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Dayak chief as seen holding a spear and a Klebit Bok shield

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Dayak chief as seen holding a spear and a Klebit Bok shield

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Iban woman carrying yoke laden with rice seeding

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This particular documentary was recorded by Tom Harrison and Hugh Gibbs in 1958 at Sarawak Borneo, Malaysia. This is how the Iban Head Hunter manage their life in the tropical forest in Borneo.

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- Iban longhouse society revolves around a group of siblings who founded the house. They decide how bilik-families occupy each apartment.
- A longhouse chief is called a tuai rumah.
-The Iban have traditionally been more egalitarian that other Bornean groups whose members are divided into aristocrats, commoners and slaves.
- Iban political positions such as headmen, regional chiefs and paramount chief were introduced by the British in the 19th century for administrative purposes and help suppress headhunting.
- Children are told that guardian spirits are always watching them to make sure they behave correctly.
- One of the main duties of a headman is to arbitrate over disputes. The Iban can be a proud and stubborn people, and conflicts break out over property, sexual impropriety and perceived insults.
-The Iban have traditionally had a fierce rivalry with the Kayah.
-The traditional Iban legal system is based on paying fines in traded goods such as brassware, ceramics, and more recently outboard motors, firearms and money.

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The primary activity of a majority of Iban is rice farming

Ritual acts are performed to ensure a successful crop

Auguries are taken in June, farms are cleared in June and July

The most important commercial activity for the largest number of Iban men has been the institutionalized bejalai, or journey to work for wages

Iban collect bamboo and rattans for their own use or for sale

The Iban grow food crops sich as casava, pumpkins and vegetables, raise cash crops like pepper and cacao and collect fruit from trees

These days many Iban men work in logging camps or on rubber or palm oil plantations. Some work for oil companies; others as traders

Some Iban earn extra cash by putting up tourists in their longhouses and performing so-called headhunter dances to drums and gongs.

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A Teacher's Story on Education In the Interior of Sarawak

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Mohd Azhar is proud to call himself a teacher of SK Tegulang. Despite the need for him to travel into the interior of Sarawak to teach, he does his best to deliver knowledge to his students. With great pride, Azhar smiled and said: "There has been an apparent improvement among the students as compared to the very first day they joined school."

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Fishing Iban style on the Batang Ai river (Nanga Sumpa Longhouse, Sarawak Borneo)

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Fishing Iban style on the Batang Ai River with the Dayaks of the Nanga Sumpa Longhouse in Borneo (Sarawak).

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Formal Education

It is most typically referred to as schooling and differs from informal education in various ways.

Schooling implies a curriculum  whereby learning activities are organized into units that are increasingly abstract and removed from reality and that are taught in a specialized, concentrated, and highly verbal context.

The emphasis is upon teaching by impersonal instructors who tend to relate to students only in terms of school activities.

The incentives of the learners are vague, and focus on delayed and remote rewards which often lie beyond the school.

Informal Education

It can be best thought as socialization in the family and the learning activities are specific and concrete, dealing with everyday events.

These activities tend not to have specialized character of their own because they are usually by-products of family parents or kinsman in highly affective and personal terms.

The incentive for learning tends to be more immediate and intrinsic to the activities themselves.

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1.Taboos for pregnancy and birth
- both husband and wife are prohibited the handle of a knife otherwise their child will be born deaf
- They are not allowed to break an egg for if it is done it means that the child will go blind
2. silent omen
- if going fishing, they cannot say they are going fishing or tell about it or end up with nothing
3.foretold tragedy
-while they going into the jungle, they heard a certain bird chirp ( Burung Ketupong), it means bad luck and should avoid going in or else they will get harmed
4. Untold customs
-iban marriage has to comply with the requirements of customary marriage, such as a fine that has to be paid in order to avoid married couple calamity, if the couple has blood-tied, they will be showered by the blood of animal to avoid the disaster in the family.
5. The death roaming
- they believe that whenever there is rain while the day is sunny, it is the moment for death spirits, ghosts and giant go out for hunting and the hunt for humans.
6. The head-hunters
- the iban has a supernatural job as a headhunter, they will cut off their enemy's head and hang it at their house as the sign of greatness and braveness. However, the head become a supernatural thing like it is alive and the iban will serve the head( give food or do some rituals)

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-long frabric , 10-12 feet long, 10 inches wide

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Traditional Iban Female Costumes and Accessories  

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Traditional Iban Female Costumes and Accessories  

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- It is called Ngepan Iban.
- It consists of several seperate pieces of clothings and accessories:-
1) Marik Empang (neckpiece accessories)
2) Tumpa (set of bracelets and silver belts)
3) Sugu Tinggi (traditional headwear/comb case)
4) Selampai
5) Tating Kain
6) Kain Kebat

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- Two different types of Traditional Iban costumes. They are Baju Burung and Kalambi
-  Baju Burung or also as known as Gagong and Sirat woven loin - cloth (cawat) is also introduced as the warrior's outfit.
- Sirat is a piece of long fabric about 10 inches wide and 10-12 feet long and the both ends of the cloth is decorated with beautiful weaving or sewing.
- Baju Burung is made of thick and hard animal skin.
-They will wear the headgear which is called Setapuk Tunjang and Ketapu.

