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Sierra Nevada meaning "mountain range covered in snow" in spanish.

Location
Sierra Nevada rises up between the provinces of Granada and Almería, in southern Spain (Andalusia region). This park combines scenic beauty and ecological importance, as well as being home to the highest peaks on the Iberian Peninsula.

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The province of Granada has many different natural areas including one national park, five natural parks, and many places of great environmental value.
In all of them it can find a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are native to the area.

Promotional video made by the Tourist Board of Granada

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Patronato Provincial de Turismo de Granada

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Contrary to what you may think, the Sierra Nevada is a young mountain.

Geological History

Before its birth it was submerged within a shallow sea during the Precambrian period (>500 millions years ago). .

The Sierra Nevada massif was formed by the collision of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates during the Alpine Orogeny, in Tertiary Era.

A mountain-building event that also formed the European Alps to the east and the Atlas Mountains of northern Africa across the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

During the last glaciation (The Würm), cirques and the polished glaciers, the palisade systems and the moraines evolved.

After, rivers network was canalised in its current position, leaving fluvial terraces suspended along some stretches of these river-beds

The park, as observed today, formed during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 to 1.8 million years ago).

The Most Highest Peaks
The park is the home of the highest peaks on the Iberian Peninsula: the Mulhacén, with 3,482 metres (11,424 ft); and the Veleta with 3,398 metres (11,148 ft).
Fifteen of its peaks are over 3,000 metres (9,842 ft) high.

Morphological Characteristics

Rich hydrological resources, including several natural mineral springs.

Interesting glacierism phenomena with lakes near its peaks.

Stony scree slopes and steep cliffs

Torrential rivers

Sheer-sided gorges

Snowy summits

Meadows surrounding small glacial lakes are excellent fodder for cattle.

Impermeability rocks which means that water accumulates in layers and gives rise to springs and subterranean streams at a very high altitude.

Lithology
The lithology of the high summits and adjoining hillocks are constituted principally from graphite micaschists.
They are frequently cut through by veins of quartzite of bright white or yellowish colours, by siderite and by iron oxides.

The crests and steep are usually formed by quartz schists. Green-coloured rocks are also to be found which are called serpentinites, eclogites and amphibolites.

In specific local areas, rocks from magmatic processes known as gneisses.

*Article about Geology of Sierra Nevada National Park
http://www.adurcal.com/enlaces/ingles/3.htm

Picture source: en.wikipedia.org

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The La Cortijuela Botanical Garden is a botanical and mycological garden located in a protected natural area in the district of Monachil, in an area of extremely high ecological value in the Sierra Nevada Park.
This privileged setting has a  circular route where to discover the wealth of plant life residing there.
The tour includes:
- beautiful orchids
- vegetation typical of riverbank woodlands
- thorny plants
- Holm-oaks, oaks and wild pine trees
- exclusive species of flowering arnica
- a lookout point with excellent panoramic views

La Cortijuela Botanical Garden
Source: juntadeandalucia.es

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Degradation by the ski slopes
The plant species of Sierra Nevada are degraded by the maintenance with heavy machinery of the ski slopes. Soil erosion increases and the loss of biodiversity worsens.
Two examples of autochthonous shrub species of the Sierra Nevada affected by this situation: Genista versicolor boiss and Reseda complicata bory, whose ecological niche is above all in the ski resort and its surroundings.
The main problem is that shrubs, in the short term, fail to self-regulate naturally to recover their biodiversity.

Picture: agenciasinc.es

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General Information

Extension: 86,208 ha.

Date of declaration: 14/01/1999

Two protective areas: National Park and Natural Park.

UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (1986).

ZEPA (Special Bird Protection Area) (2002)

Botanical Garden of Cortijuela: park's investigation and preserved centre of endemic especies.

The Sierra Nevada Observatory and the IRAM radiotelescope are located on the northern slopes at an elevation of 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) on Veleta peak.

Hotspot area
Some valleys within the park act like a narrow natural corridor, bringing together other neighbouring and mutually distinctive regions (such as: Vega del Río Genil, el Temple, La Alpujarra and the Costa Tropical).

