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Ottoman Empire at fall of Constantinople 1453

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Imperio Otomano a la caída de Constantinopla 1453

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Ottomans suffered from three major problems.

After Suleiman's death, the sultans were less capable and energetic, being raised and spending their time increasingly at court with all its harem intrigues.

The Ottoman Expansion

Army took more time to reach enemy

Economic factors

Military decline

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The Ottoman also had a hierarchy in which there are four main classes.

Men of the pen: This includes scholars, and those well educated.

Men of the sword: Does work in the military.

Men of negotiation: merchants, artisan, and others who sell things through negotiation.

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The Ottoman Turks practiced Islam. However, the peoples whom they had conquered practiced a wide variety of religious beliefs, including Christianity, Judaism, and the worship of a number of gods and spirits. In order to keep peace, the Ottoman Turks allowed their subjects to worship in whatever manner they choose. However, those who did not practice Islam were required to pay the government an additional tax.

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Ottoman Empire Women (Advantages)

own property

retained their property after marriage.

They also had access to the justice system and could access a judge, as well as be taken to court themselves.

Ottoman society kept women

under control as concubines

through marriages.

Marriages, which were usually arranged by parents, could occasionally be escaped by men, but women rarely did the same.

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Legal administration better known as the Kanun in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger scheme of balancing central and local authority. The Kanun a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law.

The Ottoman system had three court systems:

one for Muslims

one for non-Muslims, involving appointed Jews

Christians ruling over their respective religious communities, and the "trade court".

I could not find what laws were to explain the Kanun.

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Ottoman Constitution of 1876 (December 23, 1876)

Written by Midhat Pasha, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1908)

Was only in effect for two years from ( 1876-1878)

Later it was put back into effect and amended to transfer more power from the Sultan.

The Constitution was about:

Public Rights of the Ottomans

Sovereign Rights of the Sultan

Public Rights of the Ottomans

and more !!!

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The Sultan was the government. He enjoyed absolute power and, in theory at least, was personally involved in every governmental decision. In the Ottoman experience of government, everything representing the state government issued from the hands of the Sultan himself.

The Ottoman Bureaucracy

SULTAN

Divans/Vizier

Social / Military Divans

Heads of Individual Religious Millets

Muslims

Jews

Local Administrators & Military

Christians

Landowners / Tax Collectors

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Taxation was not applied uniformly throughout the empire, usually between 10-20%. Taxation on Muslims was done with tithes, non-Moslems paid a poll tax. There were also numerous taxes in everyday life which Moslem and non-Moslems paid marriage tax.

After Mehmed II, the job of tax collection was given to the highest bidder. There were two Treasuries, one for the government and another for the sultan. The sultan received a fifth of all booty, a 10 % death tax and all property of civil servants on their death in addition to the numerous luxurious gifts he received sultan owned all lands except for those of the mosques. Official registers were kept of all the animals, crops of the large piece of land which was called Timar.

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Cultivator families drew their livelihoods from a wide range of economic activities. They would grow a variety of crops for their own consumption.

They would also use their animals for their living, they would  rear animals for their milk and wool.

Some rural families would manufactured goods for sale to others, for instance Balkan villagers travelled to Anatolia and Syria for months to sell their wool cloth.

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Land and sea transport was driven primarily by the efforts of the Ottoman administration over this time. As a result, the quality of transport structures changed significantly over time depending on the current administration's power.

The road infrastructure was significantly better in the 16th century than it was in the 18th century.

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The early Ottoman allies, the French were the first Europeans to be granted trade rights in 1534.

There are many things associated with the Ottomans for Europeans. European merchants in Istanbul brought coffee to Europe and more. There are many luxury items that are associated with the Ottomans things like:

fine carpets

Spice

Musk

Silk

Jewelry

Ceramics

Precious stones and gem

All of these items were a part of trading.

