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"Diferencias léxicas en el español de España y América son mínimas."

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"Diferencias léxicas en el español de España y América son mínimas."

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Este artículo que usa las perspectivas de muchas periodistas en el marco del Premio y Festival Gabriel García Márquez de Periodismo. Las periodistas dice que las diferencias léxicas entre dialectos españoles diferentes son mínimas y oscilan entre el 1.7 y 2.5 por ciento. El artículo aplica a el capítulo porque lo enseña que las diferencias léxicas que el capítulo muestra son mínimas contrariamente a la creencia popular.

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Medellín.- Sólo entre el 1.7 y el 2.5 por ciento oscilan las diferencia del español que se habla en los países hispanoamericanos, es un fenómeno muy reducido pero del que nos encanta hablar, señaló el escritor y periodista español Alex Grijelmo, quien junto con Leila Guerriero, Renato Cisneros y Gioconda Belli participaron en la mesa "Español: ¿La lengua que nos divide?", celebrada en el marco del Premio y Festival Gabriel García Márquez de Periodismo.

Durante el encuentro celebrado en el Parque Explora, los escritores y estudiosos del español coincidieron que esas diferencias léxicas son muy pocas y casi todas se entienden, y que lo más es que son un gozo de sobremesa.

"Nos encanta hablar de las diferencias léxicas entendiéndonos perfectamente con el resto de las palabras que no son las que someten a debate, se han hecho varios estudios sobre esas diferencias. Uno lo hizo Raúl Ávila, mexicano, sobre diferencias léxicas en el español de España y América, las diferencias oscilan entre el 1.7 y el 2.5 por ciento; estamos hablando de un fenómeno muy reducido pero del que nos encanta hablar", señaló Grijelmo.

Él también dijo que todos hemos leído las obras de García Márquez y de Vargas Llosa y todos entendemos todo, hemos leído a Mafalda y entendemos todo porque como dijo el lingüista mexicano Antonio Alatorre "el español es la suma de todas las maneras de hablar. Y poco a poco vamos entendiendo todas las maneras de hablar en español".

Leila Guerriero, la periodista y escritora argentina, por su parte dijo que ahora es más fácil averiguar el significado de algunas palabras y sin embargo nos encanta hablar de las diferencias. "Hay un ensayo de un cubano apellidado Morales, que se llama 'El futuro del español', que dice algo así como el 80 por ciento del lenguaje que hablamos en todos los países de habla hispana es un lenguaje común, entonces la fantasía de que no nos entendemos, es eso".

Aseguró que ella utiliza vocabulario muy local. "Yo pienso mucho en el lector cuando escribo, pero así como yo me crié leyendo La pequeña Lulú y traducciones de Anagrama que estaban traducidas con un montón de vocabulario que no conocía pero que yo entendía por contexto, tiendo a pensar que el lector que lee entiende por contexto, que la música del lenguaje también aporta a eso".

El escritor peruano Renato Cisneros aseguró: "cuando uno hace periodismo tiene que pensar necesariamente en el lector y el lenguaje debe ser lo más diáfano, transparente y directo, y cuando haces literatura el español es un recurso estilístico y puede ser un fin, de modo que así he tratado de resolver esa supuesta encrucijada".

akc

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premio y festival gabriel garcía márquez de periodismo

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"Diferencias léxicas en el español de España y América son mínimas"

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Medellín.- Sólo entre el 1.7 y el 2.5 por ciento oscilan las diferencia del español que se habla en los países hispanoamericanos, es un fenómeno muy reducido pero del que nos encanta hablar, señaló el escritor y periodista español Alex Grijelmo, quien junto con Leila Guerriero, Renato Cisneros y Gioconda Belli participaron en la mesa "Español: ¿La lengua que nos divide?", celebrada en el marco del Premio y Festival Gabriel García Márquez de Periodismo.

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Los científicos señalan la mejor edad para aprender un segundo idioma 

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Los científicos señalan la mejor edad para aprender un segundo idioma 

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Este artículo explica los hallazgos científicos de un estudio que enfocar en las relaciones entre la capacidad de una persona para aprender un segundo idioma y su edad. Es importante para este capítulo porque se refiere la capacidad de aprender las idiomas y las dificultades que venir con esto. Además lo pone en duda la idea que las mejores edades para aprender un segundo idioma terminan por 10.

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Updated | Children must start to learn a new language by the age of 10 to achieve the fluency level of a native speaker, a new study has suggested.

Evidence indicates it becomes harder to learn a language other than our mother tongue as we progress through adulthood. Now, a new study suggests that children are highly skilled at learning the grammar of a new language up until the age of 17 or 18, much longer than previously thought.

But while children will continue to learn quickly past the age of 10, it is unlikely they will become fluent in the new language. Scientists believe this is because they have a smaller time frame before their learning abilities begin to weaken around 17, compared with those trying to pick up the same skills before 10.

Joshua Hartshorne, an assistant professor of psychology at Boston College who authored the study as part of his postdoctoral qualification at MIT, said the team was surprised that a language could largely be mastered until the teen years. He told Newsweek that the findings have wider implications for understanding the mind and the brain.