Great variety of landscapes and the uniqueness of its natural features.

A natural site monitored and controlled because of the fragility and vulnerability of its geosystems.

Numerous streams in areas of the high mountain are nourished by the winter snow and rainfall through the rest of the year.

The waters of lots of parts of the massif are generally of excellent quality.

Botanical and animal diversity which is a direct consequence of the geological substrata and the climate conditions. Life here is only possible with very particular biological adaptations by organisms.

Climate Contrasts
The altitude of the Sierra Nevada and its low latitude determine its natural environmental conditions.
Particular conditions of ground, humidity and temperature.

The prevailing climate is Mediterranean, specifically of the crioro-mediterranean stratum:

brevity of the vegetative period

almost constant presence of snow

daily frosts

a scarcity of rainfall in summer

siliceous vegetation

tendency to torrential and violent flooding in streams

high reserves of water in aquifers and springs.

Very severe limits for soil formation and the ability of plants to take root, preventing the evolution of tree species.

Panoramic view of the Alhambra with Sierra nevada National and Natural Park in the background.
Picture source: destination360.com

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SPECIES OF SIERRA NEVADA INCLUDING ON IUCN RED LIST 

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SPECIES OF SIERRA NEVADA INCLUDING ON IUCN RED LIST 

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Most relevant species included in Red List Category:

Critically Endengered (CR)

Ctenodecticus major. Insecta

Laserpitium longiradium. Magnoliopsida

Endangered (En)

Chorthippus nevadensis. Insecta

Baetica ustulata. Insecta

Erigeron frigidus. Magnoliopsida

Narcissus nevadensis. Liliopsida

Pinguicula nevadensis. Magnoliopsida

Artemisia granatensis. Magnoliopsida

Vulnerable (VU)

Erodium rupicola. Magnoliopsida

Polyommatus golgu s. Insecta

Prunus ramburii. Magnoliopsida

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This natural space is home to over 2,100 plant species, 116 of which are classified as threatened and over 60 of which are unique to the area, including the endangered Arenaria nevadensis and Laserpitium longiradium.

The most well-known native wildflowers have been listed as threatened species.

Above 2,800 metres in altitude
Here survive plants that are perfectly suited to cope with the harsh conditions:
- junipers
- broom
- barberry bush
- the cold and dry pastures
- mountain camomile
- flora evolves of the boreo-alpine type
- black bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
- small scattered flowers

In cracks among the rocks
Many endemic species that shelter in cracks. For example, both of which can only be found in this region

Viola crassiuscula (the Sierra Nevada violet)

Plantago nivalis (a local species of plantain)

Above 2,000 metres in altitud
Ecosystems characterised by the permanent presence of water, such as lake zones.
- various types of moist pastures
- species such as edelweis
- puddles and stagnant water (wild poppies
- In springs and rising water courses (communities of moss)

Above 1,800 metres in altitud
The action of snow limits life in these areas; the species tend to have special padding in response to the austere conditions.

- thyme
- considerable growth of bush

Above 1,500 metres in altitud
It is the domain of the mountain holm-oak wood together with bushes:
- Daphne gnidium (called "torrisco")
- prickly juniper
- honeysuckle
- distinct varieties of broom plants and the "escobon" (Chamaecytisus proliferus)

Where the ground is more acidic and moist, appears the domain of the Pyrennean oak grove.
- ash trees, maples and wild cherry trees close to the rivers

Picture: Viola crassiuscula (the Sierra Nevada violet). Source: flicker.com

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Sierra Nevada protected area is included in GLOCHAMOST Project (Global and Climate Change in Mountain Sites) is an initiative of UNESCO.
Its objective is to put into practice certain research areas in order to develop coping strategies for mountain biosphere reserves in the context of global and climate change.
This project studies:

Biodiversity: the key fauna and flora

Water: the amount of water

Land Use Change: Understanding the origins and impact of land use

Mountain economies: employment and income

More information here:
http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/Sierra_Nevada_BR-Spain_2011.pdf

Bioindicators for Climate Change
Researchers from the University of Granada studied aquatic life insects (trichoptera) that, in general, are little resistant to contamination. This characteristic makes them excellent bioindicators of the environmental status of their habitat. The increase in water temperature (1.63 degrees in the last 20 years) has forced many aquatic species to move to higher altitude areas. Endemic species are especially threatened due to competition phenomena caused by the appearance of new species in their habitats, where they arrive seeking refuge. In this way, a massification occurs in the higher altitude areas, where existing resources may not be sufficient to supply all.

