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some tipss of effective presentation skills =)

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some tipss of effective presentation skills =)

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Presenting & Public Speaking Tips - How to improve skills & confidence

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Tips for Good Presentation-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video.

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girlssss .. lets be the best presentor soon ! =D

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Tips on how to improve your Presentation & Public Speaking skills & confidence.-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ . Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free.

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Girls, download the speech outline template and go through all the different parts of a speech. remember, 3 mins only!

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Girls, download the speech outline template and go through all the different parts of a speech. remember, 3 mins only!

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This is interesting. I am looking forward to your presentation.

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This is interesting. I am looking forward to your presentation.

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DONT FORGET OUR DRAF ESSAY AND EXAM NEXT WEEK .. AMIGOSHH

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1st Point - but i change my poiny to anxiety disorder.. hehe

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1st Point - but i change my poiny to anxiety disorder.. hehe

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People of all ages relate to and enjoy music, making it a universal language, of sorts. However, its value can go far beyond simple listening.

Most people enjoy music, but can it actually make the mind "move"? Absolutely, according to Kimmo Lehtonen, PhD, professor of education at the University of Turku (Finland) and a clinical music therapist for more than 25 years. In fact, therapists have been using music therapy to promote memory and a sense of self in the treatment of older adults with dementia.

Music and Emotion
Music therapy is a target-oriented and purposeful activity in which therapists work with individuals or groups, using musical expression and the memories, feelings, and sensations it evokes. It has been found to be particularly beneficial for older adults with various types of dementia. "Music therapy has many faces," says Lehtonen. "With older adults, I mainly use old wartime songs, which seem to bring many lively memories to their minds. Music has a close relationship with unconscious emotions, which are activated by musical movement. To me, music represents a microcosmos which has a close relationship to our inner feelings. These feelings are so strong, they're meaningful even if patients cannot remember who they are."

John Carpente, founder and executive director of the Rebecca Center for Music Therapy in New York and a licensed, board-certified music therapist, describes the center's music therapy program for older adults: "Meeting individually and within a group, elder clients express themselves and recall the memories that music sparks and stimulates. By listening to live music and being involved in live music-making experiences, a greater quality of life is possible." This, he believes, empowers clients to emerge from the isolation imposed by Alzheimer's disease and dementia. He notes that program therapists use music therapy to improve the overall physical and mental wellbeing of dementia patients, including the following:

memory recall;

positive changes in moods and emotional states;

a sense of control over life;

non-pharmacological management of pain and discomfort;

stimulation that promotes interest even when other approaches are ineffective;

structure that promotes rhythmic and continuous movement or vocal fluency as an adjunct to physical rehabilitation; and

opportunities to interact socially with others.

Basically, Carpente says, music is used with older adults to maintain or increase their levels of physical, mental, social, and emotional functioning. Music used as a sensory and intellectual stimulation can help maintain a person's quality of life or even improve it.

Memory in Sound
Although music therapy is used for people of all ages, it is especially beneficial for older persons with dementia who may be unable to communicate in another way. "Music can function, for instance, as an interpreter of the [patient's] world picture without the problem essentially connected with verbal interaction," says Lehtonen.

Since dementia is a degenerative condition, expressing basic needs and being understood can become problematic and lead to a complicated feeling of isolation for sufferers, says David Aldridge, chair of qualitative research in medicine at the University Witten Herdecke (Germany) and editor of Music Therapy in Dementia Care. "Using songs in a therapy setting promotes communication," he says. "Singing has many functions; it offers a communicative structure, stimulates and regulates, and enables dialogue."

Alicia Ann Clair, PhD, MT-BC, director of music education and therapy at the University of Kansas/Lawrence, says that making music and listening to it provide ways to employ cognitive skills to avoid losing them. "When older persons are interested in learning to make music or are looking for ways to rejuvenate skills learned in the past, many programs are available," she says. "Opportunities for learning music that were once accessible only during childhood are now available throughout the life span, either through group lessons or private instruction." Resources include local music stores, professional music education venues, and private teachers.

Music therapy can promote communication between therapists and patients in individual settings or among patients in group settings. "Undoubtedly, it's one of the most engaging and emotionally powerful stimuli," says Carpente. "Listening to music can have strong effects on people's moods, thinking, and even their physiology, which constitutes a probable reason certain songs remind us so vividly of a specific memory. That being said, memory is a mental system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information from sensory input. Emotions and memory are very much linked, and because music is charged emotionally, it can trigger past memories, good and bad."

This same triggering of memories via music can also promote communication within the older patient, essentially giving him or her a renewed sense of identity. "I have one particular experience, which was very strong and beautiful," Lehtonen recalls. "I used to work as a supervisor of music therapy research. The therapist had a video camera set up in every session and afterward, we would analyze the tapes. In this case, the therapist sang old Finnish folk songs to an over 80-year-old man with dementia. After every song, the man sang his own song in a broken voice. He sang old Italian romantic songs, which were quite difficult. He exactly remembered melodies and words, and he sang many songs during these sessions. His voice and expression were so strong and authentic they put a shiver down my spine. I checked his personal history. This old man, who hardly remembered his name, had spent his best years in Florence, where he worked as an interior architect."

Lehtonen believes music therapy can be used not only to treat elders with dementia but also to prevent the disease. "In Finland, the after-war generation is getting old, and there are more and more elderly people who are in a relatively good condition both physically and psychically. I think this kind of remembering through music is a good way of keeping people happy and active."

Physical Aspect
For patients who suffer from only mild or occasional dementia, Clair notes that music can be a factor in helping elders get regular exercise. "Obviously, there's strong evidence that people who regularly exercise are healthier and have better physical function than those who don't," she says. "This may be apparent in measures of bone density, muscle strength and flexibility, heart and pulmonary function, weight, and other physical capacities. Of course, there are physical disabilities that influence which exercises are appropriate, but physical functions that have been lost due to lack of activity can be restored through an appropriate exercise program. And it's never too late to begin; even those who become physically frail can benefit from exercise. That's where music can come in, but not just any music is suitable."

Rather, she explains, it needs to be carefully selected music or specifically designed to support each particular exercise by cuing the pace, force, direction, and number of repetitions. In addition, because music makes exercise seem shorter and more pleasant, people-older or younger-tend to stick with exercise programs where music is included. However, she notes, it's important to obtain a physician's approval before starting any exercise program.

A Little History Plus
How deep are the roots of music therapy's use in the treatment of older adults with dementia? Surprisingly, more than 2,000 years. The idea of music as a healing influence able to affect health and behavior is as least as old as the writings of Aristotle and Plato, says Carpente. "The 20th century discipline began after World War I and World War II when community musicians of all types- amateur and professional-went to military hospitals around the country to play for the thousands of veterans suffering both physical and emotional trauma.

Their physical and emotional response to music led doctors and nurses to request the hiring of musicians by the hospitals. It was soon evident that the musicians needed some prior training before playing in hospitals, and so the demand grew for a college curriculum."

The world's first music therapy degree program was established in 1944 at Michigan State University. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) was founded in 1998 as a result of a merger between the National Association for Music Therapy and the American Association for Music Therapy. According to the AMTA, there are currently 75 institutions nationwide offering bachelor's or master's degrees in music therapy and approximately 100 internationally.

With the continuing increase in the United States' older adult population, professionals may want to tune their clients and patients in to a therapy that fosters an enhanced recall of their forgotten histories. "The future of music therapy is promising," says Carpente, "because state-of-the-art music therapy research in physical rehabilitation, Alzheimer's disease, and psychoneuroimmunology is documenting the effectiveness of music therapy in terms that are important in the context of a biological medical model."
-Juliann Schaeffer is an editorial assistant at Aging Well.

