# data[].attributes.body
- Focused on the group

What benefits the group as a whole

- Less monopolies

Less chance of exploitation

One business cannot control the product and raise prices

- Less competition

No incentive/desire to improve because there will be no reward

- Equal opportunity for small and large corporations
- Economy is consistent

Never really good or never really bad

# data[].attributes.body
- Based off of the market

People who are buying or selling things-

- Private
- Government does not control businesses

Business are free to grow

Can lead to monopolies

- Freedom for individual

Can choose what you buy

- There is competition

Better or cheaper products

Supply and demand

# data[].attributes.body
- Scramble for Africa
- European nations met to lay down rules for the division of Africa

Any European nation could claim land in African by telling/showing the others they could control the land

Europeans paid no attention to the ethnic and linguistic division in African when dividing the land

No African leader attended this meeting

# data[].attributes.body
- Other countries followed Britain's lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well-being

French/Dutch expanded

1900: empire 2nd in size to Britain

Spain/Portugal: New empires in Africa

Austria-Hungary: Balkans

Russia: expanded East to Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia

Countries with no colonies set out to get them

Belgium, Italy, Germany: Africa

Germany: biggest push to colonize Africa

# data[].attributes.body
- Mid 1800s: Britain was the most powerful nation in the world

Factories produced more goods

Navy guarded the oceans so goods could be shipped safely

British banks loaned money needed to build factories, mine, and railroads

Germany/US challenged economic leadership by late 1800s

When in decline, looked to colonies for markets/resources

# data[].attributes.body
- Industrial nations needed more raw materials to supply factories

Cotton: Britain from India

Rubber: Belgium for Congo

- Searching for new markets to sell their goods
- Looking for new places or enterprises to invest their profits

# data[].attributes.body
- Christian missionaries wanted to help African and Asians
- Worked to carry the "White Man's Burden"

White men had the responsibility to "fix" the natives

- "Civilize" the natives

Christianizing the natives

Bring the natives technological benefits of Western civilization

Teaching Africans to read and write

# data[].attributes.body
- Military power was used to achieve nation's goals
- A nation with more colonies had more power, security,, trade, money, and colonial men for their army

Take over a country = take over their military (larger military)

- Leads to one of the worst wars in history (WWI --starts between Britain and Germany)

# data[].attributes.body
- Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest were used by many in support of imperialism
- Many believe that it was natural/right for stronger nations to conquer weaker ones
- People used this theory to justify their actions

"Supposed to get rid weaker people"

"Process would help better the human race"

# data[].attributes.body
- National pride led many nations to strive for a world empire

National pride is not a bad thing, but it is once you start to build an empire and take it to the extreme

- Europeans felt they were superior to Africans/Asians
- "The Sun never sets on the British Empire"

Somewhere in their (large) empire there was light

They will never go away and will always be the best (like  the sun)

# data[].attributes.body
- Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government

# data[].attributes.body
- Area in which an outside power claims exclusive trade privileges over another nation

# data[].attributes.body
- A country with its own internal government under the control of an outside power

# data[].attributes.body
- A country or region governed internally by a foreign power

# data[].attributes.body
Imperialism: the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political, and social life of the people of that nation

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa (1850-1915)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa (1850-1915)

# data[].attributes.body
- Measure of the quality of life/level/material prosperity enjoyed by people
- Economics

Used to determine relative prosperity of the country

Compared to standard of living in other countries

- Based on specific demographic group/region
- Influenced by

Income

General health

Life expectancy

Housing

Crime levels

Health care/education/social services

Political/social freedom

# data[].attributes.body
1. Standard of living in Europe rose

2. Rising middle class (30% of population)

3. Sanitization Reform

4. Abolishing child labor

- People were not angry enough to revolt and overthrow the government

# data[].attributes.body
- Advancing/elaborating on earlier technology
- Steel

Stronger and cheaper than iron

- Electricity
- Germany, Belgium, America,

Mindset of thinking in a new way that ends up surpassing Britain

Britain becomes complacent

# data[].attributes.body
- Coal (steam) and iron
- Textiles
- Britain

Far ahead of everyone else

"Cradle of the Industrial Revolution"