Fossil ice degradation and permafrost
The Corral del Veleta is an ancient glacial cirque that during the Little Ice Age hosted a small glacier spot. This glacier did not completely melt until mid-XX century. In 1998 no masses of glacial ice were visible but remains of them were trapped under blocks, together with permafrost. The Corral del Veleta is the only site in Sierra Nevada hosting remains of relict ice masses.
The causes of these climatic geomorphological events They may be related to recent climate fluctuations, probably owing to a temperature increase since the second half of the XIX century.

Fossil ice in The Corral de Veleta melted by the temperature increase of climate change
Source:http://www.divulgameteo.es/fotos/lecturas/Degradaci%C3%B3n-hielo-permafrost-CC-Sierra-Nevada.pdf

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Example of trophic pyramid of an ecosystem located above 1,500 metres in altitud of the Sierra Nevada National Park

Source: Tania Gallego

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The lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus) is an evergreen shrub that reaches up to 5 meters in height. The fruit of the mastic is fleshy only contains a seed that matures in the autumn-winter period. The seed is small (0.0143 kg / 1000 seeds) and lenticular.

Birds are its main dispersing agent, the main dispersants are the capirotada warbler (Sylvia atricapilla), the robin (Erithacus rubecula) and the sardinian warbler (Sylvia melanocephala).
Note the predatory role played by field mice, ants and beetles.

Picture: Capirotada warbler (Sylvia atricapilla) above lentiscus (Pistacia lentiscus) by Agustín Povedano. www.flickr.com/photos/decadiz/6378101139/in/photostream

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Insects
The area's rich biodiversity includes some 2,000 species of arthropod, 300 of which are unique to this massif.
Insects have adapted to environment conditions by adopting thicker, apterous and darker forms, such us:

Pycnogaster inermis

Baetica ustulata (the Sierra Nevada cicade)

Eumigus rubioi

Endemic Butterflies:

Parnassius apollo subsp nevadensis

Polyommatus golgus

Aglais urticae is the one that flies to greater altitude being the unique one that can be seen to fly over the 3,481 meters of the Mulhacén peak.

There are many species not yet described and few studies of how their populations are at the present time.

Vertebrates
Limited number of individuals due to atmospheric pressure, extreme conditions and low plants productivity close to summits.

The main species which live in the highest reaches of the mountain range are:

the Spanish ibex

Prunella collaris (the Alpine accentor)

the golden eagle

the snow vole

Podarcis hispanica (the Iberian small lizard)

the fox

To the middle mountain (1,100 - 1,500 metres in altitud)
There are numerous differences between the species which inhabit the wood and those of the scrub.
Birds such as:

the goldcrest

the woodpecker

the cuckoo

the Eurasian jay

Mammals:

the beech marten

the wild cat

the wild boar

the genete (Genetta genetta)

Reptails:

Vipera latasti

Elaphe scalaris

Lacerta lepidus nevadensis

Guide of butterflies and fauna of the Iberian Peninsula. Source: waste.ideal.es

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Lepidópteros es el orden al que pertenecen los insectos que se conocen como mariposas, de los que existen más de 165.000 especies, divididas en 127 familas. La mayoría de ellas son nocturnas, y una pequeña parte diurnas. El Suborden Glossata incluye las mariposas que tienen probóscide que se enrosca, espiritrompa y que son la mayoría de las mariposas.

Las primeras de ellas, nocturnas, son las conocidas como polillas, esfinges y pavones. Las segundas son las más populares ya que pueden verse revoloteando por campos y parques. Su principal característica es el gran tamaño de sus alas, recubiertas de escamas que forman una tupida superficie que les otorga una gran capacidad para volar. Las alas están surcadas por venas que junto con la coloración de las escamas marcan la diferencia entre unas y otras especies.