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Music Therapy in Dementia Treatment - Recollection Through Sound

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
People of all ages relate to and enjoy music, making it a universal language, of sorts. However, its value can go far beyond simple listening. Most people enjoy music, but can it actually make the mind "move"? Absolutely, according to Kimmo Lehtonen, PhD, professor of education at the University of Turku (Finland) and a clinical music therapist for more than 25 years.

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How Music 'Radically' Improves the Brain, Dementia, and Alzheimer's

Music can heal the body, mind, and soul

by Robert Harrington

Music therapy has proven to be an extraordinary healing modality for many years now. Those fortunate individuals who have music in their life on a regular basis typically have a more positive frame of mind and emotional comportment. Truly uplifting music triggers a whole set of favorable responses from the human body and psyche.

A scientific research study has now shown how serious mental afflictions can also be treated with certain kinds of music. As the following excerpt demonstrates, both dementia and Alzheimer's disease have been shown to respond quite favorably for those who really " belt out their favorite show tunes. "

"A recent research study found that those suffering from moderate to severe dementia did particularly well singing show tunes from movies and musicals such as 'The Wizard of Oz,' 'The Sound of Music' and 'Oklahoma!' in group settings and had a marked improvement in their remembering skills versus those who simply listened during the sing-alongs."[1]

Because Music Affects the Emotions, the Body Responds Quickly

There is an evolving school of healing which recognizes the integral role that the mind and emotions play in the development of disease. This school of Mind/Body/Spirit Medicine also recognizes the beneficial effects that sound healing and music therapy can have on all sorts of diseases and illnesses.
Read: Research Links Music to Improved Immunity
Not only have serious diseases gone into remission, but chronic degenerative disease can see dramatic improvement with a steady 'diet' of emotionally moving and uplifting music.

Researchers have found that both singing and dancing can produce a radical turnaround in the evolution of various disease processes. In the case of dancing, the practitioner benefits twice - from the endorphin-producing music and the dance exercise.

Depending on how aerobic the dancing exercise is, the individual can experience all the benefits which normally accrue with a sustained increase in the heart rate, working out the muscles and moving the bones, as well as having a good sweat.

Singing Songs with Lots of Gusto and Spirit has a Remarkable Effect on Dementia

The previous article pointed out that " singing along with show tunes" brought about " the most improvement was among those sufferers with moderate to severe dementia. "

Certainly, if such a serious medical condition as severe dementia can respond so favorably to singing therapy, there are likely many other medical conditions that also will. Those diagnoses that are directly related to compromised brain function appear to be especially responsive to singing show tunes and listening to joyful music.

Man in Nursing Home Reacts to Hearing Music from His Era

The following video provides another real life example of where a severely impaired elderly man was transformed by putting on the headphones in his nursing home. As the video demonstrates, Henry is literally " restored to his former self " after listening to his favorite songs for a certain period of time.

Conclusion

If music, song, and dance can produce these kinds of positive effects for people who are ailing, think of what uplifting music can do as a preventative measure. Getting a daily dose of music might very well be one of the best lifestyle practices that an individual can engage.

Perhaps a new twist on the old adage will emerge in healthcare circles that goes something like this: "Singing a happy song a day keeps the doctor away." Wouldn't that be great?

Sources:

[1] DailyNews

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Music 'Radically' Improves the Brain, Dementia, and Alzheimer's

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Music can heal the body, mind, and soul by Robert Harrington Music therapy has proven to be an extraordinary healing modality for many years now. Those fortunate individuals who have music in their life on a regular basis typically have a more positive frame of mind and emotional comportment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
People of all ages relate to and enjoy music, making it a universal language, of sorts. However, its value can go far beyond simple listening.

Most people enjoy music, but can it actually make the mind "move"? Absolutely, according to Kimmo Lehtonen, PhD, professor of education at the University of Turku (Finland) and a clinical music therapist for more than 25 years. In fact, therapists have been using music therapy to promote memory and a sense of self in the treatment of older adults with dementia.

Music and Emotion
Music therapy is a target-oriented and purposeful activity in which therapists work with individuals or groups, using musical expression and the memories, feelings, and sensations it evokes. It has been found to be particularly beneficial for older adults with various types of dementia. "Music therapy has many faces," says Lehtonen. "With older adults, I mainly use old wartime songs, which seem to bring many lively memories to their minds. Music has a close relationship with unconscious emotions, which are activated by musical movement. To me, music represents a microcosmos which has a close relationship to our inner feelings. These feelings are so strong, they're meaningful even if patients cannot remember who they are."

John Carpente, founder and executive director of the Rebecca Center for Music Therapy in New York and a licensed, board-certified music therapist, describes the center's music therapy program for older adults: "Meeting individually and within a group, elder clients express themselves and recall the memories that music sparks and stimulates. By listening to live music and being involved in live music-making experiences, a greater quality of life is possible." This, he believes, empowers clients to emerge from the isolation imposed by Alzheimer's disease and dementia. He notes that program therapists use music therapy to improve the overall physical and mental wellbeing of dementia patients, including the following:

memory recall;

positive changes in moods and emotional states;

a sense of control over life;

non-pharmacological management of pain and discomfort;

stimulation that promotes interest even when other approaches are ineffective;

structure that promotes rhythmic and continuous movement or vocal fluency as an adjunct to physical rehabilitation; and

opportunities to interact socially with others.

Basically, Carpente says, music is used with older adults to maintain or increase their levels of physical, mental, social, and emotional functioning. Music used as a sensory and intellectual stimulation can help maintain a person's quality of life or even improve it.

Memory in Sound
Although music therapy is used for people of all ages, it is especially beneficial for older persons with dementia who may be unable to communicate in another way. "Music can function, for instance, as an interpreter of the [patient's] world picture without the problem essentially connected with verbal interaction," says Lehtonen.

Since dementia is a degenerative condition, expressing basic needs and being understood can become problematic and lead to a complicated feeling of isolation for sufferers, says David Aldridge, chair of qualitative research in medicine at the University Witten Herdecke (Germany) and editor of Music Therapy in Dementia Care. "Using songs in a therapy setting promotes communication," he says. "Singing has many functions; it offers a communicative structure, stimulates and regulates, and enables dialogue."

Alicia Ann Clair, PhD, MT-BC, director of music education and therapy at the University of Kansas/Lawrence, says that making music and listening to it provide ways to employ cognitive skills to avoid losing them. "When older persons are interested in learning to make music or are looking for ways to rejuvenate skills learned in the past, many programs are available," she says. "Opportunities for learning music that were once accessible only during childhood are now available throughout the life span, either through group lessons or private instruction." Resources include local music stores, professional music education venues, and private teachers.

Music therapy can promote communication between therapists and patients in individual settings or among patients in group settings. "Undoubtedly, it's one of the most engaging and emotionally powerful stimuli," says Carpente. "Listening to music can have strong effects on people's moods, thinking, and even their physiology, which constitutes a probable reason certain songs remind us so vividly of a specific memory. That being said, memory is a mental system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers information from sensory input. Emotions and memory are very much linked, and because music is charged emotionally, it can trigger past memories, good and bad."

This same triggering of memories via music can also promote communication within the older patient, essentially giving him or her a renewed sense of identity. "I have one particular experience, which was very strong and beautiful," Lehtonen recalls. "I used to work as a supervisor of music therapy research. The therapist had a video camera set up in every session and afterward, we would analyze the tapes. In this case, the therapist sang old Finnish folk songs to an over 80-year-old man with dementia. After every song, the man sang his own song in a broken voice. He sang old Italian romantic songs, which were quite difficult. He exactly remembered melodies and words, and he sang many songs during these sessions. His voice and expression were so strong and authentic they put a shiver down my spine. I checked his personal history. This old man, who hardly remembered his name, had spent his best years in Florence, where he worked as an interior architect."

