡No olvides dar un "Like" y Comentarnos! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - En esta oportunidad trabajaremos con la categoría de modo y la relación que establece con los verbos.

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Este es un video que es un resumen de los raíces, los prefijos, y los sufijos. Estos parecen muy similares, pero tienen funciones muy distintas e importantes. También, a mí me encanta estudiar la lengua debido a cosas como así, en la manera de solo una o dos letras pueden cambiar completamente el significado de una palabra.

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Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

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Aquí hay una "prueba" que he hecho de todas de las palabras del capítulo 3 del libro en la forma de un Quizlet. Quizlet es una manera muy buena para estudiar, y también es util para copiar las palabras de mis notas a una lista electrónico. He dado cuenta que todas las palabras de ambos capítulos se refieren, así puedo usar todas mis Quizlet's para estudiar de la major manera.

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SPAN 330L Cap. 3 Vocabulario Flashcards | Quizlet

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Start studying SPAN 330L Cap. 3 Vocabulario. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Capítulo 3: La estructura de las palabras: morfología 

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Capítulo 3: La estructura de las palabras: morfología 

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Para mí, la lingüistica de español es aprender una otra lengua también. Debido a esto, la terminología es crucial para saber como usa estas herramientas en la lengua y la producción de la lengua. Esta conjunto en Quizlet se compone de los términos mas importante del capítulo y es una herramienta muy útil para estudiar para el examen.

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Start studying 330L Capítulo 2. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Una razón principal por la que me gusta esta clase refiere al uso físicamente de nuestras bocas y voces durante la clase. Soy una persona visual, así esta foto es muy util para referirse a decidiendo el punto de articulación. También este tópico es muy interesante porque todos temas son están relacionadas como en la manera en que el punto de articulación afecta las fonemas y los alofonos.

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A mí me gusta esta video mucho debido al uso de alófonos y el efecto profundo que tienen. En español pienso que esta refleja a sí contra si. Esta video demuestra que las letras y fonemas no son suficientes para saber claramente lo que es una palabra. Una otra cosa que es muy interesante es que los sonidos tampoco son suficiente para saber una palabra, porque las formas de "ma" en chino pueden sonar igual a alguien quien habla español, así esta video también demuestra la importancia de la colocación del acento ortografía.

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Learn Chinese 4 Tones. Visit http://www.chineselanguage.com

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Elegí este foto porque me recuerda a la idea de diptongos crecimientos y diptongos decrecimientos en español. Aunque el chino es muy diferente y en la palabra "ma" no hay un diptongo, refleja que la pronunciación es muy importante al significado de un palabra. Esta foto parece al diagrama en página 90 de nuestros libres en que el sonido, crecimiento o decrecimiento, afecta mucho que significa una palabra.

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Capítulo 2: Los sonidos de la lengua: fonética y fonologi

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Capítulo 2: Los sonidos de la lengua: fonética y fonologi

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Anoche leí un artítulo para una de mis clases para comunicación, y descubrí un paseo muy similar a nuestro libro para nuestra clase. En este artículo en particular, he dado cuenta de una cosa nueva para mi muy interesante: que todas las lenguajes según a Chomsky, tienen un origen del "lenguaje humano". Este tema relata mucho a la idea también del gramática universal. Este paseo compara los parecidos entre lenguajes muy diferente (a nosotros) que no son muy diferentes en realidad. De hecho, el noruego y chino, descubierto por Chomsky, demostrar que todos los idiomas comparten la gramática universal.

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La diferencia entre los signos motivados y arbitrarios fue un concepto confundido para mí, pero según al libro y ejemplos, desarrollé mi definición de los dos para comparar. Primero, signos motivados parecen y reflejan el verbo "motivar." Los signos motivados motivan gente a actuar de cierta manera como signos con flechas como en el ejemplo. La palabra "arbitrario" parece mucha a la palabra "contrario," que significa un opuesto. Aunque signos arbitrarios no son cosas opuestos, no hay conectores claros entre los dibujos con el significado.

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Aquí, hay un mapa del círculo que representa las 8 cosas que contribuyen al lenguaje humano. Según al libro, estas características son especiales a humanos en relación a animales. Para mí, un círculo en un mapa es perfecto para mostrar estas características porque como he aprendido en mis otras clases de Moody, el lenguaje y la comunicación son procesos continuos. También, casa cosa es importante para distinguir especialidad de humanos.