"[In the past] researchers suggested that changes that happen in the brain at around four to five-years-old might be the culprit in our declining ability to learn language. Others focused on changes that happen at puberty. Our finding that the ability to learn language is actually preserved up until early adulthood throws a wrench in that whole discussion," he said. "It means we may need to go back to the drawing board in trying to explain why adults have trouble learning language."

To obtain their findings, which were published in the journal Cognition, researchers at MIT and Harvard studied the results of a grammar quiz completed by almost 670,000 participants, the biggest ever data set on language and learning.

Past studies have struggled to shed light on the topic as adults and children were tested in lab settings where the former were more likely to be comfortable, thus skewing the results. Instead, researchers documented the grammatical proficiency of people of different ages who started learning English at different points in their lives.

The resulting quiz-called Which English?-was designed to challenge non-native speakers. Participants were asked to state whether sentences such as "Yesterday John wanted to won the race" were incorrect. In an attempt to make the test go viral and collect more respondents, the researchers also added questions relating to the grammatical quirks of different English dialects.

Participants were asked to include information such as their age when taking the quiz and the age at which they started to learn English.

"It's been very difficult until now to get all the data you would need to answer this question of how long the critical period lasts," said Josh Tenenbaum, an MIT professor of brain and cognitive sciences and an author of the paper. "This is one of those rare opportunities in science where we could work on a question that is very old, that many smart people have thought about and written about, and take a new perspective and see something that maybe other people haven't."

Further research is now needed to understand why our ability to learn a new language appears to drop past a certain age.

"It's possible that there's a biological change. It's also possible that it's something social or cultural," Professor Tenenbaum said.

"There's roughly a period of being a minor that goes up to about age 17 or 18 in many societies," he continued. "After that, you leave your home, maybe you work full time, or you become a specialized university student. All of those might impact your learning rate for any language."

Professor Hartshorne also emphasized that the study is unique because of its scope.

"We tested English-speakers in nearly every country on Earth," he told Newsweek. "And although we didn't focus on it in this paper, we learned a lot about how English varies from place to place and dialect to dialect. It turns out that the grammars of the world Englishes vary in complex and interesting ways."
This piece has been updated to include comment from Professor Joshua Hartshorne.

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Scientists have pinpointed the best age to learn a second language

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Updated | Children must start to learn a new language by the age of 10 to achieve the fluency level of a native speaker, a new study has suggested. Evidence indicates it becomes harder to learn a language other than our mother tongue as we progress through adulthood.

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Las similitudes entre el español y el árabe

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Las similitudes entre el español y el árabe

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Este video compara algunas palabras que suenan similares entre el español y el árabe. El video es muy interesante porque lo muestra el impacto de la presencia de los moros en España hasta el siglo X. Además lo muestra la habilidad de personas de culturas y países diferentes para entenderse mutuamente un poco a pesar de estas diferencias.

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En esta entrevista Noam Chomsky dice que no hay diferencias entre ser monolingüe y ser bilingüe. Además, él dice que una persona no puede olvidar su lenguaje primera aún cuando no hable en la primera lenguaje por la mayoría de su vida y siempre no se puede borrar este conocimiento. Esta reclamación apoya la creencia en la fortaleza de la retención del lenguaje a una edad joven.

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Post written by François Grosjean.

A few years after having written my first book on bilingualism ( Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism), I contacted Professor Noam Chomsky at MIT to ask him whether he would be kind enough to give me a bit of his time to talk about bilinguals and bilingualism. He very kindly accepted and the interview took place in his office in the now famous Building 20 at MIT.

I was still a young academic at the time and I was touched that such a illustrious linguist would spend some time with me discussing a topic that has always intrigued me. As I am writing this post, many years later, I feel all the more honored to have had this moment with him.

Noam Chomsky started off by saying that he knew very little about bilingualism but as our conversation continued, he clearly showed that he had given it some thought. Four topics marked the interview. The first was that Noam Chomsky was not convinced that there is a sharp difference between monolingualism and bilingualism. As he stated: "I'm about as monolingual as you come, but nevertheless I have a variety of different languages at my command, different styles, different ways of talking, which do involve different parameter settings."

I kept coming back to this first point throughout the interview (for me, bilinguals ARE different from monolinguals) and a bit later on when I asked him whether shifting styles is really the same as shifting languages, he did add, "It's different in degree, very different, VERY different in degree, so different in degree that you could call it a difference of quality. Because, after all, degree differences do turn into quality differences." For Noam Chomsky, the really interesting question is how a particular system of the mind can be simultaneously in several different states, and whether this is unique to the language faculty. He believes that it isn't.

A second topic we spent some time on concerned whether you can lose a first language in adulthood. (In an earlier post I discussed this relative to children forgetting their native language; see here). Noam Chomsky didn't think you could and argued that there is some sort of residual storage. He took the example of a 60 year-old man who hasn't spoken German since age 20 and who no longer seems to be able to use it. The real test for him would be to see how quickly he could relearn it. He was convinced that the person would learn German a lot faster than if he were starting from scratch and he added that he would probably learn it with the right pronunciation, the right nuances and so on. As he stated, "My guess is that you can't really erase the system".

