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http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_amis.htm
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csl.html
http://earthsky.org/earth/crocodiles-work-as-a-team-to-hunt-their-prey
http://www.livescience.com/41898-alligators-crocodiles-use-tools.html
http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/MarineBio/syllabus/ch9vertebrates/reptilesandbirds/repbirdwp/barbara/repro.html http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_clat.htm
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cbd-evo-1.htm#intr
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csl-classify.htm
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csl.html http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/MarineBio/syllabus/ch9vertebrates/reptilesandbirds/repbirdwp/barbara/class.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia
http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cbd-faq-q1.htm
http://biology.tutorvista.com/organism/kingdom-animalia.html
http://www.canidae.com/blog/2011/11/purpose-of-dogs-tail.html http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/cbd-gb7.htm
http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/posters/Ecotoxicology/Chlorinated_Pesticides/Chlor_embryo_develop1a.jpg http://www.sciencephoto.com/image/300463/530wm/N3950028-Embryonic_development%2C_historical_artwork-SPL.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_alligator
http://www.theanimalspot.com/americanalligator.htm
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/reptilesamphibians/facts/factsheets/gharial.cfm http://www.pulseplanet.com/dailyprogram/dailies.php?POP=2075
http://coglab.hbcse.tifr.res.in/teacher-resources/multimedia-resources/symbiosis/crocodile-and-the-plover-bird
http://www.softschools.com/facts/animals/crocodile_facts/27/
http://lrm.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/7349/crocodile_facts.pdf
http://www.arkive.org/american-crocodile/crocodylus-acutus/image-G12846.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_caiman#Hunting_and_diet
http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/managed/alligator/facts/
http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/crocodilian
http://animals.about.com/od/reptiles/p/crocodilia.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-snouted_caiman

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Stabilizing Selection is shown in this taxonomic group because if you look at all of the species there are not really any extremes with in the species. All of the colors aren't flashy and are meant to blend in with their environment. If their was a flashy color it would not do well because it would not be able to hide to catch it prey and avoid predators. An example of this is the very rare albino crocodiles and they are very rare because it doesn't favor extremes of a trait. All of the crocodilians snout are around the same. If there was an extreme the species may have a hard time catching their prey so they wouldn't survive as well. The body structures for all of them are relatively the same because the extremes wouldn't be able to survive as well or long.

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This is very applicable to the evolution of the Order Crocodilia. This is because the main basic structure of the species itself have not changed that much. However even though the same structure is the same the actual features are different. This is descent with modification because overtime the structures of these organism kept getting modified to benefit the needs in the environment for that organism. The structures came from the common ancestor and have been modified to fit the needs for each particular species. Essentially each new change to an existing feature from the common ancestor is a modification. For example the snout of the prehistoric crocodile was gigantic and very wide. As time went on new species were created like the gharial that altered the original snout to make it thinner and longer to fit its needs(catching fish). Its still the same structure just modified to fit the gharial needs. The body size of the Order Crocodilia has also been modified. The common ancestor has a gigantic body size and over time it was modified to a smaller more agile body size. The bigger size wasn't needed anymore so a new species was created that shows this new modification of a smaller body size.

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This taxonomic group has experienced geographic isolation most likely from the separation of Pangea. All of these different species were once the same species living in the same general area and environment. When they got separated they were all exposed to new environments with new challenges they had to overcome. To survive these challenges they had to adapt. When each population adapted a new species was created showing mostly the new better suited trait. Each species had to evolve to their new environment by acquiring adaptation which allowed for easier survival and reproduction eventually getting rid of the traits from the original species.