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Capítulo 1: La lingüística: Ciencia Cognitiva

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Capítulo 1: La lingüística: Ciencia Cognitiva

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Vi este vidéo hace dos o tres años, pero todavía es importante hoy. Las dos lenguajes aquí son, para un adulto, completamente diferente con escrito y un alfabeto diferente. Para mi, este video refleja la idea que las lenguajes son mas similares que damos cuenta y que también refleja la evolución de las lenguajes en nuestro mundo. Pienso que este video quizás es similar a una mente de un bebé. Estas palabras en el video parecen similar a todos hablantes, pero eso no es verdad al resto de las lenguajes en comparación, pero, pienso que para le mente de un bebé para aprender es mas fácil como esta comparación.

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Ch. 1 - La Importancia de Experiencia en el Desarrollo de la Lengua 

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Ch. 1 - La Importancia de Experiencia en el Desarrollo de la Lengua 

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Según a nuestro libro "Introducción a la Lingüística Hispánica," el lingüista Chomsky dio cuenta que "el contexto y la experiencia juegan un papel crucial en la adquisición" (p. 23). Este artículo que descubrí relata a este tema mucho, porque este artículo fomenta la idea que el contexto del niñez de un niño afecta mucha el nivel de la lengua. El artículo me sorprendió en la comparación que niños de familias mas ricas escuchan a 30 millones de palabras mas de niños de familias que usan asistencia social (Bergland). Aunque todo el mundo tiene la capacidad para aprender una lenguaje, es evidente que hay muchos aspectos que afectan los niveles del lenguaje.

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In recent years there has been growing concern about the "vocabulary gap" widening between children from different socioeconomic groups. By age three, it is believed that children growing up in poor neighborhoods or from lower-income families may hear up to 30 million fewer words than their more privileged counterparts.

There are a broad range of advocates, organizations, and researchers tackling the vocabulary gap between rich and poor children. In this blog post I will discuss the latest research and provide links to some of the various resources parents and caregivers can access if you are interested in expanding your child's vocabulary and shrinking the 'word gap.'

Anne Fernald is a psychology professor at Stanford University who has discovered that the language gap between rich and poor children emerges during infancy.

On February 14, 2014, at the annual American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) conference held at the University of Chicago, Dr. Fernald presented a lecture titled "How Talking to Children Nurtures Language Development Across SES and Culture." The presentation brought together over fifty years of research confirming that the children of lower-income parents typically enter school with poorer language skills than their more affluent peers.

According to Fernald, five-year-old children of lower socioeconomic status (SES) score two years behind on standardized language development tests by the time they enter school. In fact, a March 2013 study by Fernald and colleagues titled, "SES Differences in Language processing Skill and Vocabulary Are Evident at 18 Months," reported that signs of the vocabulary gap are evident before a child is even two-years-old.

The two factors that most explain the income-related gaps in school readiness are parenting styles and home learning environments. This is actually good news because it means that if we can better equip parents with the knowledge and tools to succeed as their children's first teachers-and mobilize them to act on that knowledge and use those tools-we could see a significant decline in both the vocabulary and school readiness gap.

In October 2013, Hillary Clinton, who is dedicated to closing the vocabulary gap, wrote,

Studies have found that by age four, children in middle and upper class families hear 15 million more words than children in working-class families, and 30 million more words than children in families on welfare. This disparity in hearing words from parents and caregivers translates directly into a disparity in learning words. And that puts our children born with the fewest advantages even further behind. Among those born in 2001, only 58 percent of poor children started school ready to learn, compared to 75 percent of children from middle-income families.

Researchers believe that low-income parents may underestimate by as much as 50 percent the impact that they can have on improving their child's vocabulary and cognitive development. This is why it's so important to get this message out there and to offer simple ways that parents from every socioeconomic background can strive to shrink the vocabulary gap.

When parents understand the long-term benefits of investing time in a child's vocabulary, the more time they invest... which is the most effective way to close the word gap.
The Vocabulary Gap Between Rich and Poor Is Often Established Before Age Two
Dr. Fernald's research has shown that significant differences in both vocabulary and real-time language processing efficiency were already evident at age 18 months in English-learning infants from higher- and lower-SES families. By age 24 months, there was already a six-month gap between SES groups in processing skills critical to language development.

Fernald and her colleagues at The Center for Infant Studies at Stanford used special technology to make all-day recordings of low-SES Spanish-learning children in their home environments. The researchers found striking variability in how much parents talked to their children.

Fernald suggests that slower processing rates are partly responsible for slower vocabulary growth in the early years. Fernald says that toddlers learn new vocabulary from context, and the faster a child can get at the words he or she knows, the more able the child is to figure out the next word in the sentence and to learn any new words that follow. This is one reason that unplugging the television and reading to young children is so important.

