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They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the attic to the antarctic. Extant birds range in size from the 5 cm Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m ostrich. The fossil record dictates that birds evolved from arthropods dinosaurs during the Jurassic Period, around 160 million years ago.

Wings evolved from four limbs, and most bird spices can fly; exception include the ostriches, emus and relatives, penguins, and some endemic island species.

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1.) feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs,
2.) a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton
3.) Birds produce offspring by laying eggs which are fertilized through reproduction, most birds are diurnal but some birds such as owls are nocturnal, birds diets are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, and various small animals, many bird species migrate due to changing temperature and breeding habitat, birds communicate using visual ad auditory signals, birds occupy a large variety of habitats such as forests, plains, arctic, coastal, desert
4.) Most birds have an extended period of parental care after hatching

The Organisms Similarities/Differences:

Habitat:
Bald Eagle: Coastlines, rivers, lakes, wet prairies, coastal pine plains
Emperor Penguin: Arctic temperatures and limits of ice pacs
Andean: Cloud Forests of South America

Size
Bald Eagle: 36 in
Emperor Penguin: 44 in
Andean: 13 in

Weight:
Bald Eagle: 8-14 lbs
Emperor Penguin: 60-90 lbs
Andean: 0.66 lbs

Diet:
Bald Eagle: fish, small mammals, waterfowl, wading birds, dead animal matter
Emperor Penguin: squid, fish, crustaceans
Andean: Fruit, insects, small reptiles, frogs

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K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Aves
O: Accipitriformes
F: Acciptridae
G: Haliaeetus
S: Haliaeetus Ieucocephalus

location/Habitat: live and nest near coastlines, rivers, lakes, wet prairies, and coastal pine lands
Physical Characteristics: Mature adults have a white head and tail, solid brown body, and a large, curved, yellow bill. Juveniles have blotchy patches of white on their underside and tail.
Behavioral Characteristic: Prefer to eat fish, small mammals, other birds, etc... Also both parents will care for the offspring. Often will use the same nests for years an years making the nest larger every year.

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K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Aves
O: Sphenisciformes
F: Spheniscidae
G: Aptenodytes
S: Aptenodytes Forsteri

location/Habitat: Within limits of pack ice
Physical Characteristics: largest of all living penguin species, the emperor penguin has a black head, chin, and throat, with broad yellow patches on each side of its head
Behavioral Characteristic: Prefer to eat squid, fish, and crustaceans, after mating the males will hold the eggs while the females go searching of food.

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K: Animalia
P: Chordata
C: Aves
O: Passeriformes
F: Contingidae
G: Rupicola
S: Rupicola Peruvianus

location/Habitat: Andean cloud forest in south Africa
Physical Characteristics: Exhibits marks sexual metamorphism: the male has a large dis-like crest and scarlet of brilliant orange plumage, while the females is significantly darker and browner.
Behavioral Characteristic: Males leave after mating. Females will raise an care for offspring. Prefer to eat fruit. Some follow ant armies.

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The skeleton consists of very lightweight bones. They have large air-filled cavities (called pneumatic cavities) which connect with the respiratory system.
Like the reptiles, birds are primarily uricotelic, that is, their kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and excrete it as uric acid instead of urea or ammonia through the ureters into the intestine.
Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs.
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac.
Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals.
The most developed part of the brain is the one that controls the flight-related functions.

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Chromosome numbers in birds:
Bald eagle - 66
Emperor Penguin - 38
Andean - 38
Chicken - 78
Pigein - 80
Harpy Eagle - 58
Golden Eagle - 62
Rockhoppper Penguin - 38

Studies show birds have between 30 - 80 chromosomes

ZW instead of XY
The only similarities in chromosomes found in Avs are the Z and W chromosomes which cover the gender of the birds.

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Shows the evolution between skull size and how it has changes over 62 million years.

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Shows the evolution in beak size from present day to almost 16 million years ago.

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Fossil of a juvenile individual of Scipionyx samniticus. The fossil preserves clear traces of soft tissues.

68-million-year-old

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Relived spices that Avs have evolved from.

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Skeleton and reconstruction of Aurornis xui, the world's oldest known bird.

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Large preditorial bird. Shows how overtime the size of birds have decreased and we have very few species that come close to the same size. Also the difference between the hollow bone of today birds and the solid one back then. This terror bird was a flightless animal.

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Andean

Bald Eagle

Emperor Penguin

All have large heads

Formation of arm or wing

Brain formation lump

Formation of legs

Formation of rib cage

Formation of eyes

Formation of digestive organs

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Over a long period of time, there have been many different species of eagles, penguins, and tropical birds. Over the project I have found no evidence making me come to the conclusion that there was no punctuated speciation.

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Divergent: is the accumulation of differences between groups, leading to the formation of new species.

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Nonrandom;
Bald Eagle: November - December
Emperor Penguins: March - April

Random;
Andean: mates year round

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Bald eagles can migrate along coastlines and travel to different lakes and rivers. This allows a consent flow of new eagles entering a environment. This is both Immigration and Emigration.

Emperor Penguins are limited to caps of which allow little to no immigration and emigration. Emperor penguins will live in large groups together.

Andean lives in a limited area in the South American Cloud forests. Then they can travel from a area and move in and out. This is both immigration and emigration.

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Darwin's theory consisted of two main points; 1) diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors; 2) the mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection.

1.) Birds have evolved from the dinosaurs. They have similar bone structure and as time went on they became lighter and had gained the ability to fly. The oldest known bird is Archaeopteryx lithographica and was alive in the late Jurassic period.

2.) This natural selection can be seen in the Galapagos islands and the finches that have changed there beaks allowing them to have a better adaption for there environment. Also penguins having sleek small feathers allowing them to be more resistant in water and skidding on ice.

Conclusion: In Avs the evolution of the species will continue to grow because of natural selection taking the week an undesirables from the species and by having new adaptions allowing them to survive and reproduce longer.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_bird_genera
https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bald_Eagle/id
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/e/emperor-penguin/
https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/overview?p_p_spp=492876