Lehtonen believes music therapy can be used not only to treat elders with dementia but also to prevent the disease. "In Finland, the after-war generation is getting old, and there are more and more elderly people who are in a relatively good condition both physically and psychically. I think this kind of remembering through music is a good way of keeping people happy and active."

Physical Aspect
For patients who suffer from only mild or occasional dementia, Clair notes that music can be a factor in helping elders get regular exercise. "Obviously, there's strong evidence that people who regularly exercise are healthier and have better physical function than those who don't," she says. "This may be apparent in measures of bone density, muscle strength and flexibility, heart and pulmonary function, weight, and other physical capacities. Of course, there are physical disabilities that influence which exercises are appropriate, but physical functions that have been lost due to lack of activity can be restored through an appropriate exercise program. And it's never too late to begin; even those who become physically frail can benefit from exercise. That's where music can come in, but not just any music is suitable."

Rather, she explains, it needs to be carefully selected music or specifically designed to support each particular exercise by cuing the pace, force, direction, and number of repetitions. In addition, because music makes exercise seem shorter and more pleasant, people-older or younger-tend to stick with exercise programs where music is included. However, she notes, it's important to obtain a physician's approval before starting any exercise program.

A Little History Plus
How deep are the roots of music therapy's use in the treatment of older adults with dementia? Surprisingly, more than 2,000 years. The idea of music as a healing influence able to affect health and behavior is as least as old as the writings of Aristotle and Plato, says Carpente. "The 20th century discipline began after World War I and World War II when community musicians of all types- amateur and professional-went to military hospitals around the country to play for the thousands of veterans suffering both physical and emotional trauma.

Their physical and emotional response to music led doctors and nurses to request the hiring of musicians by the hospitals. It was soon evident that the musicians needed some prior training before playing in hospitals, and so the demand grew for a college curriculum."

The world's first music therapy degree program was established in 1944 at Michigan State University. The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) was founded in 1998 as a result of a merger between the National Association for Music Therapy and the American Association for Music Therapy. According to the AMTA, there are currently 75 institutions nationwide offering bachelor's or master's degrees in music therapy and approximately 100 internationally.

With the continuing increase in the United States' older adult population, professionals may want to tune their clients and patients in to a therapy that fosters an enhanced recall of their forgotten histories. "The future of music therapy is promising," says Carpente, "because state-of-the-art music therapy research in physical rehabilitation, Alzheimer's disease, and psychoneuroimmunology is documenting the effectiveness of music therapy in terms that are important in the context of a biological medical model."
-Juliann Schaeffer is an editorial assistant at Aging Well.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Music Therapy in Dementia Treatment - Recollection Through Sound

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
People of all ages relate to and enjoy music, making it a universal language, of sorts. However, its value can go far beyond simple listening. Most people enjoy music, but can it actually make the mind "move"? Absolutely, according to Kimmo Lehtonen, PhD, professor of education at the University of Turku (Finland) and a clinical music therapist for more than 25 years.

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Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. Disabilities can be present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime. Historically, disabilities have only been recognized based on a narrow set of criteria-however, disabilities are not binary and can be present unique characteristics depending on the individual. A disability may be readily visible, or invisible in nature.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities defines disability as:

long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder [a person's] full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.

Disabilities have been perceived differently throughout history, through a variety of different theoretical lenses. There are two main models that attempt to explain disability in our society: the medical model and the social model. The medical model serves as a theoretical framework that considers disability as an undesirable medical condition that requires specialized treatment. Those who ascribe to the medical model tend to focus on finding the root causes of disabilities, as well as any cures-such as assistive technology. The social model centers disability as a societally-created limitation on individuals who do not have the same ability as the majority of the population. Although the medical model and social model are the most common frames for disability, there are a multitude of other models that theorize disability.

There are many different terms that exist to explain different aspects relating to disability. While some terms solely exist to describe phenomena pertaining to disability, others have been centered around stigmatizing and ostracizing those with disabilities. Some terms have such a negative connotation that they are considered to be slurs. A current point of contention is whether it is appropriate to use person-first language (i.e. person who is disabled) or identity-first language (i.e. disabled person) when referring to disability and an individual.

Due to the marginalization of disabled people, there have been several activist causes that push for equitable treatment and access in society. Disability activists have fought to receive equal and equitable rights under the law-though there are still political issues that enable or advance the oppression of disabled people. Although disability activism serves to dismantle ableist systems, social norms relating to the perception of disabilities are often reinforced by tropes used by the media. Since negative perceptions of disability are pervasive in modern society, disabled people have turned to self-advocacy in an attempt to push back against their marginalization. The recognition of disability as an identity that is experienced differently based on the other multi-faceted identities of the individual is one often pointed out by disabled self-advocates. The ostracization of disability from mainstream society has created the opportunity for a disability culture to emerge. While disabled activists still promote the integration of disabled people into mainstream society, several disabled-only spaces have been created to foster a disability community-such as with art, social media, and sports.

There is evidence of humans during prehistory that looked after people with disabilities. At the Windover Archeological Site, one of the skeletons that was found was a male about 15 years old, who had spina bifida. The condition meant that the boy, probably paralyzed below the waist, was taken care of in a hunter-gatherer community.

Records of disability in the ancient world have occurred as far back as Mesopotamia. Mesopotamian āšipu (exorcists) and ašu (physician-priests) recorded instances of stroke into cuneiform tablets with great levels of detail. Disability was not viewed as a means of divine punishment and therefore disabled individuals were neither exterminated nor discriminated against for their impairments. Many were instead employed in different levels of Mesopotamian society including working in religious temples as servants of the gods.

Provisions that enabled individuals with impaired mobility to access temples and healing sanctuaries were made in ancient Greece. Specifically, by 370 B.C., at the most important healing sanctuary in the wider area, the Sanctuary of Asclepius at Epidaurus, there were at least 11 permanent stone ramps that provided access to mobility-impaired visitors to nine different structures; evidence that people with disabilities were acknowledged and cared for, at least partly, in ancient Greece. In fact, the Ancient Greeks may not have viewed persons with disability all that differently from more able-bodied individuals as terms describing them in their records appear to be very vague. As long as the disabled person in question could still contribute to society, the Greeks appeared to tolerate them.

During the Middle Ages, madness and other conditions were thought to be caused by demons. They were also thought to be part of the natural order, especially during and in the fallout of the Plague, which wrought impairments throughout the general population. In the early modern period there was a shift to seeking biological causes for physical and mental differences, as well as heightened interest in demarcating categories: for example, Ambroise Pare, in the sixteenth century, wrote of "monsters", "prodigies", and "the maimed". The European Enlightenment's emphases on knowledge derived from reason and on the value of natural science to human progress helped spawn the birth of institutions and associated knowledge systems that observed and categorized human beings; among these, the ones significant to the development of today's concepts of disability were asylums, clinics, and prisons.

Contemporary concepts of disability are rooted in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century developments. Foremost among these was the development of clinical medical discourse, which made the human body visible as a thing to be manipulated, studied, and transformed. These worked in tandem with scientific discourses that sought to classify and categorize and, in so doing, became methods of normalization.

The concept of the "norm" developed in this time period, and is signaled in the work of the Belgian statistician, sociologist, mathematician, and astronomer Adolphe Quetelet, who wrote in the 1830s of l'homme moyen - the average man. Quetelet postulated that one could take the sum of all people's attributes in a given population (such as their height or weight) and find their average and that this figure should serve as a statistical norm toward which all should aspire.