A third topic concerned the permanent influence of a second language on a first language in a prolonged language contact situation. In an earlier post (see here), I described a set of studies we had conducted that seemed to show that a second language (French) can have a real impact on a first language (Spanish in this case) when the former is used much more than the latter for an extensive period of time. We had used acceptability judgments and had found quite a large influence of French on Spanish, the first language of the adult immigrants we tested. They had arrived as adult Spanish monolingual speakers twenty years before.

For Noam Chomsky, however, the native language competence of the immigrants had not in fact been changed. Rather, it was their cognitive style that was now different. He suggested that when you move into a foreign language environment, your standards on grammatical acceptability are lowered because you are confronted with many ways of saying things, in the one or the other language, or in both. This change in cognitive style may thus explain the way you react to your native language, but it should not influence your knowledge of your native language.

In our research, we subsequently used a translation task and we obtained similar results which made us think that the impact of an immigrant language, over a lengthy period of time, can be quite profound. This work was done several years after the interview, though.

Finally, I asked Noam Chomsky why linguists, most notably theoretical linguists, had spent so little time studying bilingualism. After all, wasn't half the world's population bi- or multilingual? He did not play down the interest of understanding people who know and use several languages but he thought that theoretical linguists should start with simple cases, that is with monolinguals. For him, the argument is the same as for chemists who study H2O and not other types of water that contain other substances. To understand the latter, you have to start with the former. As he stated, "The only way to deal with the complexities of the real world is by studying pure cases and trying to determine from them the principles that interact in the complex cases." This is taken for granted in the physical sciences, according to him, and it should also be in the non-physical sciences.

Our meeting lasted about an hour and I came away with some answers but also additional questions and a few doubts. This said, I felt honored to have spent some time with one of the great thinkers of our time, and I still feel that way so many years later.

Photo of Noam Chomsky courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

"Life as a bilingual" posts by content area.

François Grosjean's website.

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Post written by François Grosjean. A few years after having written my first book on bilingualism ( Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism), I contacted Professor Noam Chomsky at MIT to ask him whether he would be kind enough to give me a bit of his time to talk about bilinguals and bilingualism.

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Este artículo breve me enseñó las diferencias entre de la fonología y la fonética y muestra ejemplos de los dos estudios del lenguaje. Además, el artículo muestra la diferencia entre de los fonemas y los alófonos que hacen una lengua pero tienen funciones distintos.

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Se llama fonología al estudio de la clasificación de los sonidos de una lengua, de modo que los sonidos de cada grupo son percibidos por los hablantes como un único elemento básico del sistema, llamado fonema, que tiene carácter distintivo con relación a los sonidos de otros grupos.

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Latinoamericanos intentan pronunciar la Z y la C como en España

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Latinoamericanos intentan pronunciar la Z y la C como en España

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Este video muestra latinoamericanos que tratan de pronunciar la Z en español como los españoles. Mayoría de la gente en este video no pudieron pronunciar sin parar o reír porque el sonido que la Z hace para españoles es difícil pronunciar para latinoamericanos. Es interesante para ver en realidad la dificultad porque el sonido está solo en la carta fonética que nos recibieron y sólo se utiliza en España.

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Latinoamericanos intentan pronunciar la Z y la C como en España

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Las 10 dudas más frecuentes sobre tildes

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Las 10 dudas más frecuentes sobre tildes

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Este artículo aumenta una discusión de los tildes que empezó en Twitter con el hashtag #acentúate. Después de explicar el movimiento en Twitter, el artículo muestra las dudas de la acentuación como si o no poner un tilde en la palabra "solo." La Real Academia Española dice que "solo" no tiene un tilde pero fue una decisión que ha tenido mucha crítica de los hispanohablantes.

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Fundéu y Twitter se alían para promocionar el uso de la tilde con el hashtag #acentúate

La Fundéu y Twitter lanzaron este miércoles una campaña para recordar que los hashtags de Twitter también deberían llevar tilde. Para hacerlo, han propuesto la etiqueta #acentúate, que llegó a ser trending topic gracias también al apoyo de figuras conocidas como el actor Antonio Banderas y las periodistas Susanna Griso, Carme Chaparro y Mónica Carrillo, entre otros.

El objetivo es evitar lo que por ejemplo ocurría esa misma mañana: en la lista de tendencias de Twitter en España encontrábamos #acentúate y también #felizmiercoles, sin tilde. Twitter incluye en esta etiqueta los tuits con #felizmiércoles, pero al final manda el más usado. Esto no se debe solo a la pereza que da poner tildes con el móvil: son muchos quienes creen que la red social no identifica bien los hashtags con acentos.

Pero para acentuar palabras, hace falta recordar las normas al respecto. Hemos acudido a la página y a la cuenta de Twitter de Fundéu -una fundación promovida por la agencia Efe, patrocinada por BBVA y asesorada por la RAE- y hemos recopilado algunas de las dudas más frecuentes acerca de las normas de acentuación.

1. ¿Debo decir tilde o acento?

Puedes decir las dos, como no se cansa de explicar el community manager de la Fundéu.