VÍDEOS * MARIPOSAS VÍDEO: MERCHE S. CALLE Y J. E. GÓMEZ

MARIPOSAS DIURNAS ÍNDICE GENERAL * ESPECIES POR FAMILIAS *

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Carcharodus alceae
Carcharodus baeticus * Piquitos
Carcharodus lavatherae * Piquitos clara
Gegenes nostrodamus * Veloz de las rieras
Hesperia comma * Dorada manchas blancas
Muschampia proto * Polvillo dorado
Ochlodes sylvanus * Dorada de orla ancha
Pyrgus alveus * Ajedrezada serrana
Pyrgus carthami nevadensis * Ajedrezada
Pyrgus cirsii *Ajedrezada tórrida
Spialia sertorius
Thymelicus acteon * Dorada oscura
Thymelicus lineola * Dorada linea corta
Thymelicus sylvestris * Dorada línea larga

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Iphiclides feisthamelii * Podalirio o Chupaleche
Parnassius apollo * Apolo, o Pavón diurno
Papilio machaon * Macaon
Zerynthia rumina * Arlequín

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

Danaus chrysippus *Mariposa tigre
Danaus plexippus * Mariposa monarca

Click en la imagen o en el nombre científico para ir a ficha de la especie

vídeopromoción

ESPECIES POR ORDEN ALFABÉTICO.Click en la imagen para ir a fichas

Familia Sphingidae
Hyles euphorbiae (Esfinge de las lechetreznas)
Macroglossum stellatarum, Esfinge colibrí

Familia Thaumetopoeidae
Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Procesionaria del pino)

vídeopromoción

Copyrigth. Los contenidos de esta guía (textos fotos, dibujos y diseño) son propiedad deMerche S. Calle y Juan Enrique Gómez (Waste magazine). Esta prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de textos y fotos, tanto en medios físicos como electrónicos y en web
Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía

LEPIDÓPTEROS

Hespéridos
Borbo borbonica (Boisduval, 1833) / Categoría de amenaza En Peligro / Iberonorteafricana / Población Cádiz
Papiliónidos
Parnassius apollo (subsp nevadensis, gadorensis, filabricus y mariae)
Piéridos
Euchloe bazae Categoría de amenzaza Vulnerable (Sierra de Baza)
Ninfálidos
Pseudochazara hippolyte
Licénidos
Plebejus (Agriades) zullichi (La mariposa de Puerto Lobo) Categoría de amenaza En Peligro
La larva es monófaga sobre la también endémica Androsace vitaliana subsp. nevadensis
Agrodiaetus violetae Categoría de amenaza En peligro crítico localizada en las Sierras de Alhama, Tejeda y Almijara entre las provincias de Granada y Málaga
Aricia (Eumedonia) eumedon Categoría de amenzaza Vulnerable Localización Sierra de María (Almería) Sierra de Orce la subsp mariensis y en Sierra Tejeda (Granada) la subsp axarquia
Cupido carswelli (Duende marciano) Categoría de amenzaza Vulnerable Endemismo ibérico (Sierras de la Sagra y de Orce-María)
Plebejus pylaon hespericus
Polyommatus (Plebicula) golgus

Libros y autores consultados para la elaboración de esta guía de mariposas
Guía de campo de las mariposas de España y Europa. Higgins / Riley. Ed. Omega
Mariposas de la Península Ibérica. Gómez Bustillo / Fernández Rubio.
A Field Guide to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain (Manley and Allcard)
Las mariposas en su medio (Patrice Leraut)
Guia de las mariposas (Paul Whalley)
Butterflies of the world (Sbordoni Forestiero)
Guía de campo de los insectos de España y Europa. M. Chinery, Ed. Omega.
Publicaciones de la SHILAP (Sociedad Hipano Luso americana de Lepidopterología
Libro Rojo de los Invertebrados de Andalucía