This idea of the statistical norm threads through the rapid take-up of statistics gathering by Britain, the United States, and the Western European states during this time period, and it is tied to the rise of eugenics. Disability, as well as other concepts including: abnormal, non-normal, and normalcy came from this. The circulation of these concepts is evident in the popularity of the freak show, where showmen profited from exhibiting people who deviated from those norms.

With the rise of eugenics in the latter part of the nineteenth century, such deviations were viewed as dangerous to the health of entire populations. With disability viewed as part of a person's biological make-up and thus their genetic inheritance, scientists turned their attention to notions of weeding such as "deviations" out of the gene pool. Various metrics for assessing a person's genetic fitness, which was then used to deport, sterilize, or institutionalize those deemed unfit. At the end of the Second World War, with the example of Nazi eugenics, eugenics faded from public discourse, and increasingly disability cohered into a set of attributes that medicine could attend to - whether through augmentation, rehabilitation, or treatment. In both contemporary and modern history, disability was often viewed as a by-product of incest between first-degree relatives or second-degree relatives.

Disability scholars have also pointed to the Industrial Revolution, along with the economic shift from feudalism to capitalism, as prominent historical moments in the understanding of disability. Although there was a certain amount of religious superstition surrounding disability during the Middle Ages, disabled people were still able to play significant roles in the rural production based economy, allowing them to make genuine contributions to daily economic life. The Industrial Revolution and the advent of capitalism made it so that people were no longer tied to the land and were then forced to find work that would pay a wage in order to survive. The wage system, in combination with industrialized production, transformed the way bodies were viewed as people were increasingly valued for their ability to produce like machines. Capitalism and the industrial revolution effectively created a new class of "disabled" people who could not conform to the standard worker's body or level of work power. As a result, disabled people came to be regarded as a problem, to be solved or erased.

In the early 1970s, disability activists began to challenge how society treated disabled people and the medical approach to disability. Due to this work, physical barriers to access were identified. These conditions functionally disabled them, and what is now known as the social model of disability emerged. Coined by Mike Oliver in 1983, this phrase distinguishes between the medical model of disability - under which an impairment needs to be fixed - and the social model of disability - under which the society that limits a person needs to be fixed.

Like many social categories, the concept of "disability" is under heavy discussion amongst academia, the medical and legal worlds, and the disability community.

The academic discipline focused on theorizing disability is Disability Studies, which has been expanding since the late twentieth century. The field investigates the past, present, and future constructions of disability, along with advancing the viewpoint that disability is a complex social identity from which we can all gain insight. As disabilities scholar Dr. Claire Mullaney puts it, "At its broadest, disability studies encourages scholars to value disability as a form of cultural difference". The field is increasingly interdisciplinary, often overlapping with the fields of Philosophy, History, English studies, Rhetoric studies, Ethnic & Racial Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, medical humanities, communications, pedagogy, and more. Scholars of the field focus on a range of disability-related topics, such as ethics, policy and legislation, history, art of the disability community, and more. Notable scholars from the field include Marta Russell, David T. Mitchell, James L. Cherney, Jay Dolmage, Steve Brown, Tobin Seibers, Robert McRuer, Brenda Jo Brueggemann, Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Johanna Hedva, Laura Hershey, Irving Zola, Susan Wendell, and many more. Prominent disability scholar Lennard J. Davis notes that Disability Studies should not be considered a niche or specialized discipline, but instead is applicable to a wide range of fields and topics.

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), produced by the World Health Organization, distinguishes between body functions (physiological or psychological, such as vision) and body structures (anatomical parts, such as the eye and related structures). Impairment in bodily structure or function is defined as involving an anomaly, defect, loss or other significant deviation from certain generally accepted population standards, which may fluctuate over time. Activity is defined as the execution of a task or action. The ICF lists nine broad domains of functioning which can be affected:

Learning and applying knowledge

General tasks and demands

Communication

Basic physical mobility, Domestic life, and Self-care (for example, activities of daily living)

Interpersonal interactions and relationships

Community, social and civic life, including employment

Other major life areas

In concert with disability scholars, the introduction to the ICF states that a variety of conceptual models have been proposed to understand and explain disability and functioning, which it seeks to integrate. These models include the following:

The medical model views disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health conditions which therefore requires sustained medical care in the form of individual treatment by professionals. In the medical model, management of the disability is aimed at a "cure", or the individual's adjustment and behavioral change that would lead to an "almost-cure" or effective cure. The individual, in this case, must overcome their disability by medical care. In the medical model, medical care is viewed as the main issue, and at the political level, the principal response is that of modifying or reforming healthcare policy.

The medical model focuses on finding causes and cures for disabilities.

There are many different causes of disability that often affect basic activities of daily living, such as eating, dressing, transferring, and maintaining personal hygiene; or advanced activities of daily living such as shopping, food preparation, driving, or working. However, it is important to note that causes of disability are usually determined by a person's capability to perform the activities of daily life. As Marta Russell and Ravi Malhotra argue, "The 'medicalization' of disablement and the tools of classification clearly played an important role in establishing divisions between the 'disabled' and the 'able-bodied.'" This positions disability as a problem to be solved via medical intervention, which hinders our understanding about what disability can mean.

For the purposes of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: deafness, blindness, an intellectual disability, partially or completely missing limbs or mobility impairments requiring the use of a wheelchair, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, major depressive disorder, spina bifida, bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and schizophrenia.

This is not an exhaustive list and many injuries and medical problems cause disability. Some causes of disability, such as injuries, may resolve over time and are considered temporary disabilities. An acquired disability is the result of impairments that occur suddenly or chronically during the lifespan, as opposed to being born with the impairment. Invisible disabilities may not be obviously noticeable.

The medical model focuses heavily on finding treatments, cures, or rehabilitative practices for disabled people.

Assistive technology is a generic term for devices and modifications (for a person or within a society) that help overcome or remove a disability. The first recorded example of the use of a prosthesis dates to at least 1800 BC. The wheelchair dates from the 17th century. The curb cut is a related structural innovation. Other examples are standing frames, text telephones, accessible keyboards, large print, braille, and speech recognition software. Disabled people often develop adaptations which can be personal (e.g. strategies to suppress tics in public) or community (e.g. sign language in deaf communities).

As the personal computer has become more ubiquitous, various organizations have formed to develop software and hardware to make computers more accessible for disabled people. Some software and hardware, such as Voice Finger, Freedom Scientific's , the Free and Open Source alternative etc. have been specifically designed for disabled people while other software and hardware, such as Nuance's Dragon NaturallySpeaking, were not developed specifically for disabled people, but can be used to increase accessibility. The LOMAK keyboard was designed in New Zealand specifically for persons with disabilities. The World Wide Web consortium recognized a need for International Standards for Web Accessibility for persons with disabilities and created the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). As at Dec 2012 the standard is WCAG 2.0 (WCAG = Web Content Accessibility Guidelines).

The social model of disability sees "disability" as a socially created problem and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, created by the social environment. The management of the problem requires social action and it is the collective responsibility of society to create a society in which limitations for disabled people are minimal. Disability is both cultural and ideological in creation. According to the social model, equal access for someone with an impairment/disability is a human rights concern. The social model of disability has come under criticism. While recognizing the importance played by the social model in stressing the responsibility of society, scholars, including Tom Shakespeare, point out the limits of the model and urge the need for a new model that will overcome the "medical vs. social" dichotomy. The limitations of this model mean that often the vital services and information persons with disabilities face are simply not available, often due to limited economic returns in supporting them.