Infants who heard more child-directed speech developed greater efficiency in language processing and learned new words more quickly. The results indicate that exposure to child-directed speech-as opposed to overheard speech-sharpens infants' language processing skills, which creates an upward spiral for learning vocabulary.
The Three T's: Tune In. Talk More. Take Turns.

Dr. Dana Suskind is a Professor of Surgery at the University of Chicago and the Founder and Director of the Thirty Million Words Initiative. Thirty Million Words helps parents enhance their home language environment in order to optimize their child's brain development and, therefore, his or her ability to learn.

Dr. Suskind's ultimate goal, and that of her team, is to help all children reach their full potentials and to close the ever-widening vocabulary and achievement gap. Dr. Suskind has developed a succinct way for parents and caregivers to expand a child's vocabulary based on the Three T's:

1. Tune In by paying attention to what your child is focused on or communicating with you.

2. Talk More with your child using lots of descriptive words to build his or her vocabulary.

3. Take Turns with your child by engaging in his or her conversation.

For more specifics on what you can do as a parent or caregiver please take a few minutes to listen to this NPR piece about practical ways to shrink the word gap.
Too Small to Fail
Too Small to Fail is a partnership with Next Generation and the Clinton Foundation that aims to help parents and businesses improve the health, well-being, and future opportunities for children ages zero to five. The mission of Too Small to Fail is to have American children from all walks of life and socioeconomic groups positioned to succeed in the 21st century. As the father of a six-year-old, this is a mission that I am passionate about.

The organization is working to promote new research on the science of children's brain development, early learning and early health. They want to help parents, businesses and communities identify specific actions, consistent with new research, that they can utilize to improve the lives of young children. For an informative video on early child development, and the work that Too Small to Fail is doing, click here.

New brain research has shown that early adverse childhood experiences can harm the development of a child's brain. The prefrontal cortex of the brain-which is associated with the ability to pay attention, exhibit self-control, organize and plan-is particularly vulnerable during childhood development.

Too Small to Fail is building a public action campaign that will span the areas of early learning, early health, and family support. However, their immediate efforts are focused on closing the vocabulary gap.

The driving force of Too Small to Fail is founded on a belief that a 'poverty of vocabulary' should be discussed with the same passion as child hunger. When a child is deprived of food, there is public outrage because child hunger is correctly identified as a moral and economic issue that moves people to action. The vocabulary gap should be viewed with the same urgency as child malnutrition.
Conclusion: Childhood Socioeconomic Status Is Not Destiny
Unfortunately, inequities that present themselves in early life can create a ripple effect throughout a person's life. According to researchers, most of the high school achievement gap between poor, middle-income and wealthy students is already visible by kindergarten and the children who have weak pre-literacy and numeracy skills in kindergarten are, on average, the same children with weak vocabulary and math skills in seventh grade.

To combat this phenomenon, Anne Fernald and colleagues at Stanford are now running a parent- education intervention study with low-income Spanish-speaking mothers in East San Jose, California, called ¡Habla conmigo! (Talk with Me!). The study teaches Latina mothers how they can support their infants' early brain development and helps them learn new strategies for engaging verbally with their children.

Although they only have data from 32 families so far, the preliminary results are promising. Mothers in the ¡Habla conmigo! program are communicating more and using higher quality language with their 18-month-olds compared to mothers in a control group.

"What's most exciting," said Fernald, "is that by 24 months the children of more engaged moms are developing bigger vocabularies and processing spoken language more efficiently. Our goal is to help parents understand that by starting in infancy, they can play a role in changing their children's life trajectory."

In previous research on caregivers' speech to Spanish-learning children, Fernald's group found big differences in levels of parental engagement even within a disadvantaged group of families. Those lower socioeconomic status kids who heard more child-directed talk got faster in processing and learned language more rapidly, according to Fernald.

"It's clear that SES is not destiny," Fernald concludes. "The good news is that regardless of economic circumstances, parents who use more and richer language with their infants can help their child to learn more quickly."

If you'd like to read more on this topic, check out my Psychology Today blog posts:
Follow me on Twitter @ckbergland for updates on The Athlete's Way blog posts.

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Tackling the "Vocabulary Gap" Between Rich and Poor Children

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By age three, children from lower income families may hear up to 30 million fewer words than their more affluent peers. In this blog post I will discuss the latest research on the 'vocabulary gap' and provide links to resources parents and caregivers can access to help build your child's vocabulary and shrink the 'word gap.'