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 17  Revolutions of Industrialization (1750-1900)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 17  Revolutions of Industrialization (1750-1900)

# data[].attributes.body
Tokugawa Period (1602-1868)
- Causes:

Feudal lords

Weak economy

Weak military

- Outcomes:

End of feudal lord's fighting

Shogunate came to power

Ban on foreign trade and Christianity

Stabilized economy

Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
- Causes:

Corruption

Social inequalities

Class system:

Shogunate; Daimyo; Samurai; Farmers; Merchants

Western countries' interference

- Coup d'etat in Kyoto

Placed Emperor Meiji in Shogunate's place

- Charter Oath and Constitution (1881)

Gift from emperor that led to worshipping the emperor

- Outcome:

Rapid modernization and westernization

Abolishment of class system

Establishment of national army, education system, and postal service

Creation of national currency and banks

Industrialization

- People

Jeyasu Tokugawa

Emperor Meiji

All 4 stages

# data[].attributes.body
- Liberal reforms that tried to preserve the Ottoman Empire

Religious equality

Related to English Enlightenment

"Sick man of Europe"

- Ottoman Empire was in decline/debt

-  Political change (modernization) influence to be like Europe

Young Ottomans (new class of people pushing for a political change with a created constitution)

Young Turks (later group of elites with ideas to push secularism)

- Outcome:

Government, trade, military

Secularized society (separation of church and state)

Tax standardization and continued military

Increase in trade and agriculture

Collasped after WWI

Nationalism

Modern-day Turkey

- Tanzimat = reorganization
All 4 stages (with delayed stage 4)

# data[].attributes.body
Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)
- Eastern China
- People:

Hong Xiuquan (converted Christian leader)

Enforced primitive communism

Believed in the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace

- Primitive communism
- Outcomes:

Civil War

Weakened Qing dynasty

Weakened economy

Boxer Rebellion (1900-1911)
- Inspired by the 8 Trigrams society to rebel against Japan (who controlled trade)
- Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (secret organization of risers)
- Boxers blamed foreigners and killed them
- People:

Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi (worked together to disobey the declare of war)

- Boxer Protocol

Ended the Boxer rebellion (got rid of weapons/pay $330 mil)

- Outcomes:

Qing dynasty weakened and China turned into a republic

Many deaths

Not all 4 stages (rebellions)

# data[].attributes.body
- Causes:

No respect for creoles ("lower class")

No free trade

Spain became weak (loss of military power)

Revolution forced upon them

- Outcomes:

Independence

Everywhere by 1826

- People:

Simon Bolivar (native that led the revolution)

Charles IV (weak ruler of Spain)

Napoleon (French leader that invaded Spain)

Stages?

# data[].attributes.body
- Only successful slave revolt in history
- France vs. Britain + Haiti + Spain
- Toussaint L'Ouverture: Haitian military commander; former slave
- Causes:

Slave labor

Inspired by French Revolution

Freedom from France

Wanted to abolish slavery

- Outcomes:

Slavery is abolished

Haiti becomes its own country

Weakened economy

All 4 phases

# data[].attributes.body
- Political and social change
- Political, social, economic, and intellectual causes

Monarchy, Taxes

poverty, inflation, government debt, harvest

- General Assembly (1786)
- Led by King Louis
- Occurred because France's debt from American Revolution
- 3rd Estate got mad and made new rules
- France's monarchy, feudalism, and Catholic Church's power ended
- France gained liberty and freedom

Napoleon created a new constitution

All 4 phases

# data[].attributes.body
- Civil war between Communists and Nationalists

Mao Zedong (communist leader)

Chiang Kai Shek (Nationalist leader)

- Cause: Fall of Alliance between the Communists/Nationalists
- Long March (escape of the communists across China)
-  Communists end up winning the civil war and China become communist (People's Republic of China)