La segunda acepción de acento en el diccionario de la RAE es:

Tilde, rayita oblicua que en la ortografía española vigente baja de derecha a izquierda de quien escribe o lee. Se usa para indicar en determinados casos la mayor fuerza espiratoria de la sílaba cuya vocal la lleva, p. ej., cámara, símbolo, útil, allá, salió; y también para distinguir una palabra o forma de otra escrita con iguales letras, p. ej., sólo, adverbio, frente a solo, adjetivo; o con ambos fines a la vez, p. ej., tomó frente a tomo; él, pronombre personal, frente a el, artículo.

Y la primera de tilde es:

Virgulilla o rasgo que se pone sobre algunas abreviaturas, el que lleva la ñ, y cualquier otro signo que sirva para distinguir una letra de otra o denotar su acentuación.

2. Solo no necesita tilde
Esta es una de las recomendaciones más conflictivas de la RAE, como se puede ver en Twitter.

Montemos nuestra porpia RAE con casinos y tilde en el sólo.
- Petur (@peturbado) septiembre 11, 2015

Confieso que traiciono a la RAE, con la tilde del adverbio sólo.
- Felipe Alcaraz (@FelipeAlcarazM) septiembre 10, 2015

¿La tilde de sólo? FROM MY COLD DEAD HANDS.
- Jurfurjur (@gordocontrapo) abril 8, 2014

Al respecto, Álex Grijelmo publicaba el 30 de agosto en El País un artículo titulado "La tilde sentimental" en el que afirmaba que "quienes hemos nacido con esas tildes forzaremos cualquier argumento para defenderlas. Opondremos por ejemplo que se necesita ese rasgo en textos de apenas tres o cuatro palabras, como sucede en los titulares de prensa, en la publicidad o en los títulos literarios o cinematográficos. No es lo mismo Solo en casa que Sólo en casa".

Por desgracia para muchos, la Fundéu recuerda que "solo, ya sea adjetivo o adverbio, no lleva tilde según las normas generales de la Ortografía de la lengua española ". Y cita a la RAE: "La palabra solo, tanto cuando es adverbio como cuando es adjetivo, así como los demostrativos este, ese y aquel [...], son voces que no deben llevar tilde según las reglas generales de acentuación".

Solo podemos acentuar "solo" en caso de ambigüedad, aunque no es necesario. "Sí se considera falta de ortografía, en cambio, tildar el adverbio solo cuando no existe riesgo de ambigüedad". Los pronombres demostrativos no se deben acentuar nunca.

Que solo no lleve acento es una de las diez normas lingüísticas que no nos gustan, según este artículo de la Fundéu, que recoge otra polémica: la tilde de guion. "La nueva Ortografía académica considera que guion es ahora un monosílabo a efectos de acentuación gráfica, motivo por el cual ya no es preciso tildar esta palabra. Sabemos que, sobre todo a los españoles, esta novedad nos cuesta; es de esas palabras que primero escribimos con tilde y después, al recordar la norma, se la quitamos". Y eso, cuando se la quitamos.
4. Las mayúsculas se acentúan
La Fundéu aclara que las mayúsculas se han tenido que acentuar siempre: "La Academia nunca estableció una normativa paralela para este tipo de letra; lo que sucedía era que, en las antiguas imprentas y en las primeras máquinas de escribir, resultaba técnicamente más complicado, y a veces directamente imposible, tildarlas. Pero hoy en día, con los medios de composición actuales, no hay excusa para no hacerlo".

Este es uno de los diez bulos lingüísticos que la Fundéu quiere desterrar.

Ti va siempre sin tilde, a diferencia de mí y sí, que "se escriben con una tilde diacrítica que permite diferenciarlos respectivamente del adjetivo posesivo mi (mi casa) y de la conjunción condicional si (si sales, abrígate), palabras átonas las dos. En el caso de ti, no hay confusión posible con ninguna otra palabra, por lo que se aplica la norma general de no tildar los monosílabos".
6. Otras 37 palabras que solemos escribir con tilde y no la llevan
Aparte de ti, Fundeu recopila en este artículo las siguientes palabras que no se acentúan, pero que nos emperramos en escribir con tilde:

Los monosílabos fue, dio y vio.

Los demostrativos neutros esto, eso y aquello.

Imagen, examen, volumen, resumen, origen, joven, margen. Los plurales de estas palabtas sí se acentúan, al ser esdrújulas.

Heroico, estoico. Son palabras llanas, ya que 'oi' forma diptongo.

Hubierais, hubieseis, fuerais, fueseis. Son palabras llanas terminadas en -s.

Acabose y ponme. Son palabras llanas terminadas en vocal. Acabose se acentuaba con las normas anteriores.

Continuo. Palabra llana acabada en vocal.

Huir, rehuir. 'Ui' forma diptongo.

Construido, incluido, influido, gratuito, huida, hinduismo, altruismo. Llanas acabadas en vocal, ya que 'ui' forma diptongo.

Caracteres. El singular, carácter, sí se acentúa, pero caracteres es llana.

Chiita, diita, tiito, Rociito. Son palabras llanas terminadas en vocal. "Dado que dos vocales iguales seguidas forman siempre hiato, el silabeo correspondiente es chi-i-ta, di-i-ta, ti-i-to y Ro-ci-i-to".

7. El prefijo super- no lleva tilde
Como explica Fundéu, "el prefijo super- se escribe unido a la palabra a la que antecede, sin tilde y sin guion ni espacio intermedios".

