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A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are approximately 41 phonemes in the English language, according to a report from the National Reading Panel. Other estimates vary between 36 and 44 phonemes, Connie Juel writes in the Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Volume 2.

Syllables and words are a combination of phonemes. Some words have only one phoneme, such as a or oh. But most words blend several phonemes, such as go with two phonemes, or check with three phonemes, or stop with four phonemes, according to the National Reading Panel.

Phonemic awareness (PA) reflects a deep understanding of these units of sound. PA and letter knowledge are the two strongest school-entry predictors of how well students will learn to read in their first two years of school. Educators can implement phonemic awareness strategies to benefit children with reading skills.

What Is Phonemic Awareness?

Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes in spoken words, according to the National Reading Panel.

Phonemic awareness represents a high level of phonological awareness, or understanding different ways oral language can be divided into smaller components and manipulated. Phonological awareness may begin with a child recognizing language sounds in rhyming songs and progress to recognizing how sentences can be broken down into individual words.

Finally, the child may be able to approach individual words. This involves syllables, onset (the initial consonant or consonant cluster), rime (the vowel and consonants that follow the onset), and individual phonemes. The following examples of the term "protect" provide an illustration.

Syllable: /pro/ and /tEkt/

Onset and Rime Within the Syllable: /pr/ and /o/, and /t/ and /Ekt/, respectively

Individual Phonemes: /p/, /r/, /o/, /t/, /E/, /k/, and /t/

"The term phonological awareness refers to a general appreciation of the sounds of speech as distinct from their meaning," the National Research Council says in Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. "When that insight includes an understanding that words can be divided into a sequence of phonemes, this finer-grained sensitivity is termed phonemic awareness."

Assessing phonemic awareness typically involves tasks such as isolating or segmenting one or more phonemes of a spoken word, blending or combining a sequence of separate phonemes into a word, or manipulating the phonemes within a word, such as by adding or subtracting. For instance, a teacher may have students replace the /c/ in "cat" to /p/ to create a new word ("pat").

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Effectiveness of Phonemic Awareness Strategies and Training

The National Reading Panel analyzed 96 cases comparing treatment groups that received phonemic awareness education to control groups that received either an alternative form of instruction or no special instruction. Three main outcome variables were examined: phonemic awareness, reading, and spelling.

Training was found to be very effective in teaching phonemic awareness to students. The effect was strong immediately after training and remained so long-term. Phonemic awareness training also improved children's ability to read and spell in the short and long term, and this effect was moderate.

"Findings of the meta-analyses show that PA training benefits the processes involved in reading real words, pseudowords, and text reading," the National Reading Panel says. "It also benefits spelling skills in normally progressing readers below 2nd grade and in beginners at risk for developing reading problems."

Phonemic Awareness Strategies

Primary Tasks

The National Reading Panel identified common tasks used to assess or improve children's phonemic awareness. These methods include:

Isolation: This means recognizing individual sounds in words. For example, the first sound in "paste" (/p/).

Identity: This is recognizing the common sound in different words. For example, the sound that is the same in "bike," "boy" and "bell" (/b/).

Categorization: This is when the child is asked to find the odd sound in a sequence of three or four words. For example, "rug" is the word that does not belong in "bus, bun and rug."

Blending: By listening to a sequence of separately spoken sounds, the child learns to combine them to form a recognizable word. For example, the word created with the sounds "/s/ /k/ /u/ /l/" is "school."

Segmentation: Students may tap out or count the sounds of a word, or pronounce and position a marker for each sound. For example, counting the number of phonemes in "ship" (three: /š/ /I/ /p/).

Deletion: When a phoneme is removed, the child learns to recognize the word that remains. For example, the word created when /s/ from "smile" is eliminated ("mile").

Activities and Games

Activities and games are a great way to help educators teach phonemic awareness. The following examples are from the journal Intervention in School and Clinic, in an excerpt reprinted by Reading Rockets.

Simple Phonemic Awareness

Isolated Sound Recognition: Instructors can associate phonemes with a creature, an action or an object familiar to the child. For instance, associating the phoneme /s/ with the hissing sound of a snake and calling it a "Sammy snake" sound. Others include the crowing rooster for /r/, a buzzing bee for /z/ and the "be quiet" sound for /sh/. These sound personalities create a natural connection for children.