Industrial growth

Unfair government rule

US suspended diplomatic ties

Limited trade contact and no cultural exchange

All 4 phases

# data[].attributes.body
- WWI

Cause of revolution

Tsar Nicholas II sent men and resources away

Government is not helping the people

Peace, Land, Bread

- February Revolution

Strike turned into a riot

Tsar forced out of the government

Provisional Government takes place

Bolshevik party forms

- October Revolution

Bloodless takeover of the government

Led by Lenin with the Bolsheviks

Believes in communism (Marxism)

-Results:

Russia becomes the first communist country

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russian Civil War

Over communism

All 4 phases

# data[].attributes.body
-  Women feel discriminated against their gender
- 4 Waves

1. Equality in Political power

Voting rights

2. Equality in Civil rights

Fought to be understood

No racism

3. Gender equality

No more patriarchy

4. Current issues

#metoo

Pink Tax

-People
Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone
- Began in the 13 colonies and spread worldwide
Only phases 1 and 2 have occured yet (still in process)

# data[].attributes.headline
Revolutions (put in chronological order)

# data[].attributes.subject
Revolutions (put in chronological order)

# data[].attributes.body
- People

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

John Adams

-Taxation

Had no say in Parliament

- Boston Massacre
- Boston Tea Party
- Declaration of Independence
- 25 Battles

Major: Lexington/Concord; Bunker Hill; Yorktown

-Treaty of Paris

Resolved many debts (from taxes)

- Also called Revolutionary War

Phases?

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 16 Atlantic Revolutions: Global Echoes (1750-1914)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 16 Atlantic Revolutions: Global Echoes (1750-1914)

# data[].attributes.body
- Cultural rebirth Individualism, human thought, art (based off of those things)

“Humanists”: Belief of human capability without supernatural forces

- Occurred in Italy

Money (through trade with Ottoman Empire)

Needed money to create art and advance knowledge (scholars to read old texts)

- Rediscovering of (Islamic information)
- Only felt by a small percentage of Europe

Elite/scholars

- Important because the effects of today

Not because it was so influential back then

# data[].attributes.body
- Power of knowledge to transform human society

Fought against established religion

Theme: progress (humans were not confined by tradition/divine command

- Scientific way of thinking was being applied to humans in addition to the physical world

- Spreading/making people more aware of Christianity and science

Rebirth of ideas, ways of thinking

Ideas logic/reasoning to gain knowledge

More philosophical ideas that lead to political changes

Rather than science

Locke, Kant, Smith

Conversations still the Elite class

# data[].attributes.body
Supply and Demand

# data[].attributes.body
Three Laws of Planetary Motion

# data[].attributes.body
Galileo Galilei

Math/physics; inventor

Improved the telescope

Believed in the Heliocentric model: sun in the center

# data[].attributes.body
Johannes Kepler

Three laws of planetary motion

Planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits

Led to Newton's gravitational laws

German astronomer

# data[].attributes.body
Rene Descartes

Analytical geometry/mathematics and philosophy

Connected algebra and geometry

Philosophical views really contradicted the Church

Questioned and had to prove everything

# data[].attributes.body
Immanuel Kant

Philosopher that believed in the ideas of critical thinking and knowledge

Valued intelligence and asking questions

Controversial because he is promoting questioning (that could question the Church)

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke:

A contract/argument between the ruler and the ruled and power is not given to you by supernatural forces

Goes against the" divine right of kings"

If Kings violated/abused their power, they could be forced out of their position

Influenced the US Constitution

Freedom of speech and religion

Controversial against religion and rulers

Power is not given to you by God

# data[].attributes.body
Isaac Newton:

Physics

Physics; calculus; mechanics/motion

Inertia, gravitational pull

Shifted peoples view of the world to more of a scientific view

# data[].attributes.body
Francis Bacon:

Changed the approach of scientific experimentation

Only change one variable

Developed the modern scientific method

"Bacon makes science sizzle"