Excepcionalmente, y como ocurre con todos los prefijos, se escribe separado cuando afecta a un conjunto de palabras con un significado unitario (super de moda, super a gusto...).

Solo lleva tilde si se emplea como sustantivo, equivalente a supermercado o a un tipo de gasolina ("Lo compramos en el súper", "Este año la súper subirá de precio") y cuando se utiliza como adverbio o adjetivo pospuesto al sustantivo ("Es una idea súper", "Lo pasamos súper en la fiesta").
8. Por qué, porque, por que y por qué
¿Por qué? ¿POR QUÉ? ¿¡POR QUÉ!? La Fundéu lo explica:

Porqué: sustantivo, sinónimo de causa, motivo o razón. Puede ir en plural.

Por qué: combinación de preposición por y el interrogativo qué. "¿Por qué no aumenta el número de vivienda protegida?". Se puede reconocer agregando la palabra razón: "Le preguntaron por qué (razón) ingresó al club".

Porque: conjunción que equivale a puesto que, dado que, ya que. "Es difícil porque hay tres equipos más de un nivel muy alto". También puede tener valor de finalidad con un verbo en subjuntivo, equivalente a para que: "Hizo lo que pudo porque (o para que) su trabajo fuera excelente". En este caso, también es válida su escritura en dos palabras.

Por que es la combinación de por y el pronombre relativo que y se reconoce fácilmente porque siempre se puede intercalar un artículo entre ellos: "Ese es el motivo por (el) que decidió no ir". También puede tratarse de la preposición por exigida por verbo, sustantivo o adjetivo, y la conjunción que: "Se preocupa por que no le paguen nada" (preocuparse por algo).

9. ¿Por qué se acentúa referéndums?
Porque es una palabra llana acabada en dos consonantes (no importa que la segunda sea s o n) y según las normas de acentuación se ha de tildar. La Fundéu añade que "por la misma razón tienen acento gráfico cómics, récords, fórceps, wéstern y zódiacs, y no lo tienen anoraks, esnobs, zigzags y tuaregs", que son palabras agudas acabadas en grupo consonántico. Esta norma permite mantener la unidad gráfica del plural y el singular. También se acentúa bíceps.
10. ¿Por qué se acentúa Fundéu?
Fundéu es una palabra aguda acabada en vocal y según las normas ortográficas debe llevar tilde. De hecho, "en la Ortografía académica aparece como ejemplo de palabra que debe acentuarse". En el mismo caso se encuentran otras palabras agudas (no monosílabas) acabadas en u o i precedida de vocal tónica abierta (a, e, o), como agnusdéi, marramáu, bonsái...

* También puedes seguirnos en Instagram y Flipboard. ¡No te pierdas lo mejor de Verne!

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Las 10 dudas más frecuentes sobre tildes

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Fundéu y Twitter se alían para promocionar el uso de la tilde con el hashtag #acentúate La Fundéu y Twitter lanzaron este miércoles una campaña para recordar que los hashtags de Twitter también deberían llevar tilde.

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Los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español

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Los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español

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Este artículo muestra los sonidos que los extranjeros no pueden pronunciar fácilmente. Es interesante porque este dificultad con sonidos muestra las diferencias entre los entendidos fonéticas de otros lenguajes. Por ejemplo, los estadounidenses no pronuncian la "r" como los hispanohablantes ni las vocales en la misma manera.

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Por mucho que lo intentan, vemos que a nuestros estudiantes les cuesta saber pronunciar bien más unos sonidos que otros. Y que a la hora de pronunciar diferentes vocablos, el español también tiene alguna que otra dificultad, eso sí totalmente superable. Os contamos cuáles son los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español.

Cualquier idioma tiene diferentes palabras, letras o terminaciones de palabras que pueden convertirse en todo un calvario para un estudiante extranjero. A base de repetirlas y entender, sobre todo, cómo se pronuncian estas situaciones pueden superarse con total normalidad. ¿O acaso es imposible aprender la complicada pronunciación de la lengua alemana? ¿y las terminaciones labiales del francés? Todo un reto. Si vas a aprender español en España, ya puedes ir practicando con los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros que debes, poco a poco, ir superando.

La letra R supone una pronunciación para muchos estudiantes. En el español, pronunciamos esta palabra de forma contundente y muy sonora. Hay lenguas que ni tan siquiera la pronuncian pese a tenerla en su abecedario. Lo mejor es ensayar delante de un espejo.
- El sonido g/j
Practiquemos: genio, garaje, jaula, gemido, jota... El sonido de la g y la j puede confundir a muchos extranjeros. Y es que, también para los españoles puede suponer toda una confusión a la hora de escribirlos. ¿Por qué garaje lleva jota y genio lleva g? no intentes buscarle la lógica. Lo mejor en estos casos al a prender español es ampliar tu vocabulario y memorizar palabras conflictivas.