Word, Syllable and Phoneme Counting: Instructors can read sentences to children without the sentence being visible. The children place a marker from left to right for each word heard, and the teacher can confirm the amount of words by showing the printed sentence and pointing to each word as it is read. Clapping hands, tapping the desk or marching in place can help children count syllables or sounds in words.

Sound-to-Word Matching: Instructors can show children a picture of a dog, and ask children to identify the correct word out of three options ("Is there an /mmm/-og, a /d/d/d/-og or an /sss/-og?"). A variation is to ask if the word has a particular sound ("Is there a /d/ in dog?").

Compound Phonemic Awareness

Word-to-Word Matching: Instructors can use games to help children practice determining whether two words begin with the same sound. Dominoes, card games and even a bingo game using similar sounds can all be effective. One game is to make a set of dominoes with two pictured objects on each side and have children join cards sharing beginning sounds. Another is a version of the card game "snap," where children take turns drawing a card from a face-down pile and placing it in a face-up pile. When a card has the same beginning sound as the top card in the face-up pile, the first child to say "snap" collects the pile. Or, children can play sound bingo using cards with pictures. Children mark when one of the pictures has the same beginning sound as the word said by the caller.

Sound Deletion: Instructors can show pictures or point to objects in the room that are compound words, and demonstrate how each word can be said with a part missing. For instance, by saying "seesaw" without the "saw," or saying "hotdog" without the "dog." This can be done in the form of a "Simon says" game: "Simon says, 'say bookmark without the book.'"

Building Skills in Reading

Phonemic awareness strategies help young children build a foundation for reading and spelling. When students are ready to read, reading activities for kids can further develop these abilities and encourage a passion for reading.

Southeastern University offers online education degrees that help teachers inspire and lead students. Programs such as the Master of Education in Reading Education and the Master of Education in Elementary Education focus on literacy skills. They take place in a flexible and convenient online learning environment.

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Phonemic Awareness Strategies for Building Literacy Skills

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A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech. There are approximately 41 phonemes in the English language, according to a report from the National Reading Panel. Other estimates vary between 36 and 44 phonemes, Connie Juel writes in the Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Volume 2.

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Compass Learning

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First grade is a year of highly visible progress in reading and language arts. The four major milestones in first grade reading and language arts are:

1. Knowing the names and sounds of all the consonants and vowels

2. Understanding phonics concepts such as consonant combinations

3. Following along, reading, and summarizing simple stories with pictures

4. Developing an understanding of composition

First grade is also a year of exploration and discovery of the numbers in the world around us. Five major milestones for first grade math include:

1. Counting to 100 by 1's and skip counting

2. Knowing the addition math facts

3. Adding and subtracting small numbers

4. Understanding the value of money

5. Knowing the units for measurement, time, and weightKnowing the names and sounds of all the consonants and vowels

First Grade Language Arts & Reading Curriculum Overview

The Time4Learning curriculum constitutes a solid first grade language arts program correlated to state standards, which many homeschool parents use it as their entire curriculum. Non-homeschoolers utilize the lessons for extra practice, an online first grade tutorial, or summer enrichment. First grade language arts is organized into two large sections: Language Arts and Language Arts Extensions.

The language arts section contains 13 chapters and hundreds of learning activities that are primarily based on phonics.

Exercises and lesson activities build phonological awareness, phonics, and reading skills.

Lessons are taught by colorful animated characters that sing, explain, and interact with the students.

First graders learn to identify the sight and sounds and demonstrate knowledge of high frequency words.

Reading exercises at the end of each chapter introduce and develop readiness and comprehension skills.

Interactive "think and respond" stories help build sight word vocabulary, sound-spelling skills and reading comprehension.

The language arts is GREAT for helping with phonics and beginner reading skills. Plus, the lessons are thoroughly entertaining!
Language arts lessons are organized into a series of chapters that introduce and cover:

Learn more lesson by lesson details by reading our first grade language arts lesson plans. Why wait? Sign up for Time4Learning and start learning today!