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Courtship involves posturing and noise-making from the males. The males slap their snouts and tails on the water. They also raise their heads and chest to show off their bodies. They will make very loud roars and noises to attract females. The male will pick out a female but its really up to the female because she can reject the male. The female will go for the male that gets the most attention. Sometimes two male crocodiles will even fight for the female and the one who win gets her. This is non-random mating because the female is choosing the one that can get her attention more, or the one with the better traits. Also since two males may fight for a female the one that wins is most likely going to be the best suited one in the environment. This will lead to stronger and more well suited crocodiles and will lead to a stronger species because most of the time the "good genes" are the ones being passed on.

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The taxonomic group has undergone Divergent evolution.This is because all of the species live in different environments. They were all once the same species in the same environment. Once a group of the original species was introduced to a new environment it needed to adapt to the new environment in order to be able to keep up with the competition. When the new adaptation occurred new species were formed and the species was now fit for it specific environment. This is divergent evolution because new species were formed as the original species was introduced to a new environment, the group was separated and one adapted to its new environment causing a new species.

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The Order Crocodilia has had a gradual equilibrium experience from its prehistoric time all the way up until now. I say this because their is not that much of a difference from the prehistoric members of this taxonomic group compared to today. The change has been mostly in size other because most of the structural things have stayed the same on these organism. This group has been around for over 270 million years and the biggest change to it is the size of the organisms. This results in a slow and not very eventful evolution with no big jumps or skips causing it to be  a gradual speciation.

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Both alligators and crocodiles shares a common  proteins. Their skin is covered with scales made up of the protein called keratin. On crocodilian heads the skin is connected to the skull . The common protein of Keratin leads scientist to conclude that these organisms come from a common ancestor. without both having this protein the skin would be completely different.

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The embryos of crocodilia  have many physical similarities but  have many differences later on in the embryonic development depending on the order crocodilian species.  All crocodilians have the same appearance of having four short legs and a powerful tail. They also have two eyes, similar skin color and a texture that can be shown throughout all of the species. All of the embryos begin to develop eyes at three weeks and a snout and limbs at about five weeks. The embryos are usually developed and ready to be laid at about eight weeks.
The differences between the species are that crocodilians tend to have different shaped teeth, snouts, and mouths. This can be seen around five weeks. An examples is the American Alligator a wider mount/snout compared to the Indian Gharial that has a longer and skinnier mouth. the teeth are different in each species due to the fact that each species has a different shaped mouth/snout. Even with all the differences the embryos still grow and develop the same way and in the same amount of time.

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The first picture is The chromosomes of a American Alligator. The second one is two caimans chromosomes. The A picture is a Paraguayan caiman and the B picture is a Broad snout Caiman. As you can see their are a lot of differences between the caiman sets and the alligator set of chromosomes. The caimans are shorter and wider while the alligators are thinner and longer. The American Alligators have a visible division line in most of the chromosomes while the caimans don't appear to have any. The caiman ones also 19 sets of regular one while the alligator only have 16 normal sets of chromosomes. All three of these organisms came from the same common ancestor but through evolution they have become different. The two caiman sets are very similar which shows they are closer to each other compared to the alligator. This is because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other then they do with the alligator.

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Fossil Age: 220-230 Million Years Old

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Fossil Age: 140-145 Million Years Ago

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Fossil Age: 8 Million Years Old

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Fossil Age: 228 Million Years old

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Fossil Age: 165 Million Years old

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Fossil Age: 2-4  Million Years old

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All of these fossils are from prehistoric crocodiles and alligators. The same basic structure is the same between the ones now and before but they are still different. The main difference is the size of the structures have decreased. The crocodilia now are much smaller than the prehistoric ones because it is now an advantage to them. Also the crocodilia now can hide a little bit easier and are more agile. This allows them to hide from prey and predators easier. Another main reason is because it just not necessary anymore. In the prehistoric age the predators and prey were also a lot bigger so in order to compete the crocodilia had to also be massive in size. Now that everything else has become smaller the crocodilia also need to become smaller because being bigger is now a disadvantage. This is evolution because they crocodilia had to adjust to their food and environment and the ones with the advantage aka the smaller ones lived and the bigger ones go weeded out.