'Las mariposas diurnas de Sierra Nevada' Autores son el geólogo y jefe del Departamento de Biología y Geología del I.E.S. Vega de Atarfe (Granada) Francisco Javier Olivares; el biólogo y técnico de la Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía José Miguel Barea; el biólogo y técnico del Parque de las Ciencias de Granada Francisco Javier Pérez López; el doctor en Ciencias Biológicas y catedrático de Zoología de la Universidad de Granada José Alberto Tinaut y el también biólogo y Conservador del Parque Nacional y Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada, Ignacio Luis Henares. Consejeria de Medio Ambiente 2012
ENLACES
Recursos científicos externos sobre Lepidópteros
Fauna Europea
Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología (SHILAP)
Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica (SEL)
European Butterflies and Moths

TEMAS RELACIONADOS * GUÍAS DE NATURALEZA

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Juan Enrique Gomez / Merche S. Calle / diario IDEAL / Grupo Vocento

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Lepidópteros es el orden al que pertenecen los insectos que se conocen como mariposas, de los que existen más de 165.000 especies, divididas en 127 familas. La mayoría de ellas son nocturnas, y una pequeña parte diurnas. El Suborden Glossata incluye las mariposas que tienen probóscide que se enrosca, espiritrompa y que son la mayoría de las mariposas.

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Iberian Hare (Lepus granatensis) - Leishmania infantum

Hares are a reservoir of Leishmania infantum which is a genus of protists responsible for the disease known as leishmaniosis. These parasites adopt two morphological forms during their life cycle. The main vector of infection are mosquitoes of the genera Phlebotomus (in Eurasia and Africa).

The hares were the main reservoir of an epidemic outbreak between 2004 and 2010 that showed the presence of Leishmania infantum in populations of the central and southern area of the Iberian Peninsula.

Holm-oak (Quercus ilex) - Fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi

The "dry" of the holm-oak and other Quercus is a disease which may cause by the fungus P. cinnamomi. Symptom:
- defoliation
- chlorosis
- destruction of the roots of the tree
The death of the tree: 6 months to 2 years.

The fungus stays in the roots of the tree and its presence has been demonstrated in 6 out of 9 trees diagnosed as "dry".

Climate change with the consequent increase in temperatures and decrease in water resources can be considered as causal factors.

Here, a research article developed by Sevilla University:
https://idus.us.es/xmlui/handle/11441/49210

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The wildcat (Felis silvestris) and the goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) have a predilection for hunting rabbits.

Goshawk:

It has affinity towards large mature forests.

In the northernmost regions of the Peninsula, given the rigorous climate, the goshawks are shown as partially migrating birds.

The goshawk is a fairly generalist predator, which adapts well to the availability of prey offered by its territory. It has a formidable aggressiveness.

Daytime activity, with peaks in the early hours of the day and at the end of the afternoon.

SEO / BirdLife, the Spanish Society of Ornithology, is the environmental NGO dean in Spain. Founded in 1954, their mission remains the same since then: with birds as a flag, they want to conserve biodiversity with the participation and involvement of society.
https://www.seo.org/ave/azor-comun/

Wildcat:
- It prefers open areas with pastures, crops, fallows, cleared scrub, with sheltered areas where resting and breeding.
- The wildcat lives in areas where there is rabbit and specializes in its consumption. When he does not find enough rabbits or rodents, then he behaves like a generalist.
- They are generally crepuscular. Wildcats hunt by stalking a prey when it is discovered, or waiting for the prey from a hiding place, until it is within reach.

Virtual Encyclopedia of the vertebrates of Spain
http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/mamiferos/felsil.html

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Fox (Vulpes vulpes) - Common Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus)
The common hedgehog is within the threatened species of the national park. The fox eats the hedgehog urinating on it to avoid being pricked with its barbs. It is the only predator in the area that hunts it.

Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)
- Marten (Martes foina)
Both species included in the park's list of threatened species.
Goshawk is a bird endowed with extraordinary predatory qualities and a formidable aggressiveness, the goshawk was used - and still is - in the practice of falconry. It is precisely these great qualities as a hunter that determined that, in the recent past, this raptor was persecuted without mercy under the unfounded accusation of causing serious damage to game species. It can feed on medium-sized birds, especially corvids and pigeons, and other mammals such as rabbits, hares and squirrels.