First Grade Language Extensions Curriculum Overview

Language arts extensions is a component of the complete language arts curriculum. Most homeschooling parents have their child complete both the language arts and language arts extensions because they correlate to state standards. Non-homeschoolers use the language arts lessons for additional practice, summer enrichment or as a first grade language arts tutorial. Since members have access to both, they can use the activities in the way that best fits their needs.

Each chapter starts with a story that introduces vocabulary, develops reading skills and enhances phonemic awareness

Learning activities focused on discovery, recognition, and application

First graders learn to generate ideas, demonstrate comprehension of a theme, create graphic organizers and write diary entries

At the end of each chapter, the "Story Creator" teaches first graders to apply their knowledge and use their reading skills to compose grammatically correct sentences and stories

The language arts extension chapters include 22 chapters covering:

Learn more lesson by lesson details by reading our first grade language arts extensions lesson plans. Don't wait! Sign up for Time4Learning and start learning today!

First Grade Vocabulary Curriculum Overview

Time4Learning's first grade vocabulary exercises integrate sight word vocabulary with the sounds of the alphabet in decodable stories. Lesson activities cover:

First grade vocabulary words presented within the context of a story or rhyme.

First grade vocabulary lessons part of 22 thematic units covering oceans, seasons, mammals, plants, early America, and more.

Students improve reading comprehension by reading or listening to literature with an emphasis on vocabulary building. Teacher's guides include lesson plans, first grade vocabulary lists and optional printable vocabulary worksheets.

First Grade Math Curriculum Overview

The first grade math curriculum contains numerous math lessons, along with printable worksheets, quizzes and chapter tests. It constitutes a solid first grade math program, correlated to state standards, which is important to many homeschooling families. Afterschool users utilize the program as an alternative to a first grade math tutor, for test preparation, or for extra practice. First grade math activities cover and include:

Animated characters that present first grade math lessons in bite sized pieces perfect for student pacing

Chapter that build instruction based on the last.

Guided activities through fractions, order of operations, basic algebra, metrics, spatial sense, graphing and probability using interactive prompts and funny stories to bring the lessons to life.

Time4MathFacts, included in the curriculum, provides practice in foundation skill areas that is necessary for math success

Math lessons are organized into 18 chapters that introduce and cover:

For a more detailed description of the first grade math lessons, please visit our first grade math scope and sequence page. Ready to sign up now? Start learning today!

First Grade Science Curriculum Overview

The first grade science curriculum contains several lessons, along with worksheets and quizzes, covering a number of topics. Homeschooling families use the curriculum as a supplement to their homeschooling approach while non-homeschoolers use it for afterschool review, as a first grade online tutorial, or for summer enrichment. Science lessons are organized into chapters that introduce and cover:

1. Living and Nonliving Things - Students will learn how to distinguish between living and nonliving things by exploring habitats, basic needs, features, and life cycles. Lessons will focus on the classification of animals into scientific categories, with a feature on amphibians.

2. Earth Science - Students will be shown how to use graphic organizers to show weather patterns and identify seasons. Lessons also cover thunderstorms and the water cycle.

3. Contributions to Science - Jane Goodall is featured as a contributor to science, allowing children to explore her experience working with chimpanzees in Africa.

4. The Surface of the Earth - Students learn about the solid materials making up the Earth.

Learn more lesson by lesson details by reading our first grade science lesson plans. Don't wait? Sign up for Time4Learning and start learning today!

First Grade Social Studies Curriculum Overview

First graders are given access to the second grade social studies lessons as part of their membership. Second grade social studies is the lowest level available on Time4Learning. This social studies program consists of lessons covering American identity, basic human survival needs, maps and globes, historic places, cultural holidays, patriotism, and jobs. The curriculum is commonly used as a second grade social studies tutorial, for extra practice, or as a homeschool supplement. Learn more lesson by lesson details by reading our second grade social studies lesson plans. Don't wait? Sign up for Time4Learning and start learning today!

