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A new naming system:
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist, published Systema Naturae, which includes the common modern naming system of binomial nomenclature.

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Birth of paleontology:
Georges Cuvier, a highly respected French scientist, was born. Well known for his denial of any sort of evolutionary theory, by his study of the fossil record.

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Geologic time and gradualism:
James Hutton published a set of theories explaining the geology of the Earth, and that it gradually changes over time.

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Population studies:
Thomas Robert Malthus publishes the first edition of "An Essay on the Principle of Population." He theorized that continued population growth would outgrow current resources.

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First theory of evolution published:
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, published his theory of evolution and talked about evolution, that occurred through the inheritance of acquired characteristics, or the use/disuse theory

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New thoughts on geology:
Charles Lyell publishes "Principles of Geology." This pushed a uniformitarian view of geology, or the theory that forces in the past are the same as forces in the present.

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The First Essay
Charles Darwin, working for many years, writes an essay on the theory of evolution. This was never published.

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Competition for Evolution:
Alfred Russel Wallace publishes a paper coming to some of the same conclusions as Darwin, including natural selection.

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The Origin of Species
Darwin, suffering from sickness both in himself and his family , finishes his book "The Origin of Species" and publishes it.

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Heredity experimentation
Mendel's works with pea plants published, setting the background for the basis of natural selection.

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Importance of DNA in heredity
August Weismann publishes findings detailing how important DNA is to heredity, along with germ cell theory

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Chromosomes and heredity
Walter Sutton proposed that chromosomes were the basis for Mendelian inheritance of characteristics.

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Genetic material verified:
DNA is proven to be the genetic material by which inheritance passes from one generation to the next, and thus is the blueprint for evolution.