This video tries to make known a little known aspect about this intelligent carnivore: its complex familiarity. It also aims to disclose what role the fox plays in Nature.

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Zorro, un depredador incomprendido: El presente vídeo trata de dar a conocer un aspecto muy poco conocido sobre este inteligente carnívoro: su compleja familiaridad. Igualmente pretende divulgar qué papel cumple el zorro en la Naturaleza.

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GREY WOLF INTO THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

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GREY WOLF INTO THE YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

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3. The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

Iberian Wolf in Spain
The protection situation of the Iberian wolf in the Iberian Peninsula is very different from Portugal to Spain. In Portugal it is a protected species throughout the national territory, but in Spain it is only protected in part of its extension territory. The battle between a livestock sector, political measures and hunters is still a difficult issue to solve.

Declaration of one of the most important wolf organizations in the country
http://lobomarley.org/wolves-around-the-world-the-iberian-wolf-part-1/

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Tourism
In the shadow of Sierra Nevada lies the historic city of Granada, which makes a great base for visiting the area. Alternatively, lots of charming white villages in the foothills cater to visitors.

Traditional activities associated with snow, hunting and fishing are now complemented by a spectacular array of hiking, mountaineering and mountain biking options, most notably the Sulayr trail (19 sections covering 300 kilometres on foot) and the Transnevada (8 stages covering 450 kilometres by mountain bike).

Agricultural produce
Apart from tourism, the economic mainstay of the Sierra Nevada is agricultural produce, with cereal crops, olives, grapes, almonds, walnuts, apples and cherries cultivated here, mainly in the southern foothills of the Alpujarras.

In these foothills, the river terraces are cultivated of almond trees and vegetables and local people have taken advantage of these terraces to grow various crops.

Mineral extraction
Europe's most important iron mine is at Alquife, continuing a mining tradition in the Sierra that once included the extraction of copper and silver.
In some areas were quarries where some type of rocks were at times used as an ornamental stone, for the manufacture of agglomerates, for obtaining asbestos and talcum powder.

Hunt
Species are subject to hunting which are the mountain goat (Capra pyrenaica), the increasingly abundant wild boar (Sus scrofa) and to a lesser extent the partridge (Alectoris rufa).

The trout common (Salmo trutta) is fished in the rivers of the Natural Park, which still proliferates without many problems in high mountain channels.

White villages within Alpujarra region.
Picture source: otroscaminos.es

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Fishes
Salmo trutta

Reptiles
Trachemis scripta elegans

Flora
Carpobrutus edulis
Eichhornia crassipes

Arthropods
Aedes albopictus
Dysdera crocata
Linephitema humile

Invertebrates
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Catalog of Invasive Species of Andalusia region: https://bit.ly/2TG18JZ

The case of rainbow trout
The rainbow trout and other common trout individuals produced in fish farms have caused in Sierra Nevada a conflict situation with the natural populations of its rivers. Displacement and occupation of habitat in the first case, and introgresión genetic in the second, complicate the management and conservation of the indigenous populations of common trout. The present situation of the common trout in Sierra Nevada, the aggressions they suffer because of the introduced populations and the management measures to correct them are presented.

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River terraces with crops
In the uplands of the Alpujarra, the traditional landscape is an expample of overexploitation of habitats caused for cultivation terraces, established centuries ago and rely on water abstracted from streams draining the southern slopes of Sierra Nevada.

However, the shortage of labor in many municipalities of Alpujarra due to the population decrease of up to 50% since 1950, has led to the abandonment terraced areas around the villages. The new terrestrial cover is made up of mosaics of fruit trees and vines, alternad with the invasion of shrubs and pastures.

Agricultural developments around the protective natural park area have also damaged a number of natural ecosystems: there has been a marked increase in irrigated land in recent years and in places this is causing salinification of the soil and encouraging desertification

Video showing the traditional agricultural and social customs of Alpujarra region:
http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/zoom-tendencias/zoom-tendencias-alpujarra-volver-origen/4845805/