First Grade Educational Resources

If you're interested in educating your first grader, you might also be interested in:

The Time4Learning Program Structure

Time4Learning has been refined through years of feedback from educators, parents, and students. The Time4Learning's online curriculum has proven effective with over 3,500+ multimedia lessons, printable worksheets and graded activities in a student-paced environment that brings concepts to life. Math and language arts lessons correlate to state standards. Science, social studies and art are also provided to most grades. Students may also add foreign language learning to their subscription for an additional fee.

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First Grade Curriculum & Lesson Plan Activities

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First grade is a year of highly visible progress in reading and language arts. The four major milestones in first grade reading and language arts are: Knowing the names and sounds of all the consonants and vowels Understanding phonics concepts such as consonant combinations Following along, reading, and summarizing simple stories with pictures Developing an understanding of composition First grade is also a year of exploration and discovery of the numbers in the world around us.

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Imagine Learning

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Online Curricula and Solutions | Imagine Learning

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Get back-to-school product help. imagine empower potential learning Solutions that inspire boundless possibilities: every day, every student Core Curriculum Explore Core Solutions Courseware Discover Courseware Products Supplemental and Intervention Find Supplemental Solutions Instructional School Services View Virtual School Services In a year, Imagine Learning serves: 15 million students 400,000+ teachers 38,000+ U.S.

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An early skill in learning to read has as much to do with hearing how words sound as it does with seeing how words are written. Phonological awareness involves being able to recognize and manipulate the sounds within words. An example of phonological awareness is hearing in your mind the word created by replacing the first sound in "fish" with the first sound in "day," to make the word, "dish".
Phonological awareness is a foundation for understanding the alphabetic principle and reading success.
It is not a coincidence that the individual sounds in words map onto the letters of the alphabet. This mapping is a key part of the role phonological awareness plays in learning to read. However, being able to identify the sounds in words is not as easy as it seems. Many students enter kindergarten already knowing a lot about how the sounds in words map onto letters, but some students do not. For example, students with dyslexia often have more difficulty hearing the sounds in words and mapping them onto letters than other students. For students with dyslexia high-quality instruction and intervention to develop phonological awareness skills is critical.

Learning to identify the sounds in words through instruction happens best when the sounds are explicitly connected to the letters they represent. This mapping is the essence of the alphabetic principle. When this mapping is well developed, it allows readers to accurately read, or decode, about 70% of the single-syllable words they will encounter in text. In addition, when readers encounter a word in print for the first time, and understand the alphabetic principle, the odds are very good they will read the word correctly.

There are several ways to effectively teach phonological awareness to prepare early readers:

TEACH STUDENTS TO RECOGNIZE AND MANIPULATE THE SOUNDS OF SPEECH

Teachers should show and teach students how to break down units of speech into smaller units. For example, an excellent instructional sequence that helps students learn to hear the sounds of speech involves progressing from easier activities to those that are more difficult. Teachers can show students how to identify

words within sentences,

syllables within words,

the first and last sounds within words (onset and rime, respectively),

and finally, all of the individual sounds in a word (phonemes).

TEACH STUDENTS LETTER-SOUND RELATIONS

Teachers should demonstrate and teach students letter-sound relations they will first encounter in print, such as consonants and short vowels.

Teach these letter-sounds in the context of words where letters represent their most common sound (e.g., teaching "a" in "bat" vs. "was").

More complex letter-sound relations should be taught next, such as consonant blends , consonant digraphs , and other predictable but more complex patterns (e.g., vowel digraphs such as "oa" in "boat"; words with long vowels and a silent e, such as in the word, "like").

A STRONG INSTRUCTIONAL SEQUENCE MIGHT LOOK SOMETHING LIKE THIS:

The teacher says the name of the letter and introduces the symbol for the letter (show the letter "b").

Then, the teacher gives students a picture that represents the sound (e.g., a "bat") with a brief backstory as an anchor or memory aid.

Finally, students can practice demonstrating their letter-sound understanding by identifying the sound and writing the letter in various contexts.

Good early literacy instruction also provides opportunities for students to review recently taught letter-sound relations over time, so that students can better remember and more fluently identify and produce them.