En español, la letra H no se pronuncia pero es indispensable escribirla en muchas palabras y verbos porque si no estarías cometiendo errores ortográficos. Es uno de los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español porque, en definitiva, hay que aprender que no se pronuncia. Y es que, en muchos idiomas, la letra H está acompañada de un sonido y en el español de absolutamente nada. Recuerda el silencio en esta letra.
- El sonido c/s
Uno de los errores más frecuentes al hablar español por parte de los estudiantes extranjeros es el sustituir las palabras con c (ce y ci) por s (Ejemplos: presiosa por preciosa, atardeser por atardecer, dulse por dulse...). En el sur de España y en Latinoamérica esta sustitución a la hora de hablar es muy común pero a la hora de escribirlo es un error que deben tener en cuenta para no aprender malas costumbres al escribir correctamente.
- La doble erre
La doble erre suele ser un problema típico de muchos estudiantes extranjeros a la hora de aprender español en España. Se quedan en la vibración simple, cuando se trata de una palabra donde la r se pronuncia doblemente al igual que se escribe. Es normal encontrar errores como pronunciar "corije" en vez de "corrije", "bariga" en vez de "barriga" o "marones" en vez de "marrones" y casos similares.

Hay algunos errores más pero, de momento, con solucionar estos puedes dar un paso más en perfeccionar tu pronunciación en español. Verás que no es tan difícil aprender y aplicar estas correcciones al aprender español.

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Los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español | AIP Language Institute

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Por mucho que lo intentan, vemos que a nuestros estudiantes les cuesta saber pronunciar bien más unos sonidos que otros. Y que a la hora de pronunciar diferentes vocablos, el español también tiene alguna que otra dificultad, eso sí totalmente superable. Os contamos cuáles son los sonidos más difíciles para extranjeros al aprender español.

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Este artículo explica el concepto de "pluralia tantum," las palabras que siempre son plurales y no pueden ser singulares. El artículo llama estas palabras "regulares irregulares," porque las palabras son regulares pero no siguen las reglas de la pluralidad. Además, el artícula dice que aunque la pluralia tantum es un concepto lingüístico, no hay reglas especificativas para estas palabras, al menos en inglés.

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Plurale tantum is a noun that appears only in the plural and doesn't ordinarily have a singular form (for example, jeans, pajamas, tweezers, shears, and scissors). Also known as a lexical plural. Plural: pluralia tantum. Jeans, scissors, trousers, and glasses are great examples of plural tantum nouns in the English language.

A noun that appears only in the singular form--such as dirt--is known as singulare tantum.

"Richard Lederer [in Crazy English, 1990] asks, 'Doesn't it seem just a little loopy that we can make amends but never just one amend; that no matter how carefully we comb through the annals of history, we can never discover just one annal; that we can never pull a shenanigan, be in a doldrum, or get a jitter, a willy, a delerium tremen, a jimjam, or a heebie-jeebie?' Lederer is alluding to pluralia tantum: Nouns that are always plural. Because they are not the result of pluralizing a singular, the complete plural form, -s and all, has to be stored in memory. Pluralia tantum in a sense are irregular regulars, and indeed they are happy to appear inside compounds: almsgiver (not almgiver), arms race (not arm race), blues rocker (not blue rocker), clothesbrush, Humanities department, jeans maker, newsmaker, oddsmaker, painstaking."
(Steven Pinker, Words Rules. Basic Books, 1999)

"Let's take a look at other pluralia tantum in the pants/trousers family:(Mark Liberman, Language Log, Feb. 15, 2007)

Outergarments: pants (orig. pantaloons), trousers, slacks, breeches/britches, bloomers, jeans, dungarees, bell bottoms, chinos, tights, shorts, trunks, Bermudas (extended to brand names: Levis, 501s, Wranglers, Calvins)

Undergarments: underpants, long johns, skivvies, drawers, panties, knickers, boxers, briefs, undies, tighty-whities (extended to brand names: BVDs, Fruit of the Looms, Jockeys)"

"Nouns for articles of dress consisting of two parts are also treated as plural:

[A] Where ​are my trousers?
[B] They are in the bedroom where you put them.

But such plural nouns can be 'turned into' ordinary count nouns by means of a pair of or pairs of:

I need to buy a new pair of trousers.
How many pairs of blue jeans do you have?"
(Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik, A Communicative Grammar of English, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2013)
"The definitional property of having no singular turns out to be shallow and sometimes accidental, often (as in English) practically impossible to define and circumscribe. The state of affairs resembles the status of the mass-count distinction. . . . While they remain necessary as descriptive concepts, mass and count cannot be defined as grammatical properties of lexical items outside of a context, as Borer (2005) cogently shows. In the same way, I think, and singularia tantum are indispensable descriptive concepts, but they are not genuine linguistic classes. Therefore, we cannot build a notion of lexical plurals around that of pluralia tantum."
(Paolo Acquaviva, Lexical Plurals: A Morphosemantic Approach. Oxford University Press, 2008)

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Pluralia Tantum: Nouns That Have No Singular Forms

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Plurale tantum is a noun that appears only in the plural and doesn't ordinarily have a singular form (for example, jeans, pajamas, tweezers, shears, and scissors). Also known as a lexical plural. Plural: pluralia tantum. Jeans, scissors, trousers, and glasses are great examples of plural tantum nouns in the English language.

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Este video explica las maneras para decir "it" en español. La primera cosa que él dice es que en español, algunas veces la palabra "it" o un equivalente no es necesario, especialmente cuando "it" es implícito por el verbo. En otros casos, se puede usar los pronombres directos y indirectos.