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Taxonomy alone can show us the relatedness of different species. This can be done because it shows the common ancestor of each organisms. It shows how far back different species were once the same thing and then broke apart from each other. In this case the American alligator and the Black Caiman are more closely related then the American alligator and Indian Gharial because they have a more recent common ancestor. Taxonomy shows when new species are formed and how closely related different organisms are. The closer the organisms are to each other in classification, the close they will be in real life.

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Internal: Order Crocodilia have a four chambered heart which helps them separate the oxygenated versus non-oxygenated blood.
-They Also have a flap of skin in their throat that stops water from seeping in when they attack from the water.
-They also have special sense organs that in the Crocodilian's head, legs, body, and tail which are used to help them detect where they are.
- Have short digestive tract because meat is easy to digest and the stomach is divided in two parts.
External: All of the Order Crocodilians have strong powerful snout. The shape will depend on the specific species.
- Each member of the Order Crocodilia have very large and sharp teeth. The teeth are used to catch their prey but not chew because they eat most of their food whole. Their Teeth fall out frequently. Most members have between 2000 and 8000 teeth in their lifetime.
-All of the members of Order Crocodilia group have very strong tails.
-All of the members also have rough and spiky on their body to protect heir organs.

Habitat: Found all over the world.
-Mostly found near water. Most prefer to be in water instead of land.
-Many of the Order Crocodilia hibernate during the cold months.
Behavioral: When hunting they wait completely still the prey is close enough to be attacked.
- The Order crocodilian do not chew their food. They often tar off larger pieces with their teeth and swallow it whole.
-The adult crocodilians often live in alone and are territorial. They usually defend certain spots like nesting areas and feeding areas or nurseries.
-Male Crocodiles have year-round territory where they have several nesting sites with females.
-Adjust their body heat on their own. Often will sit in sun for long period of time to heat up their bodies.

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Physical Characteristics: Males reach about four-four and half meters in length whereas females reach just under three meters.
-Have bony nasal bridge and broad snout.
-There are bony plates on the belly scales.
-Olive green eyes.
-most of the back scales are black and have very dark colored tail.
Habitat: Majorly found in freshwater swamps.
-Also found in rivers and lakes.(Small bodies of water)
-Can tolerate small amount of salinity.
Behavioral:  Diet consist mainly of fish but birds, crabs, turtles and small mammals are also eaten. Usually eat under water.
Differences: Have wide and round U-shaped snout.
-Upper jaw is wider then the lower jaw.
-Male adults roar loudly to get females attention.
- lower teeth often hidden.

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Physical Characteristics: Average around thirteen feet in length,
- Have very dark coloration throughout the whole body.
-Have larger eyes compared to other Caimans.
- The black Caiman has a large snout.
- They also have a bony ridge from above their eyes all the way down to the end of their snout.
Habitat: Found in South America.
-Often found in freshwater.
-Can be found in wetlands.
-Also are found in slow moving rivers, streams, or lakes.
Behavioral: Their diet consist of mostly fish like the American Alligator.
-Some larger adults will attack larger animals and even humans.
-They lay their eggs during the dry season.
-The females will remain close to their nest for most of their life to protect the young.

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Physical Characteristics: The adults can not lift their body off the ground which make it hard for them to be mobile on land.
- Narrow snout which produces a loud, buzzing  sound.
- Have interlocking, razor sharp teeth.
-Are very agile in water compared to on land.
- Have a well developed flat tail.
-Have extensive webbing on rear feet to help their mobility in the water.
Habitat: Located in the Indian Subcontinent.
- Live an aquatic lifestyle.
-Live calmer deep water areas and fast moving rivers.
- Will sometimes lay on sandbanks during the dry season.
Behavioral:Will on leave water to bask or nest which will be on sandbanks.
- Not mobile on land and spend most of their time in water.
-Lay their eggs during the dry season like the Black Caiman.