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mostly desert hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August)

mild, rainy winters (December to February) along the coast

cold weather with snow or sleet periodically hitting Damascus (Syria)

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The Ottoman Empire participated in World War I as one of the Central Powers.

The Ottoman Empire entered the war by carrying out a surprise attack on Russia's Black Sea coast on 29 October 1914.

In response, Russia declaring war on it on November 1, 1914.

Ottoman forces fought the Allies in the Balkans and the Middle Eastern of World War I.

The Ottoman Empire's defeat in the war in 1918 was crucial in the eventual dissolution of the empire in 1921

Ottoman's entrance into the war greatly increased the Triple Entente's military burdens.

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Turkey in the First World War - Economy Before the War. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://www.turkeyswar.com/economy/beforethewar.html>.

"The Ottoman state and government." The Ottoman state and government - All About Turkey. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://www.allaboutturkey.com/ottoman2.htm>.

"Women in Ottoman society - TASTE OF THE PAST." Hürriyet Daily News | LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/women-in-ottoman-society-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=15651&NewsCatID=438>.

Life in the Ottoman Empire - World History For Kids - By KidsPast.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0332-life-in-ottoman-empire.php>.

"Economy." Ottoman Empire. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2017. <http://theottomanempiree.weebly.com/economy.html>.

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petroleum,

phosphates,

chrome

manganese ores

asphalt and more

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Constantinople

Bursa

Izmir

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Abdul Hamid II

Came into power 1876

Was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

He was the first one to promulgated the first Constitution of 1876

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Solemn aka "Suleiman the Magnificent"

Son of Selim and came into power in 1520

During his reign, he conquered Belgrade and Tripoli.

The reason why Ottoman expansion ended in Vienna.

Contributed to a lot of churl achievements

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Selim I aka "Selim the Grim"

Came into power in 1512 by overthrowing his father and killing his brothers.

During his reign ,he captured Mecca and Medina.

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Mehmed II

Spent two years building 125 ships and 100,00 soldier to finally conquer Constantinople.

Opened Constantinople to many citizens and new religions.

He Helped rebuild the city

Became the first ruler in 1444

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Osman I

Was the most successful ghazi. Durig his reign, he built a small state in Anatolia and also had great military success by the use of gun powder.

Founded the Ottoman Empire

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The Battle of Gallipoli, one of the important battles of the First World War, is also one of the significant turning points in the history of modern Turkey.

The Battle of Kahlenberg freed the Siege of Vienna. However, in the macroscopic view, the battle ended the expansion of the Ottomans, which has been continued for a long time.

The Fall of Constantinople was when the Ottoman Empire invaded Byzantine empire.

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Men and women wore a caftan- a loose-fitting linen or silk robe that covered them to their ankles. They would wear these outfits in the winter as well with fur or cotton.

Underneath their robes, men wore loose trouser plus a shirt and jacket with a wide sash

Women wore baggy trousers and embroidered smocks topped with vests. They wore richly embroidered slippers.

Wealthy women wore a lot of jewelry and decorated bonnets with pearls.

Children dressed the same as well.

Women- Chokers and long necklace were used by Ottoman ladies.

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There are many festivals that are taken place within the Ottoman Empire comunity such as : Henna Party, Ramadan, Weddings, Circumsion , Birth and more.

It is a lavish and cheerful atmosphere is characteristic of the unique wedding ceremonies of Turkey. The Turkish community take pride in celebrating ones commencment. Gold, banknotes and the color red are the dominating elements of a Turkish wedding ceremony. No expenses are spared to make the occasion special for bride, groom and honored guests.

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The architecture of Turkish traditional houses is influenced by a variety of climactic and natural resources.

Turkish residents home built according to their region and climate. For example, in North Anatolia, the wooden houses from rich forests; while in Central Anatolia, the stone and sun-dried brick houses; in West Anatolia, stone; and in South Anatolia, stone and wooden houses.

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Ottoman Empire