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Spanish Pronouns: 6 Ways To Say "it" In Spanish!

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Este artículo discute el uso de los sufijos diminutos para formar las palabras derivadas. El artículo sólo discute -ito y -ita y como estos no cambian el sentido de una palabra pero se utiliza a menudo en el discurso informal. Además, el artículo señala que "-ito" y "-ita" no sólo usa para hacer las cosas más pequeñas en el discurso pero tiene otros usos incluyendo en el discurso afectuoso.

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-ito, -ita: Making it smaller, or is it? - Yabla Spanish - Free Spanish Lessons

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Yabla offers free Spanish lessons derived from our Spanish Learning videos. The Spanish lessons cover grammar, expressions, verb conjugations, vocabulary, and more. Yabla lessons will help you build Spanish language skills.

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Este documento provee una lista de las raíces que más se producen en español. Es interesante ver cuantas palabras puede hacer con una sola raíz. Además es interesante ver como las raíces y los sufijos y sus significados se combinan para formar palabras.

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Este artículo explica los usos de la voz pasiva y la construcción de eso en el habla. La voz pasiva no es común en el discurso español pero el autor dice que si una persona fuera a usar la voz pasiva, utilizará la "se" pasiva. Se utiliza la "se" pasiva cuando el sujeto no es relevante or importante de la oración y es más simple de otros usos de la voz pasiva al menos que en el discurso.

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The passive voice, or voz pasiva, emphasizes an action or a condition. Who or what caused the action or condition is unimportant, unknown, or assumed to be general knowledge. Learn how to conjugate the passive voice in Spanish grammar and get tips on when to use it.

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Este artículo explica el uso de los apóstrofos en español que es mínima. La mayoría de los usos de los apóstrofos en español es en las referencias de la cultura popular como "McDonald's" y otras palabras extranjeras. Además, el autor dice que el apóstrofo fue usado en la literatura antigua, pero es menos común ahora.

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The apostrophe is almost never used in modern Spanish. Its use is limited to words of foreign origin (usually names) and, very rarely, poetry or poetic literature. Spanish students should not imitate the common uses of the apostrophe in English.

Me siento vieja. Pero, c'est la vie. I feel old. But such is life.

Un jack-o'-lantern es una calabaza tallada a mano, asociada a la festividad de Halloween. A jack-o'-lantern is a pumpkin carved by hand and associated with Halloween festivities.

Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor es una cantante nacida en Dublín, Irlanda. Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor is a singer born in Dublin, Ireland.

McDonald's ofrece una gran variedad de alimentos de alta calidad. McDonald's offers a big variety of high-quality foods.

Note that in all the above cases the words would be recognized as being of foreign origin. In the first two cases, the use of the words with apostrophes would be seen as a Gallicism and Anglicism, respectively.

The apostrophe can occasionally be found in centuries-old poetry or literature as a way of showing that letters have been omitted. Such use is very rarely found in modern writing, and then only for literary effect.

Nuestras vidas son los ríos / que van a dar en la mar, / qu'es el morir. Our lives are the rivers / that flow to give to the sea, / which is death. (From Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique por la muerte de su padre, 1477.)

¿ ... qué me ha de aprovechar ver la pintura / d'aquel que con las alas derretidas ...? ... what could it help me to see the painting of that one with the melted wings ...? (From the 12th sonnet of Garcilazo de la Vega, c. 1500-1536.)

One exception in modern usage is the slang spellings of m'ijo and m'ija for ("my son" and "my daughter," respectively). Such a spelling should not be used in formal writing.

According to the Royal Spanish Academy, the apostrophe should not be used in the following instances, which are considered Anglicisms:

To shorten years, such as using '04 for 2004. Simply 04 can be used instead.

To make plurals.

The Spanish word for "apostrophe" is apóstrofo. An apóstrofe is a certain type of insult.

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Why You Almost Never Should Use an Apostrophe in Spanish

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The apostrophe is almost never used in modern Spanish. Its use is limited to words of foreign origin (usually names) and, very rarely, poetry or poetic literature. Spanish students should not imitate the common uses of the apostrophe in English. Me siento vieja. Pero, c'est la vie. I feel old.

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Este mapa explica las categorías de las oraciones compuestas. El mapa tiene dos categorías principales, las oraciones coordinadas y las oraciones subordinadas. Las oraciones subordinadas tiene más categorías especialmente en las oraciones adverbiales que tiene nueve ramas.

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DEFINICIÓN

Las oraciones compuestas tienen más de un verbo en forma personal, y por lo tanto, tiene tantos predicados como verbos presentan. A cada una de las oraciones que se unen para formar la oración compuesta, se les llama .

CLASIFICACIÓN :

Coordinadas: Las proposiciones son sintácticamente independientes.

Subordinadas: Lasproposiciones son sintácticamente dependientes.

Yuxtapuestas : Las proposiciones no están unidas por ningún nexo.

COORDINADAS

Una oración compuesta por coordinación es la unión de dos proposiciones mediante una conjunción coordinante . Estas dos proposiciones, aunque queden unidas, son sintácticamente independientes . Es decir: dos o más proposiciones unidas por un enlace, pero que si las separamos ambas, mantienen un sentido completo.

