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1. Is civil disobedience the most effective way of achieving racial equality?

2. What were key events and people of the civil rights movement and how did they further the civil rights movement?

3. Is violence or non-violence the most effective means to achieve social change?

4. Did the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s effectively change the nation? (legacy and impact)

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Is civil disobedience the most effective way of achieving racial equality?

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Is civil disobedience the most effective way of achieving racial equality?

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The Civil Rights Movement was a time period from the 1940s to the 1970s in which African Americans fought for full economic, social and political rights they felt that they deserved as US citizens. Some of the privileges they sought were voting rights, freedom to express constitutional rights, and racial equality in housing, education and the workplace. The movement centered around the African Americans who were inspired by acts of civil disobedience. A notable act of disobedience involving a woman named Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama set the stage for further civil disobedience after she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man on the way home from work. She was arrested afterwards, however, her actions proved that any member of the Black Community could stand up to racial inequality and fight for their rights. Her acts led to Martin Luther King Jr. advocating for peaceful non violent movements and in boycotting the Montgomery buses as an act of defiance against the whites who were segregating the Blacks on the buses. He also used the church as a way to spread the message to his listeners, since church leaders were often respected. His philosophy, which was similar to Mahatma Gandhi's received worldwide attention. For his movement led to starting the beginnings of the civil rights movement. He inspired activists throughout the country to step up and eventually this mass movement was a significant success, due to the high amount of media coverage of non violent protesters being targeted by police officers. It spread awareness on how the issue would soon escalate on a larger scale and that the protests were incredibly effective in allowing the African Americans to advocate for the rights and treatment they fully deserve and were previously denied.

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Shows people marching in Washington https://catalog.archives.gov/id/542044

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https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=43

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https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=100

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This photo of an African American  having to drink from another fountain shows how the Jim Crows Laws segregated them. in a racially discriminating manner https://jimcrowlawsycuevas.weebly.com/background.html

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZql8SwgvPA
Bloody Sunday, an event where people begin to march from Selma to Montgomery to protest but State Troopers waiting at the end of the bridge attacked many of the peaceful protesters who were going to cross

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:https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=97&page=transcript

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Malcolm X delivering a speech against police brutality
https://progressive.org/op-eds/malcolm-x-relevant-today-50-years-ago/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x0l_vkjozc

A brief overview of the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

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What were key events and people of the civil rights movement and how did they further the civil rights movement?

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What were key events and people of the civil rights movement and how did they further the civil rights movement?

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Some notable figures involved in the Civil Rights Movement were Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey, Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X and Philip Randolph. Booker Washington believed that Blacks should integrate into society through learning technical skills that could make them valuable to society. Garvey wanted Blacks to return to Africa insisting that Africa was for Africans and therefore they should re-establish their society there. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr was a prominent figure in the movement for his nonviolent work. Rosa Parks ignited the movement through standing up to a white man on a segregated bus. Malcolm X was a man who initially believed that blacks and whites should be separated, however he switched his belief after visiting Mecca and converting to Islam. Philip Randolph was another prominent activist who declared that the Blacks wanted the same rights as the Whites and raised the idea of a mass march to encourage the federal government agencies to allow blacks to have freedom. He initiated the mass protest in Washington. This was a significant event which brought people together from all over the country, blacks and whites alike to protest. It was also the event where Martin Luther King delivered his iconic "I have a dream speech" where he envisioned a world where people would live to be judges for their character rather than skin. Furthermore, another key historical event was the ending of the Jim Crows Law which were a set of laws that racially segregated Blacks and barred interracial marriage. A man named Homer Plessy was known for challenging the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection and deemed that his arrest for sitting in a white cabin on a racially segregated train was a violation of this amendment. The court initially claimed that there had been no violation however it was only in 1954 when the Plessy ruling was overturned did. The Supreme Court finally realized that the segregated facilities were racially discriminating against the Blacks. Later on, the Jim Crows Laws. were finally terminated. Some organizations that were involved during the civil rights movement included the NAACP, the national association for the advancement of colored people, that aims to fight legal battles and use the law against those prohibiting African Americans from gaining liberties. The SCLC, Christian Southern Leadership Conference was founded by the president Martin Luther King and it used the church to spread their message. The CORE, Congress of Racial Equality: Fought to test the boundaries of the 14th amendment and see if African Americans would end their civil rights. Together, these organizations and people led to events such as the Washington March, termination of the Jim Crow laws and the nonviolent movements.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzoyPgwXMNQ&list=PLoGgviqq4847VRWTPXkDwxeVvNNfoKD7J&index=5

An analysis of the overall Civil Rights Movement

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https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement

https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-rights#ref307583

http://www.pbs.org/black-culture/explore/civil-rights-movement-birmingham-campaign/

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-disobedience/

https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/federal/civil-rights-movement/

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/civil-rights-movement/a/introduction-to-the-civil-rights-movement

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/the-gilded-age/south-after-civil-war/a/jim-crow

https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/black-panthers

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Did the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s effectively change the nation? (legacy and impact)

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Did the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s effectively change the nation? (legacy and impact)

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The movements were highly successful, seeing as during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, they successfully led to Blacks having the rights they equally deserved as US citizens. It changed the way they were treated and it allowed them to gain privileges that Whites had. It led to President Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to which strengthened anti segregation policies by withholding federal funding to states who did not comply with laws, education surrounding voting rights, and public facilities. It also led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which forbade literacy tests that Blacks were previously forced to take in order to vote. These acts terminated the racial injustices and set the stage for future movements to occur as other minorities also fought for reforms upon seeing how much the Blacks were able to accomplish. Examples included the Gay liberation movement in 1969 to reduce discrimination against gays and lesbians and criminalize violence against their sexual alongside gender identities. The Women's Suffrage that pushed for greater rights for women, called for the protection of employed pregnant women, rape laws, and criminalizing domestic violence.Then, there was the Native American Red Power movement which sought to succesfully achieve civil rights for Native American people as American citizens. They also fought  against racism, poverty, to preserve their languages, culture, and to gain land back. For Latino’s The struggle on the field movement started by leader Cesar Chavez's aimed at making the government in California change labor laws. Finally, for the Asian minorities, there was the Yellow power movement during the 60s and 70s. Where Asian Americans fought for reparations due to the Japanese internment camps and demanded a curriculum be set up to represent their ethnic backgrounds in colleges.

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Is violence or non-violence the most effective means to achieve social change?

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Is violence or non-violence the most effective means to achieve social change?

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While Martin Luther King advocated for rights through non-violent means, others such as Malcolm X and the Black Panthers utilized violence to gain these privileges. MLK believed that the two Civil Rights Acts that were passed in the years of 1964 and 1965 respectively allowed Blacks to express their constitutional rights. However, the Black Panthers and Malcolm X disagreed upon his view and challenged the idea of these Civil Rights Acts. They deemed that violence was the best method to achieve social change. The Panthers wanted to challenge police brutality and harassment. This method was not a well respected movement because it advocated for violence and spread fear. It represented the Black community in an impoverished manner and set them under a bad spotlight. On the other hand, Martin Luther King was highly respected by Whites and Blacks alike for utilizing peaceful methods to advocate for change.

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Martin Luther King delivers his iconic "I have a dream" speech at the Washington March

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1. NAACP: national association for the advancement of colored people
2. SCLC: Christian southern leadership conference
3. The Black Panthers
3. SNCC: student nonviolent coordinating committee
4. CORE: congress of racial equality

All four of these organizations aided in overcoming the obstacles pertaining to anti segregation movements. They also promoted
advancement of colored people.