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Chemical exhaustion is a prominent occurrence in the stop bath. It becomes exhausted when it essentially has no more effect due to the transfer of bases from the developer, which consequently turns the solution alkaline. An indicator stop bath will change colour once the solution is exhausted.

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During the processing, when the photograph is going through each tray, the immersion time in which they are in these trays differ from each other to make the photographs turn out as successful as possible. The photograph spends around 3 minutes in the developer, then to be placed in the stop bath for around 30 seconds. It is then moved onto the fixer for roughly a minute and finally washed for around 5 minutes.

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Burning is basically the opposite of dodging. It is used to darken a specific area of a print by supplying it with additional exposure. This is achieved after main exposure has occurred.

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Dodging is used in an aim to lighten a particular area of a print by giving it less exposure. This works well when trying to resolve shadows etc.

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The head height of the enlarger allows you to create an print size of your choice.

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Cropping a photograph basically means cutting it to a desired size. For example, you may only want to capture a particular part of a picture or you may have captured something you don't want in the picture so cropping can help resolve this.

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Exposure time refers to how much time light is being exposed onto light-sensitive photographic paper. This light is coming from the enlarger and essentially determines how much the photograph is going to develop. The less light exposed, the brighter the picture will appear.

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Test strips literally allow the photographer to test out how much light exposure time would be best to apply to a picture. The strip enables the photographer to experiment with the light exposure using one sheet of photographic paper instead of wasting numerous sheets.

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There are a few different photographic paper choices. for example, variable contrast paper which "varying grades of print contrast can be obtained by the use of variable contrast filters" and graded contrast which "produces a single contrast of print contrast, requiring a change in paper grades when less or more contrast is desired in the print."

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Contact sheets are created to help a photographer choose which pictures he would like to print properly. They are made up of rows of negative film, which result in a photograph of small positive pictures. This means that the photographer can see exactly how the pictures would turn out, but they are just in a smaller form.

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It's important for the chemicals in the processing trays are the correct temperature (20oC). If the temperature is different to what it should be, the photographs will not develop.

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By placing different filters onto cameras, you can achieve different effects. For example, in the image below, it shows the effect of a slightly blue-tinted filter - the sky looks more vivid than in real life.

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Focusing on a camera allows you to draw attention to a particular subject/place within the picture you're capturing. For example, below in the first picture, the background is in focus however in there second there is a shallow focus on the butterfly, which is more visually pleasing as you can see the subject in full, intricate detail.

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The shutter speed is "the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph."

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The opening of a lens' diaphragm which allows light to pass through is referred to as aperture. It is calibrated in f/stops - the lower f/stops provide more exposure as they represent larger apertures as opposed to the higher f/stops which represent smaller apertures.