# data[].attributes.body
Andreas Vesalius:

Anatomy and dissections

Controversial because it went against the Church's teaching of that the body is sacred and you shouldn’t dissect people

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus:

Heliocentric model: Sun was at the center of the universe

Rivaled/questioned religion, the Church, and God

Challenged the belief that people of God are not the center of the world

# data[].attributes.body
Adam Smith:

Individual drives the economy

Capitalism

Supply and demand

# data[].attributes.body
William Harvey:

Blood/circulation

# data[].attributes.body
- A vast intellectual and cultural transformation that took place between the mid-sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries

Knowledge gained through observations, experiments, and the formation of general laws

Expressed mathematically

Changed the understanding of the universe

Formed by scientific thinkers

Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Newton, etc.

Information from Islamic scholars

Became an universal worldview

Altered ideas about the place of humans in the universe

Challenged the power of the Church

Thinkers were still religious

- Changed the understanding of how the physical world worked (with science)
- Occurred in Europe

Developed legal system that was separate from the Catholic Church

Universities separate from the Church

Piled heavily on the previous teaching of the Islamic world

Ottoman Empire (trade)

# data[].attributes.body
- Catholics reanalyzing their beliefs, practices, and doctrine

Fix problems that causes the original Protestant Reformation

Focused on individual spirituality and person piety

Jesuits: religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church

Aim was to improve the image of Catholics

Educated group that spread Catholicism elsewhere

Formed due to the Counter-Reformation

# data[].attributes.body
Huguenots: Protestant minority in France

Catholics fought and killed many Huguenots

30 Years' War: Catholic-Protestant struggle

Began in the Holy Roman Empire and spread to Europe

# data[].attributes.body
- Split between the Catholic and Protestant faiths
- Led to further splitting in the Protestant Church

Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist

# data[].attributes.body
- Started the Reformation
- 95 Theses

Questioned teachings/practices of the Catholic Church

No indulgences, sacraments, rituals, Pope/priests

- Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience

No need for the Pope/priests/clergy

- Faith Alone (Sola Fide)
- Ideas spread due to the recent invention of the printing press

# data[].attributes.body
- Power of/over all of Europe's Kings

Everyone was Catholic thus far

- Owned 1/3 of Europe's land

Social and political power

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 15 Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 15 Cultural Transformations (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
- Europe, America, Africa

# data[].attributes.body
- French, British, Dutch, Russian

Native people help

Europeans/Natives trade fur for technology (guns, pots/pans, alcohol)

Natives know the region

Natives have to help Russia

Fur tax (punishment if not completed)

# data[].attributes.body
- 16 million out of Africa
- 14 million traveled over the Atlantic
- 4 million died on the march to the coast

# data[].attributes.body
- Population increase because of American crops (potato)
- Population decrease because of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Women: reproductive

Men: physical labor

- More women begin to take charge (because more men were being taken)
- 90% of slaves went to the Caribbeans/Brazil (sugar colonies)

# data[].attributes.body
- Spain controls 80%

Potosi (silver mine in Bolivia)

Natives as slaves

Cheaper (due to high death rate)

Used to environment/altitude

- China ends up controlling most of the silver

Everyone wants Chinese products

Bought with silver (rich)

-Both empires affected by inflation

# data[].attributes.body
Merchantilism: limited amount of wealth and need to control/get all the wealth
- Empires take over countries and force them to buy and sell only to them

# data[].attributes.body
- Europe was insignificant; Asian dominance
- Japan

Europe came over with Christianity and were eventually forced out

Shogun, Daimyo

Indian family firms (control products)

Vijri Vora (pepper, coral)

# data[].attributes.body
- Trading Post Empire
- 3 major trading posts

Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

Mughal permission

Indian cotton textiles

# data[].attributes.body
- Trade in the Spice islands/Indonesia
- Mercantilism

# data[].attributes.body
- Dutch and English traded in parallel areas (so not to conflict/contact the other)

# data[].attributes.body
- Conquered the Philippines

1. Close to India/Spice Trade

2. Philippines were small/weak

3. Lack of competing powers/interest

- Christianity!
- Rough relations with the Chinese

Forced religion

Massacred many of them

# data[].attributes.body
- Trade in the Indian Ocean
- Trading Post Empire (commerce controlled by force)
- Controlled 1/2 of Spice Trade

