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The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was organized in 1886. The purpose of the AFL was to organize skilled workers into national unions consisting of others in the same trade. Their purpose was not political, and aimed simply at shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions.

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The Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, was the first major labor organization in the United States. The Knights organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an eight hour workday, and aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.

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Scientific management can be summarized in four main principles: Using scientificmethods to determine and standardize the one best way of doing a job. A clear division of tasks and responsibilities. High pay for high-performing employees. Management of a business, industry, or economy, according to principles of efficiency derived from experiments in methods of work and production, especially from time-and-motion studies.

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increased supply of mass consumer goods.

increased demand of mass consumer goods (consumer revolution)

fueled changes in production.

democratization of goods (uniformity in products and appearance)

spread to other countries and industries.

industrial revolution (1760-1850)

world wars (1914-1945)

cold wars (1950-1990)

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The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in waged or salaried labour, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work. Working-class occupations (see also "Designation of workers by collar color") include blue-collar jobs, some white-collar jobs, and most pink-collar jobs.

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The panic of 1873 was a result of over-expansion in the industry and the railroads and a drop in European demand for American farm products and a drop off of European investment in the US. Huge amounts of money were required to build railroad whose profitability were often far in the future.