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-Iban believe that nothing happens without a cause
-Iban believe that everyday activities are directed by the
bird-god 'Sengalang Burong'
-Iban religious practitioners:
1) bards (lemambang)
-responsible for reciting myths, histories and
genealogies
-highly respected and are invited to chant  at all major rituals
2) augurs (tuai burong)
-who are involved in presiding over rituals involving
things like agriculture and traveling
-employed for critical activities like farming and travelling
3) shaman (manang)
-who work primarily as healers
-psychotherapist
-consulted for unusual ailments

- Religious ceremonies generally fall into four categories:
1) agricultural festivals
2) healing rituals
3) ceremonies for the courageous, head
hunting
4) rituals of the dead

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- Made of cooked glutinous rice mixed with home-made yeast for fermentation
- Used to serve guests as a welcoming drink when entering a longhouse

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#PETRONASGawai Episode 7: Traditional Food

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PETRONAS journeys to East Malaysia to uncover the unique cultures and traditions of Sabah and Sarawak. This 12-part enlightening adventure continues in Sarawak, where we celebrate Gawai and learn about its delicacies, arts, crafts and traditional practices. Discover more PETRONAS stories - including our more recent ads - by visiting https://www.petronasofficial.com/festive.

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- Iban are well known for their weaving skills in making:
-Pua Kumbu
(most popular and demanded)
-Pua Sungkit
(Tedious weaving technique)
-Pua Karap
(for skirt, refined weaving process)

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- It is a type of forest fern used as a vegetable.
- Considered as a tasty, nutritional vegetable by the rural dwellers

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- The Iban music called taboh is made by playing a set of four musical instruments namely engkerumong, tawak, bebendau and ketubong or sometimes called bedup which are respectively played by each person in synchronization. There are various kinds of taboh depending the purpose and types of ngajat like' alun lundar'
-The most important Iban musical instrument is called a engkerumong which is a set of bronze gongs haug from ropes hanging from a stretched wooden frame which are struck with a wooden mallet.

ENGKERUMONG

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- One of the best known Iban traditional dishes.
- Features chicken and lemongrass cooked in a bamboo log over an open fire.
- stuffed with water, seasonings and covered with tapioca leaves from the cassava plant

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- The common Iban Language is known as 'Jaku Iban'
- Differrent sub-ethnic groups of Iban speak different dialects.
- The common and formal recognized dialect across Sarawak are Saribas (Bentong & Saratok), Balaus, Sebuyaus and Ulu Ai
- Examples:
-Selamat datai
-Bakani gaya kitak?
-Manah. Nuan deh?
-Manah betemu nuan

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-' Ngajat' dance, which originated from the Iban community, have been in existence along with Iban tribe since the 16th Century
-Ngajat dance is believed to have been performed by warriors in their return from battles.
-it is now performed to celebrate the most important harvest festival, Gawai Dayak, to welcome important guest to the longhouses and so on.
- The male dancers wear a headgear made form tail feathers of the hornbill and holds a long sword in one hand and an ornately decorated shield in the other when performing the dance.
- While the female dancers have an elaborate headdress, chains, beads and a 'dress' that reaches to below their knees with intricate weaving

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- Traditional Iban food is called Pansuh food, which simply means the cooking of food or dish in a bamboo stem.
- The food is put together into a bamboo stem, then directly placed over an open fire to be cooked.
- The uniqueness of using the bamboo stem in cooking is the special aroma or texture that is given to the food.

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- Ibans are a branch of the Dayak people of Borneo.
- In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak and currently have a population of around 1,046,400 people.
- They speak the Iban language.
- Mostly live in long houses.

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- The origins of the name Iban is a mystery, although many theories exist.
- During the British colonial era, the Ibans were called Sea Dayaks.
- Some beliefs that the word Iban was an ancient original Iban word for people or men.
- The modern day Iban word for people or men is mensia, a slightly modified Malay loan word of the same meaning (Manusia).