The social construction of disability is the idea that disability is constructed by social expectations and institutions rather than biological differences. Highlighting the ways society and institutions construct disability is one of the main focuses of this idea. In the same way that race and gender are not biologically fixed, neither is disability.

Around the early 1970s, sociologists, notably Eliot Friedson, began to argue that labeling theory and social deviance could be applied to disability studies. This led to the creation of the social construction of disability theory. The social construction of disability is the idea that disability is constructed as the social response to a deviance from the norm. The medical industry is the creator of the ill and disabled social role. Medical professionals and institutions, who wield expertise over health, have the ability to define health and physical and mental norms. When an individual has a feature that creates an impairment, restriction, or limitation from reaching the social definition of health, the individual is labeled as disabled. Under this idea, disability is not defined by the physical features of the body but by a deviance from the social convention of health.

The moral model refers to the attitude that people are morally responsible for their own disability. For example, disability may be seen as a result of bad actions of parents if congenital, or as a result of practicing witchcraft if not. Echoes of this can be seen in the doctrine of karma in Indian religions. It also includes notions that a disability gives a person "special abilities to perceive, reflect, transcend, be spiritual".

The empowering model (also, customer model) allows for the person with a disability and his/her family to decide the course of his/her treatment. This turns the professional into a service provider whose role is to offer guidance and carry out the client's decisions. This model "empowers" the individual to pursue his/her own goals.

The consumer model of disability is based upon the "rights-based" model and claims that disabled people should have equal rights and access to products, goods, and services offered by businesses. The consumer model extends the rights-based model by proposing that businesses, not only accommodate customers with disabilities under the requirements of legislation but that businesses actively seek, market to, welcome and fully engage disabled people in all aspects of business service activities. The model suggests that all business operations, for example, websites, policies, and procedures, mission statements, emergency plans, programs, and services, should integrate access and inclusion practices. Furthermore, these access and inclusion practices should be based on established customer service access and inclusion standards that embrace and support the active engagement of people of all abilities in business offerings. In this regard, specialized products and specialized services become important, such as auxiliary means, prostheses, special foods, domestic help, and assisted living.

People-first language is one way to talk about disability which some people prefer. Using people-first language is said to put the person before the disability. Those individuals who prefer people-first language would prefer to be called, "a person with a disability". This style is reflected in major legislation on disability rights, including the Americans with Disabilities Act and the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The American Psychological Association style guide states that, when identifying a person with a disability, the person's name or pronoun should come first, and descriptions of the disability should be used so that the disability is identified, but is not modifying the person. Acceptable examples included "a woman with Down syndrome" or "a man who has schizophrenia". It also states that a person's adaptive equipment should be described functionally as something that assists a person, not as something that limits a person, for example, "a woman who uses a wheelchair" rather than "a woman in/confined to a wheelchair".

People-first terminology is used in the UK in the form "people with impairments" (such as "people with visual impairments"). However, in the UK, identity-first language is generally preferred over people-first language.

The use of people-first terminology has given rise to the use of the acronym PWD to refer to person(s) (or people) with disabilities (or disability). However other individuals and groups prefer identity-first language to emphasize how a disability can impact people's identities. Which style of language used varies between different countries, groups and individuals.

Identity-first language describes the person as "disabled". Some people prefer this and argue that this fits the social model of disability better than people-first language, as it emphasizes that the person is disabled not by their body, but by a world that does not accommodate them.

This is especially true in the UK, where it is argued under the social model that while someone's impairment (for example, having a spinal cord injury) is an individual property, "disability" is something created by external societal factors such as a lack of accessibility. This distinction between the individual property of impairment and the social property of disability is central to the social model. The term "disabled people" as a political construction is also widely used by international organizations of disabled people, such as Disabled Peoples' International.

Using the identity-first language also parallels how people talk about other aspects of identity and diversity. For example:

In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as 'Autistic,' 'Autistic person,' or 'Autistic individual' because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual's identity - the same way one refers to 'Muslims,' 'African-Americans,' 'Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer,' 'Chinese,' 'gifted,' 'athletic,' or 'Jewish.'

The term handicap derives from the medieval game Hand-in-cap, in which two players trade possessions, and a third, neutral person judges the difference of value between the possessions. The concept of a neutral person evening up the odds was extended to handicap racing in the mid-18th century, where horses carry different weights based on the umpire's estimation of what would make them run equally. In the early 20th century the word gained the additional meaning of describing a disability, in the sense that a person with a handicap was carrying a heavier burden than normal. This concept, then, adds to the conception of disability as a burden, or individual problem, rather than a societal problem.

Accessibility is the degree to which a product, service or environment is available for use to the people that need it. People with certain types of disabilities struggle to get equal access to some things in society. For example, a blind person cannot read printed paper ballots, and therefore does not have access to voting that requires paper ballots. Another example can be that a person in a wheelchair cannot ascend stairs and therefore does not have access to buildings without ramps.

A change that improves access. For example, if voting ballots are available in braille or on a text-to-speech machine, or if another person reads the ballot to the blind person and recorded the choices, then the blind person would have access to voting.

Invisible disabilities, also known as Hidden Disabilities or Non-visible Disabilities (NVD), are disabilities that are not immediately apparent, or seeable . They are often chronic illnesses and conditions that significantly impair normal activities of daily living. Invisible disabilities can hinder a person's efforts to go to school, work, socialize, and more. Some examples of invisible disabilities include intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental disorders, asthma, epilepsy, allergies, migraines, arthritis, progeria and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Employment discrimination is reported to play a significant part in the high rate of unemployment among those with a diagnosis of mental illness.

People with health conditions such as arthritis, bipolar disorder, HIV, or multiple sclerosis have periods of wellness between episodes of illness. During the illness episodes people's ability to perform normal tasks, such as work, can be intermittent.

Disability activism itself has led to the revision of appropriate language, when discussing disability and disabled people. For example, the medical classification of 'retarded' has since been disregarded, due to its negative implications. Moreover, disability activism has also led to pejorative language being reclaimed by disabled people. Mairs (1986) explained how disabled people may choose to self-describe themselves as a 'cripple'. This may appear surprising that they are using stereotypically negative language associated with disability, to describe themselves; however the purpose is to reclaim the 'disabled identity' from medical professionals, and realign it with the preferred language of disabled people. The reclamation of language demonstrated above positions itself within the social model, as it highlights how as a society we construct concepts and perceptions of disability.

Disability activists have drawn attention to the following issues:

The disability rights movement aims to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for disabled people. The specific goals and demands of the movement are accessibility and safety in transportation, architecture, and the physical environment; equal opportunities in independent living, employment, education, and housing; and freedom from abuse, neglect, and violations of patients' rights. Effective civil rights legislation is sought to secure these opportunities and rights.

The early disability rights movement was dominated by the medical model of disability, where emphasis was placed on curing or treating disabled people so that they would adhere to the social norm, but starting in the 1960s, rights groups began shifting to the social model of disability, where disability is interpreted as an issue of discrimination, thereby paving the way for rights groups to achieve equality through legal means.

Advocacy for disability issues and accessibility in the republics of the former Soviet Union has become more organized and influential in policymaking.

Evolving from the disability rights movement is the Disability Justice movement, which aims to improve the lives of disabled people through prioritizing collective liberation, as opposed to prioritizing legislative change and traditional civil rights. This framework, dubbed the "second wave" of disability rights, seeks to examine the many systems of oppression that are intertwined with ableism, such colonialism, white supremacy, and heteropatriarchal capitalism. The term "Disability Justice" was coined in 2005 by LGBTQ disabled women of color, Mia Mingus, Patricia Berne, and Stacey Milbern, who sought to build an anti-ableist movement with a larger emphasis on intersectionality than mainstream disability rights, as to center marginalized voices. Their group, the Disability Justice Collective, also included notable disability activists such as Sebastian Margaret, Leroy F. Moore Jr., well known for his poetry and founding of the Krip Hop movement, and Eli Clare, well known for popularizing the bodymind concept within disability studies.