TEACH STUDENTS TO MANIPULATE LETTER-SOUNDS IN PRINT USING WORD-BUILDING ACTIVITIES

Teachers should also encourage students to connect their knowledge of how to manipulate sounds in spoken language with their knowledge of letter-sound relations.

Students can be taught to apply their knowledge of sounds to form words in print through an activity that uses letters on tiles or magnets that are easily manipulated to build or change words.

After practicing with the teacher, students can work and practice on their own or with a partner, adding and substituting sounds and building harder words, such as those with a silent e.

This type of activity helps students understand how to spell and read words using their awareness of the sounds in language and the letter-sound relations they have been taught.

Infographic

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Suggested Citation

Baker, S.K., Beattie, T., Nelson, N.J., & Turtura, J. (2018). How We Learn to Read: The Critical Role of Phonological Awareness. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Improving Literacy. Retrieved from http://improvingliteracy.org.

References

Foorman, B., Beyler, N., Borradaile, K., Coyne, M., Denton, C. A., Dimino, J., Furgeson, J., Hayes, L., Henke, J., Justice, L., Keating, B., Lewis, W., Sattar, S., Streke, A., Wagner, R., & Wissel, S. (2016). Foundational skills to support reading for understanding in kindergarten through 3rd grade (NCEE 2016-4008). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (NCEE), Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Retrieved from the NCEE website: http://whatworks.ed.gov.

Smith, S.B., Simmons, D.C., & Kame'enui, E.J. (1998). Phonological awareness: Instructional and curricular basics and implications. In E.J. Kame'enui & D.C. Simmons (Eds.), What reading research tells us about children with diverse learning needs: Bases and basics (pp. 129-140). Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Abstract

Phonological awareness involves being able to recognize and manipulate the sounds within words. This skill is a foundation for understanding the alphabetic principle and reading success. There are several ways to effectively teach phonological awareness to prepare early readers, including: 1) teaching students to recognize and manipulate the sounds of speech, 2) teaching students letter-sound relations, and 3) teaching students to manipulate letter-sounds in print using word-building activities.

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How We Learn to Read: The Critical Role of Phonological Awareness

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An early skill in learning to read has as much to do with hearing how words sound as it does with seeing how words are written. Phonological awareness involves being able to recognize and manipulate the sounds within words.

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On Alphabet Street

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Vroom! Vroom!

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B is for Butterfly

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Apples on a Tree

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Module: Having Fun with Phonemic Awareness: Resources for Early Learning

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This site provides exciting, engaging media-rich learning opportunities for parents and educators of children ages 0-5. From detailed lesson plans to simple, everyday activities, you will find everything you need to help your children succeed.

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Worksheets for Kids & Free Printables | Education.com

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Worksheets and printables that help children practice key skills. Download, print & watch your kids learn today!

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Starfall

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Please see Starfall's how-to-teach-reading page, Learn to Read with Phonics, Fluency, and Comprehension, and print the Free Phonics Printouts for children. Starfall™ books, games, movies, and songs follow a research-based method of systematic phonics starting with consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words. Emergent readers gain confidence as they progress to long vowels and other letter-sound relationships such as digraphs.

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Learn to Read with Phonics | Starfall Education

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Starfall's movies, games, and ebooks create an environment where children have fun as they learn to read. We use a proven sequential phonics method.

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Letter "A" Song

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Letter "B" Song

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Letter "R" Song

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Rhyming Words

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Free Phonemic Awareness Worksheets Kidz Activities from phonemic awareness activities for kindergarten , source:rcnschool.com

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Count the Sounds

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Phonological Awareness Activities - Free Sample of Count the Sounds Cards

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Do you have students who struggle with phonological awareness? If so, then this product will help them practice the skill of counting the number of sounds in words. Some students, especially those with a weakness in phonological processes, such as syllable reduction, stopping, cluster reduction, a...

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FREE Phonemic Awareness Warm Up Activity for small group reading

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Play this spinner game to review and reinforce phonemic awareness concepts. Great for a small group warm up activity with guided reading. Simply have a stack of picture cards, spin the spinner, and complete the task. Check out my phonemic awareness games HERE

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Soundline, Letter Spin, and Initial Consonant