Cartaz (pass to trade)

- Sold Asian goods/shipping services (European goods were not wanted)
- In decline by 1600

# data[].attributes.headline
Ch. 14 Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.subject
Ch. 14 Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence (1450-1750)

# data[].attributes.body
Slaves:
- Worked in horrible conditions
- High death rate (5-10% yearly)
- Very hot

Weather and cauldrons

- Disease was common
- Women did domestic work and the planting/harvesting of sugar
- Most slaves were of African descent

# data[].attributes.body
Latin America/Brazil:
- Very harsh (sugar)
- Slaves were still imported up into the 19th century
- African/non-African ancestry was considered mixed race
North America:
- Less harsh
- Slaves were able to have children/families (1750)
- Most were born in the Americas by the Civil War
- Any trace of African heritage made a person black (inferior)

# data[].attributes.body
South America/Mexico (Spanish):
1. Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)
2. Creole (Spaniards born in America)
3. Mestizo (Mixed race)

Further divided into Castas

Largest population in Mexico

4. Indian (Native, indigenous people)

North America (British):
1. English people (white)
2. Others (African/black, native, etc.)

# data[].attributes.body
South America/Brazil/ Mexico (Spanish):
- Lots of racial blending
- 9 Spanish men: 1 Spanish woman

Spanish men then married/reproduced with minority groups

Led to less racial divide

- Encomienda: Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" and the Christian faith

Forced labor for silver/gold

North America (British):
- Less racial blending
- 1 British man: 1 British woman

British men or women did not have to marry other races

Led to extreme racial division

# data[].attributes.body
-Slaves imported from Africa/Atlantic
-80% of slaves went to  Brazil (Portuguese)/Caribbeans (Spain) due to Sugar
-Sugar production was very labor intensive

# data[].attributes.body
Old World to New World:
- Smallpox
- Killed off 90% of natives (did not have immunity)

Europeans were constantly in contact with other groups of people while Natives barely had contact with any other groups of people

Kings killed that led to internal war/turmoil (made it easy for the Europeans to take over)

New World to Old World
- Syphilis: STD that causes infertility and discomfort

# data[].attributes.body
- New world plants were better and brought back to the Old World

High calories

Helps people stay alive longer (which leads to more babies)

Potatoes

Corn

Beans

World's population doubles from 1650-1850

- Everything is becoming more connected which makes things biologically similar

Instead of 325 types of tomatoes, now there are about 20

# data[].attributes.body
- Spread of animals from continent to continent
- European animals changed American lifestyle
- Food

Pigs (bread very well, easily, and quickly)

13 pigs --> 3 years --> 700 pigs

Great source of food

Eat anything/live anywhere

- Transportation

Old World to New World:

-Horses
-Oxen

Natives abandoned agriculture in favor and nomadic herding

More $ in herding

# data[].attributes.body
Old World:
- New plants from the New World caused a population boom in Eurasia
New World:
- Disease causes population decline

90% of natives died

- People from the Old World (big population) move to the New World (small population) for land and space

People from New World need labor for new crops

Tobacco, sugar, cotton

Natives are dead

Need for labor workers, so the African slave trade began

# data[].attributes.body
- Biologically similar/monoculture (world becomes interconnect/morphed into one through people, plants, and animals)

# data[].attributes.body
- Colonized in North America

13 colonies

- Led to the Columbian Exchange

# data[].attributes.body
Advantages:
- Closer to Americas
- Mastered trade winds
- Europe needed new land/resources
- Wanted to spread Christianity
-Advanced technology
- Immunity to disease

# data[].attributes.body
- Colonized in Canada/North America
- Fur trade

# data[].attributes.body
- Colonized in Brazil/South America
- Sugar production