On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people. As of January 2021, 182 nations have ratified or accepted accession to the convention. Countries that sign the convention are required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities will, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; to the right to own and inherit property; to not be discriminated against in marriage, etc.; and to not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments. UN officials, including the High Commissioner for Human Rights, have characterized the bill as representing a paradigm shift in attitudes toward a more rights-based view of disability in line with the social model.

In 1976, the United Nations began planning for its International Year for Disabled Persons (1981), later renamed the International Year of Disabled Persons. The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, Frank Bowe was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by Robert Davila. Both Bowe and Davila are deaf. In 1984, UNESCO accepted sign language for use in the education of deaf children and youth.

UN programs and OSCE work to align policy and programs in countries that were part of the former Soviet Union with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Political rights, social inclusion and citizenship have come to the fore in developed and some developing countries. The debate has moved beyond a concern about the perceived cost of maintaining dependent disabled people to finding effective ways to ensure that disabled people can participate in and contribute to society in all spheres of life.

In developing nations, where the vast bulk of the estimated 650 million disabled people reside, a great deal of work is needed to address concerns ranging from accessibility and education to self-empowerment, self-supporting employment, and beyond.

In the past few years, disability rights activists have focused on obtaining full citizenship for disabled people.

There are obstacles in some countries in getting full employment; public perception of disabled people may vary.[citation needed ]

Disability abuse happens when a person is abused physically, financially, verbally or mentally due to the person having a disability. As many disabilities are not visible (for example, asthma, learning disabilities) some abusers cannot rationalize the non-physical disability with a need for understanding, support, and so on.

As the prevalence of disability and the cost of supporting disability increases with medical advancement and longevity in general, this aspect of society becomes of greater political importance. How political parties treat their disabled constituents may become a measure of a political party's understanding of disability, particularly in the social model of disability.

Disability benefit, or disability pension, is a major kind of disability insurance that is provided by government agencies to people who are temporarily or permanently unable to work due to a disability. In the U.S., the disability benefit is provided in the category of Supplemental Security Income. In Canada, it is within the Canada Pension Plan. In other countries, disability benefits may be provided under social security systems.

Costs of disability pensions are steadily growing in Western countries, mainly in Europe and the United States. It was reported that, in the UK, expenditure on disability pensions accounted for 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1980; two decades later it had reached 2.6% of GDP. Several studies have reported a link between increased absence from work due to sickness and elevated risk of future disability pension.

A study by researchers in Denmark suggests that information on self-reported days of absence due to sickness can be used to effectively identify future potential groups for disability pension. These studies may provide useful information for policymakers, case managing authorities, employers, and physicians.

Private, for-profit disability insurance plays a role in providing incomes to disabled people, but the nationalized programs are the safety net that catch most claimants.

Many countries have programs which aid intellectually disabled (ID) people to acquire skills needed in the workforce. Such programs include sheltered workshops and adult day care programs. Sheltered programs consist of daytime activities such as gardening, manufacturing, and assembling. These activities facilitate routine-oriented tasks that in turn allow ID people to gain experience before entering the workforce. Similarly, adult day care programs also include day time activities. However, these activities are based in an educational environment where ID people are able to engage in educational, physical, and communication-based tasks which helps facilitate communication, memory, and general living skills. In addition, adult day care programs arranged community activities by scheduling field trips to public places (e.g. zoos, and movie theaters). Despite both programs providing essential skills for intellectually disabled people prior to entering the workforce, researchers have found that ID people prefer to be involved with community-integrated employment. Community-integrated employment opportunities are offered to ID people at minimum or higher wages, in a variety of occupations ranging from customer service, clerical, janitorial, hospitality and manufacturing positions. ID employees work alongside employees without disabilities who are able to assist them with training. All three options allow intellectually disabled people to develop and exercise social skills that are vital to everyday life. However, it is not guaranteed that ID employees receive the same treatment as employees without ID; according to Lindstrom et al., community-integrated employees are less likely to receive raises, and only 26% are able to retain full-time status.

Finding a stable workforce poses additional challenges. A study published in the Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability indicated that although finding a job may be difficult, stabilizing a job is even harder. Chadsey-Rusch proposed that securing employment for ID people requires adequate production skills and effective social skills. Other underlying factors for job loss include structural factors and worker-workplace integration. As stated by Kilsby, limited structural factors can affect a multitude of factors in a job, such as a restricted number of hours an ID person is allowed to work. This in return, according to Fabian et al., leads to a lack of opportunity to develop relationships with coworkers or to better integrate within the workplace. Nevertheless, those who are unable to stabilize a job often are left discouraged. According to the same study conducted by JARID, many who had participated found that they had made smaller incomes when compared to their co-workers, had an excess of time throughout their days, because they did not have work. They also had feelings of hopelessness and failure. According to the U.S. National Organization on Disability, not only do ID people face constant discouragement, but many live below the poverty line, because they are unable to find or stabilize employment and because of employee restricting factors placed on ID workers. This renders ID people unable to provide for themselves, including basic necessities such as food, medical care, transportation, and housing.

The poverty rate for working-age people with disabilities is nearly two and a half times higher than that for people without disabilities. Disability and poverty may form a vicious circle, in which physical barriers and stigma of disability make it more difficult to get income, which in turn diminishes access to health care and other necessities for a healthy life. In societies without state funded health and social services, living with a disability could require spending on medication and frequent health care visits, in-home personal assistance, and adaptive devices and clothing, along with the usual costs of living. The World report on disability indicates that half of all disabled people cannot afford health care, compared to a third of abled people. In countries without public services for adults with disabilities, their families may be impoverished.

There is limited research knowledge, but many anecdotal reports, on what happens when disasters impact disabled people. Individuals with disabilities are greatly affected by disasters. Those with physical disabilities can be at risk when evacuating if assistance is not available. Individuals with cognitive impairments may struggle with understanding instructions that must be followed in the event a disaster occurs. All of these factors can increase the degree of variation of risk in disaster situations with disabled individuals.

Research studies have consistently found discrimination against individuals with disabilities during all phases of a disaster cycle. The most common limitation is that people cannot physically access buildings or transportation, as well as access disaster-related services. The exclusion of these individuals is caused in part by the lack of disability-related training provided to emergency planners and disaster relief personnel.

To a certain degree, physical impairments and changing mental states are almost ubiquitously experienced by people as they age. Aging populations are often stigmatized for having a high prevalence of disability. Kathleen Woodward, writing in Key Words for Disability Studies, explains the phenomenon as follows:

Aging is invoked rhetorically - at times ominously - as a pressing reason why disability should be of crucial interest to all of us (we are all getting older, we will all be disabled eventually), thereby inadvertently reinforcing the damaging and dominant stereotype of aging as solely an experience of decline and deterioration. But little attention has been given to the imbrication of aging and disability.

In Feminist, Queer, Crip, Alison Kafer mentions aging and the anxiety associated with it. According to Kafer, this anxiety stems from ideas of normalcy. She says:

Anxiety about aging, for example, can be seen as a symptom of compulsory able-bodiedness/able-mindedness, as can attempts to "treat" children who are slightly shorter than average with growth hormones; in neither case are the people involved necessarily disabled, but they are certainly affected by cultural ideals of normalcy and ideal form and function.

