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TraitDefinition: A person’s enduring characteristics which form their behavior patterns. If someone were to view themselves as a  curious person, then curiosity would be considered one of their traits. This person’s curiosity is enduring (does not go away) and it leads them to act in certain ways.

Gordon Allport
Hans Eysenk
Paul Costa, Jr.
Robert McCrae

Gordon Allport
Trait theory: Every human being possess hundreds of traits that exist on one of three levels: Cardinal Trait This characteristic is a person’s dominant trait and serves to mold a person’s identity, emotions, and behaviors.  Central trait- These are seen as core traits. Although they are not dominant, they are inherent in most people and lay the foundation for our personalities and actions. Secondary Trait- These traits are privately held, and often only revealed in confidence or under certain conditions.

Hans Eysenck
Identify the two primary dimensions of personality extraversion (E) and  neuroticism (N), from which four basic personality types flow:High N, High E results in a choleric personality- an assertive, leader-like person. High N, Low E results in a melancholic personality- a cautious and introverted type. Low N, high E results in a sanguine personality- the sociable and charismatic type. Low N, low N results in a phlegmatic personality- a consistent, calm person.

Paul Costa Jr. & Robert McCrae
However, many researchers felt that Cattell's theory was too complicated and Eysenck's was too limited in scope. As a result, the five-factor theory emerged to describe the essential traits that serve as the building blocks of personality.Evidence of this theory has been growing for many years, beginning with the research of D. W. Fiske (1949) and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg (1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987). The five traits are five basic dimensions of personality, described by the acronym OCEAN- Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism

Key Terms:
Gordon Allport: Trait theory, founder, Cardinal Trait, Central Trait, Secondary Trait.
Hans Eysenck:Genetics, temperament, biological origins, neuroticism and extraversion/ introversion.
Paul Costa Jr.:Personality is stable, personality is universal, personality influences: longevity, health, and overall behavior.
Robert McCrae:Five factor theory, stability of personality, personality is biological that is slightly influenced by culture and society.

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https://goo.gl/images/P1ebtx

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https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/adlerian-therapy
https://www.adler.edu/page/about/history/about-alfred-adler

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http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072316799/student_view0/part2/chapter6/chapter_outline.html

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-Human behavior is not created and developed by the environment, rather model their behavior after what they come into contact with.

-Human personality develops from observation and experience.

-Social Learning Theory: Learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors.

-Bobo doll experiment: A study to investigate if social behaviors can be acquired by observation and imitation.

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https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/abraham-maslow/

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https://study.com/academy/lesson/carl-jungs-theories-lesson-quiz.html

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https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

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Gordon Allport: Introduction

Gordon Allport was a world-renowned and highly influential scholar in understanding the factors influencing personality, motivation, and psychological health. This lesson will help you get to know Allport, his contributions to psychology, and his general theories of personality development.

Gordon Allport: Biography

Gordon Allport was born in Montezuma, Indiana, on November 11, 1897. He was raised by his biological parents, John Edwards and Nellie Edith, along with four older brothers. They were practicing Protestants. Allport's mother worked as a school teacher, and his father a country doctor. Due to his father's strong work ethic and dedication to his patients, Allport's childhood home was converted into a makeshift hospital. Patients and nurses roamed freely throughout the home. His father's appreciation of and dedication to science and health likely influenced Allport to be a pioneer in psychology and personality theory.

Allport easily shared his father's spirit for hard work, as he was an early entrepreneur. When Allport was a teenager, he owned his own printing business and was editor of the school paper. Despite these extracurricular commitments, Allport graduated second in his class and earned a scholarship to the highly prestigious Harvard University.

Allport initially struggled adjusting to the cultural differences and academic challenges of Harvard. Instead of earning top grades as he had done in high school, he was managing Cs and Ds. However, as Allport became more comfortable at Harvard, he again began to excel in his studies. His hard work earned him two bachelor's degrees, economics and philosophy, in 1919.

After earning his bachelor's degrees, Allport spent time teaching Sociology in Istanbul, Turkey. When he returned, he was influenced by his older brother to study psychology. He continued on at Harvard to earn his master's degree in 1921 and his Ph.D. in 1922, both in psychology.

In 1924, Allport began teaching in the Department of Social Ethics at Harvard. He developed and taught the first ever psychology course on personality. Shortly thereafter, he also taught social psychology and personality courses at Dartmouth College. Due to his contributions to psychology, he quickly climbed the ranks as a professor at Harvard. He earned the title of Assistant Professor in Psychology in 1930. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1937. Then Allport earned Full Professor of Psychology in 1943. He held this position until his death in 1967. During his tenure at Harvard, he also contributed to scholarly activities at Cambridge University, the University of Berlin, and University of Hamburg.

In addition to teaching, Allport was heavily involved in the care of refugee scholars displaced by WWII. Several of his scholars would continue on to become influential leaders in the field of psychology. Allport was also very active in the psychology community. In 1937, he was the president of the national organization for all psychologists, the American Psychological Association. He was also the president of the Eastern Psychological Association in 1943.

Allport authored five books, which explained his theories on personality, social psychology, prejudice, and religion. Allport served as the editor of the Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. He was honored in the 1960s for his lifetime dedication to psychological science and practice when he received the American Psychological Foundation's Gold Medal and the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.

Allport passed away shortly after receiving these high honors. He died on October 9, 1967, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of lung cancer.

Gordon Allport: Theory

One of Gordon Allport's most significant contributions to psychology was his theory on personality traits, known as trait theory. According to trait theory, your personality is made up of several traits. Traits are enduring personal characteristics, which are resistant to change. These traits shape your thoughts, feelings, and actions. Allport believed these traits, which shape personality, are divided into three categories:

First, we have cardinal traits, which are relatively rare traits that tend to dominate your personality. They are so pronounced that you might even be known for this specific trait.

Here's an example: Jake is the cheapest person you've ever met. He takes extra condiments and napkins from fast food joints so that he doesn't have to spend his own money on them at home. He re-washes ziplock bags and aluminum foil so he can re-use them. The neighborhood joke is when Jake passes, he'll ask to split a grave with someone else, so he only has to pay half price.

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gordon allport: biography & theory - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Gordon Allport: Biography & Theory - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Gordon Allport was a world-renowned and highly influential scholar in understanding the factors influencing personality, motivation, and psychological health. This lesson will help you get to know Allport, his contributions to psychology, and his general theories of personality development. Gordon Allport was born in Montezuma, Indiana, on November 11, 1897.

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http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogers.html

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http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/perscontents.html