Going out in public so often takes courage. How many of us find that we can't dredge up the strength to do it day after day, week after week, year after year, a lifetime of rejection and revulsion? It is not only physical limitations that restrict us to our homes and those whom we know. It is the knowledge that each entry into the public world will be dominated by stares, by condescension, by pity, and by hostility.

There are distinct tactics that the media frequently employ in representing disabled presence. These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of persons with disabilities. As outlined by disability theorist and rhetorician Jay T. Dolmage, ableist media tropes can reflect and continue to perpetuate society's myths about disabled people.

Many disabled people denounce these representations as reducing people to their condition rather than viewing them as full people. Furthermore, supercrip portrayals are criticized for creating the unrealistic expectation that disability should be accompanied by some type of special talent, genius, or insight.

Examples of this trope in the media include Dr. Shaun Murphy from The Good Doctor, Marvel's Daredevil, and others.

The "disability drop" trope is when a supposedly disabled character is revealed to have been faking, embellishing, or otherwise not actually embodying their claimed disability. Jay Dolmage offers Kevin Spacey's character, Verbal Kint, in the film Usual Suspects as an example of this, and depictions like this can reflect able-bodied society's mistrust of disabled people. In addition, this reveal of a character's nondisabledness often serves as the narrative climax of a story, and the use of disability as a source of conflict in the plot, narrative obstacle, or a device of characterization aligns with other disability studies scholars' theory of "Narrative Prosthesis", a term coined by David T. Mitchell and Sharon Snyder.

The Disabled Victim Another frequent occurrence is when someone with a disability is assumed to be miserable or helpless.

The Hunchback of Notre Dame's Quasimodo, The Elephant Man's John Merrick, A Christmas Carol's Tiny Tim, and even news broadcasts that refer to people as "victims" or "sufferers" are just a few examples of this stereotype.

All of these situations include the utilization of a character's disability-often in conjunction with an especially charming personality-to elicit sympathy from the audience rather than true compassion. This is unquestionably an instance of putting the handicap before the person.

The Butt of the Joke Making fun of people's differences is, at best, cowardly, and it happens a frightening amount. Unfortunately, it's frequently used in movies and TV shows as a technique to score cheap laughs. Even the previous president of the United States, Barack Obama, cracked a joke about bowling at the Special Olympics.

Modern TV "documentaries," like " Embarrassing Bodies," make fun of or mock medical issues or disabilities for entertainment value. Comedy programs have long made fun of people with impairments, and the R-word is frequently used in these jokes.

On a brighter note, though, some comedians who have impairments themselves are now redressing the balance by utilizing their performances to make fun of themselves and respectfully and humorously bring attention to disabilities.

Eternally Innocent

Characters with disabilities are frequently portrayed in movies as being angelic or childish. These films include " Forrest Gump," " I Am Sam," and " Rain Man," all of which are excellent examples.

Often, the innocent and endearing person with a disability points out the inadequacies of their "normal" adult peers, which helps them achieve salvation.

This stereotype, like all the others, perpetuates patronizing perceptions that are simply untrue and are therefore damaging.

While there are many disability tropes, disability aesthetics attempts to dispel them by accurately depicting disabled bodies in art and media.

Some disabled people have attempted to resist marginalization through the use of the social model in opposition to the medical model; with the aim of shifting criticism away from their bodies and impairments and towards the social institutions that oppress them relative to their abled peers. Disability activism that demands many grievances be addressed, such as lack of accessibility, poor representation in media, general disrespect, and lack of recognition, originates from a social model framework.

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The experiences that disabled people have to navigate social institutions vary greatly as a function of what other social categories they may belong to. For example, a disabled man and a disabled woman experience disability differently. This speaks to the concept of intersectionality, which explains that different aspects of a person's identity (such as their gender, race, sexuality, religion, or social class) intersect and create unique experiences of oppression and privilege. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities differentiates two kinds of disability intersection: race-disability intersection, and gender-disability intersection. However, many more intersections exist. Disability is defined differently by each person; it may be visible or invisible, and multiple intersections often arise from overlapping identity categories.

Incidence of disability is reported to be greater among several minority communities across the globe, according to a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Disabled people who are also racial minorities generally have less access to support and are more vulnerable to violent discrimination. A study in the journal Child Development indicated that minority disabled children are more likely to receive punitive discipline in low and middle income countries. Due to the fact that children with disabilities are mistreated more often than those without disability; racialized children in this category are at an even higher risk. With respect to disability in the United States, Camille A. Nelson, writing for the Berkeley Journal of Criminal Law, notes the dual discrimination that racial minorities with disabilities experience from the criminal justice system, expressing that for "people who are negatively racialized, that is people who are perceived as being non-white, and for whom mental illness is either known or assumed, interaction with police is precarious and potentially dangerous."

The marginalization of people with disabilities can leave persons with disabilities unable to actualize what society expects of gendered existence. This lack of recognition for their gender identity can leave persons with disabilities with feelings of inadequacy. Thomas J. Gerschick of Illinois State University describes why this denial of gendered identity occurs:

Bodies operate socially as canvases on which gender is displayed and kinesthetically as the mechanisms by which it is physically enacted. Thus, the bodies of people with disabilities make them vulnerable to being denied recognition as women and men.

A good example of the intersection between disability and socio-economic status is access to education, as we know that there are direct links between poverty and disability - often working in a vicious cycle. The costs of special education and caring for a disabled child are higher than for a child with no acknowledged disability, which poses an immense barrier in accessing appropriate education. The inaccessibility of appropriate education (at any stage), can lead to difficulties in finding employment, which often results in the vicious cycle of being 'bound' by one's experience as a poor and disabled person to remain in the same social structure and experience socio-economic exclusion. In short, this vicious cycle exacerbates the lack of economic, social, and cultural capital for disabled people with a low socio-economic background. On the other hand, a disabled person of a high socio-economic status, may have an easier time accessing appropriate (special) education or treatment - for example by having access to better aids, resources, or programmes that can help them succeed.

The Paralympic Games (meaning "alongside the Olympics") are held after the (Summer and Winter) Olympics. The Paralympic Games include athletes with a wide range of physical disabilities. In member countries, organizations exist to organize competition in the Paralympic sports on levels ranging from recreational to elite (for example, Disabled Sports USA and BlazeSports America in the United States).

The Paralympics developed from a rehabilitation program for British war veterans with spinal injuries. In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttman, a neurologist working with World War II veterans with spinal injuries at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury in the UK, began using sport as part of the rehabilitation programs of his patients.

In 2006, the Extremity Games were formed for physically disabled people, specifically limb loss or limb difference, to be able to compete in extreme sports.

Estimates of worldwide and country-wide numbers of disabled people are problematic. The varying approaches taken to defining disability notwithstanding, demographers agree that the world population of individuals with disabilities is very large. For example, in 2012, the World Health Organization estimated a world population of 6.5 billion people. Of those, nearly 650 million people, or 10%, were estimated to be moderately or severely disabled. In 2018 the International Labour Organization estimated that about a billion people, one-seventh of the world population, had disabilities, 80% of them in developing countries, and 80% of working age. Excluding disabled people from the workforce was reckoned to cost up to 7% of gross domestic product.

Nearly 1 in 5 Australians, or 4.4 million people, were estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a disability. A mental or behavioral issue was reported in over 25% of Australians with disabilities. Male prevalence was 17.6 million, while female prevalence was somewhat higher at 17.8 million between the sexes. Age-wise, 11.6% of adults between 0 and 64 in Australia had a disability, compared to 49.6% of seniors 65 and over. 53.4% of Australians aged 15 to 64 who have a disability are employed.

According to Twenty-Year Trends in the Prevalence of Disability in China, a medical publication from the National Library of Medicine, there were an estimated 84.6 million Chinese individuals living with a disability in 2006. In a 2006 poll of 83,342 men and 78,137 women, the age groups with the highest reported rates of disability are 18-44-year-old males (22.5%) and 65-74-year-old females (22.8%), according to polls published in the journal that were representative of the country as a whole. In China, the percentage of people with disabilities varies substantially between urban and rural regions, with men and women having reported rates of 72.4% and 72.2%, respectively, in rural China, compared to reported rates of 27.6% and 27.8%, respectively, in urban China. Hearing and speech disabilities are the most commonly reported in China, with males being more affected than females at rates 39.6% and 36.2% among the disabled, respectively.

In South Korea, there were accounted to be 2.517 million people with disabilities in total, or roughly 5.0% of the population, in 2018. When compared to Koreans without disabilities, people with disabilities spent an average of 56.5 days in medical facilities, which was 2.6 more than the national average. 34.9% of the entire workforce was employed in jobs connected to disabilities. Families with disabilities made an average income of 41.53 million won, or 71.3% of total family earnings. According to the Korean 2020 Statistics on the Disabled The majority of persons with disabilities needed help with "cleaning" and "using transportation", among other everyday tasks.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. Disabilities can be present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime.

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http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/11/music.aspx

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http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/11/music.aspx

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http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/healing-through-music-201511058556

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3rd idea from me by the effectiveness oh healing by music

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3rd idea from me by the effectiveness oh healing by music

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brick-brick/201402/does-music-have-healing-powers

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Music has been around since the times humans realized that tapping two sticks together can create an engaging beat. Music can uplift our soul, foster in us feelings of joy, compassion and love. Music is an integral part of any social gathering. It also soothes our mind, so much so that it is now recognized as a form of therapy.

In the mid-twentieth century, music therapy emerged as a discipline and trained music therapists started using it for the wellness of people. Development of modern technologies has brought a new light on how music can structure and function our brain, improve our mood and stimulate our emotions.
Music Activates Our Brain
Learning to play music changes the structure of our brain in a way to make it more active and strong. Studies have shown that people listening to pleasant music improve their information processing speed, reasoning, creativity, attention span and memory.
Music Regulates Stress Related Hormones
Anesthesiologists report that listening to relaxing music reduces the level of stress hormones in the blood and also replaces the need of medication in some of the cases.
Music Boosts Immune System
Pleasant state can be achieved by listening to music which eventually leads to special physiological changes which eventually leads to stress reduction and immunity enhancement.
Music Boosts Productivity
We have innumerable distractions at work competing for our attention. Music helps us in putting back on a more productive track. A study shows that people who listened to music completed their tasks more quickly and came up with better ideas than those who did not.
Music Strengthens Memory and Learning
Music has the power of helping people concentrate better. It can enhance one's ability to memorize spellings and poetry. Participating in a music program in school has shown to have positive effects on learning, motivation and behaviour.
Music Reduces Pain
Although it is not clear why music may reduce pain, music's impact on dopamine release may play a significant role. A study shows that patients listening to music before their spine surgery experienced lesser pain than a group which did not listen to music.
Music Improves Sleep Quality
Stress and anxiety are the major factors which affect sleep. Music works wonders in reducing them. Research has shown that listening to music creates more restful sleep and improves sleeping patterns. In some cases it might help in treating insomnia.

Treat yourself with some good music and enjoy the wonderful effects on your body, mind and soul this World Music Day!

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How Music Heals the Mind, Body and Soul? | Bajaj Allianz

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Music has been around since the times humans realized that tapping two sticks together can create an engaging beat. Music can uplift our soul, foster in us feelings of joy, compassion and love. Music is an integral part of any social gathering.

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my opinion , how bout we devide into 3 subtopics which is ,

1. elements of music that can heal us.
2. methode that they use in healing process by music.
3. effectiveness of healing by music ..

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this's more to effectiveness

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Introduction

There really is truth to the saying music soothes the soul, so much so that it is now recognized as a form of therapy. Music therapy is a recognized and accepted form of therapy, music stimulates so many parts of the brain as well as the emotions it can actually lower your blood pressure and heart rate. There are many ways music therapy can be utilized by a trained and certified music therapist, whether you are making music or listening to it, the benefits can be amazing.

What is Music Therapy and How is it Used?

The definition of music therapy according to the medical dictionary; it is a method of accompanying medicine that utilizes music as a therapeutic treatment method prescribed by a trained and certified therapist for patients to help them overcome emotional, social, intellectual and physical handicaps.

Music therapy has been utilized in numerous ways; to reduce stress, it can promote healing and well being, and it has even been used as a special form of therapy for people suffering from dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It is a means of expression and this can be very helpful in treating children with autism as well. Of course the benefits of music therapy is still under study, but the areas of it's healing properties is expanding rapidly as more and more therapies are being utilized for different treatment purposes. For example researchers at Beth Israel Medical Center's Louis Armstrong Center for Music and Medicine used three different forms of music for a study of 272 premature babies in eleven Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). The music therapy consisted of: the parents selecting and singing a lullaby to their baby; a gato box which is a drum-like instrument which produces simulated heartbeat rhythms; and an "ocean disc" which is a round instrument that creates sounds that mimic the sounds heard in the womb.

What The Research Shows

The lead author of the study, Joanne Loewy, stated that the research results showed that the babies responded to all three forms of music in lowering the heart rate of the babies, with the lullaby being the most effective. The babies also remained contentedly alert for longer periods of time when being sang to. As for the other two music forms used, the gato box improved the suckling behavior in the babies and the ocean disc instrument had an improvement in the babies sleep. An added benefit the study showed was that the stress levels of the parents decreased as a result of the music therapy.

Another recent study published by JAMA Pediatrics in July, 2013 indicated that there is a link between music and reducing stress and anxiety levels in pediatric patients. The study included 42 children from the age of three to eleven who were being treated in pediatric emergency rooms. Researchers found that the children who listened to soothing, relaxing type music during an IV insertion demonstrated less anxiety and reported markedly less pain than the patients who did not receive music therapy.

An additional benefit was that two-thirds of the doctors and nurses administering the IVs stated the patients who received music therapy were much easier to administer, in contrast to the 38 percent of the other health care providers treating the patients who did not receive music therapy.

There is mounting scientific evidence that music therapy provides relief to patients suffering from illnesses with debilitating and/or constant pain. And the research is continuing and expanding all the time, the latest studies being conducted are in an area of the brain involving the thalamus and the outer cortex which researchers believe has a role in severely debilitating and even fatal diseases such as fibromyalgia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's. Early results are very promising and are bringing new hope to the patients and families of those afflicted by these crippling diseases.

Conclusion

Though there is still much work and research to be concluded on the healing properties of music therapy and its applications scientific evidence and progress is steadily being made. If you or a loved one is suffering from any of the above mentioned illnesses you may want to consider seeking out a licensed and trained music therapist as an additional weapon in fighting the disease.

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How Music Heals The Mind, Body and Soul - HealthNetwork Blog

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There really is truth to the saying music soothes the soul, so much so that it is now recognized as a form of therapy. Music therapy is a recognized and accepted form of therapy, music stimulates so many parts of the brain as well as the emotions it can actually lower your blood pressure and heart rate.

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gaisss .. i think we should change our subtopic .. i find my scholar but it's so simple to make an essay .. what do u think gaissss

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haii gaisss . this's our pages and sorry bout the wallpaper. can inform me if u all doesnt like the baymax T.T