Si separamos las dos proposiciones, continúan teniendo sentido completo:

Encontramos varios tipos de coordinadas:

COPULATIVAS : Expresan una relación de suma o adición. Los nexos que las unen suelen ser: y, e, ni .

DISYUNTIVAS: Entre ellas se plantea una relación de exclusión, si se da la una no se puede dar la otra. Van unidas por las conjunciones: o, u, o bien .

ADVERSATIVAS Plantean entre sí una oposición de significado, es decir lo que afirma una lo contradice parcial o totalmente la otra. Los nexos que las unen suelen ser: pero, sin embargo, no obstante, mas, sino (que),antes, antes bien, excepto, por lo demás , etc.

DISTRIBUTIVAS : Las proposiciones indican una alternancia de acciones. Sus enlaces suelen ser: bien...bien, ora...ora, ya...ya, unas veces... otras..., unos...otros, este...aquel, aquí...allí... .

EXPLICATIVAS : Una de las proposiciones explica el sentido de la otra. Sus enlaces suelen ser: es decir, o sea, esto es .

SUBORDINADAS

Son dos o más proposiciones que se unen mediante un enlace subordinante . Una proposición () depende sintácticamente de la otra (la principal). La proposición subordinada realiza una función sintáctica (sujeto o complemento) en relación con el verbo de la principal.

En esta oración, , que es la proposición subordinada, realiza la función de complemento directo (CD) del verbo de la proposición principal digo.

Podemos clasificar las proposiciones subordinadas de la siguiente forma, atendiendo a la función que desempeñen con respecto a la principal:

SUSTANTIVAS: Realizan la misma función que un sustantivo

Sujeto : El que tiró las llaves bailaba muy bien.

[slideshare id=281237&doc=sustantivas-1203968280531216-4]

ADJETIVAS O DE RELATIVO

Realizan la misma función que un , es decir, complementan a un sustantivo (recibe el nombre de antecedente) de la proposición principal. Hemos de diferenciar entre dos tipos:

Los asistentes que llevaban invitados entraron en el salón de actos.

Los asistentes, que llevaban invitados , entraron en el salón de actos.

Pueden ir introducidas por:

Pronombres relativos: Que, quien, el cual, cuyo. Lucía es una chica que resulta encantadora Adverbios relativos: Donde, cuando, como. Me gusta la forma como lo dices

Formas no personales: Infinitivo, gerundio o participio. Lo vi llorar

Podemos también encontrarnos con ADJETIVAS SUSTANTIVADAS : Al igual que los adjetivos, las subordinadas adjetivas pueden sustantivarse cuando desaparece el antecedente del pronombre relativo. Suelen construirse habitualmente con los pronombres: que, quien y cuanto sin antecedente y con el artículo + que . En estos casos las proposiciones adjetivas realizarán las mismas funciones que un sustantivo . Los que olvidan las leyes fracasan (las personas que olvidan las leyes fracasan)

ADVERBIALES
Tiempo : Mis padres se fueron cuando acabó la fiesta.

Lugar : Escóndete donde no te vea.

Modo : Contesté como tú me pediste.

YUXTAPUESTAS

COORDINADAS Ponte el jersey y tendrás menos frío

SUBORDINADAS Enciende la luz porque no veo nada

EJERCICIOS INTERACTIVOS Y TEORÍA IMPRIMIBLE

EJERCICIOS IMPRIMIBLES

Ejercicio para repasar las ORACIONES COORDINADAS.

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Sintaxis: La oración compuesta - Apuntes de Lengua

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DEFINICIÓN Las oraciones compuestas tienen más de un verbo en forma personal, y por lo tanto, tiene tantos predicados como verbos presentan. A cada una de las oraciones que se unen para formar la oración compuesta, se les llama . CLASIFICACIÓN : Coordinadas: Las proposiciones son sintácticamente independientes.

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Este artículo explica la construcción del verbo "gustar" y por qué se llama "verbo reverso." En las oraciones con los verbos reversos, el sujeto es después del verbo en lugar de antes como las oraciones con verbos regulares. Además, el artículo provee una lista de otros verbos que siguen este patrón como "encantar" y "interesar."

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Spanish sentences generally use the same order and sentence structure as English sentences. An example:

Here both sentences start with a subject, move on to a verb, and finish off with an object.
But this isn't always the case. Certain Spanish verbs basically work in reverse, which forces us to change the order of the sentence. Gustar is the most common of these verbs.

How to Use Gustar

How would you translate the following sentence?

If you look up "to like" in the dictionary, you'll probably be told to use gustar. This might prompt you to translate the sentence like this:

But that's not the correct translation even though gustar is the appropriate verb to use in this situation. While it's not wrong to say that gustar means "to like," it's not exactly true either. It's more accurate to say that gustar means "to be pleasing." Knowing that, you can see that you can't really translate "I like pizza" word for word. Instead you'll need to first change the sentence to something like this:

The meaning hasn't changed, but you're expressing it a different way. Notice that what used to be the object (pizza) is now the subject of the sentence, and what used to be the subject (I) is now an object (me).

Backward Verbs

So how do we translate "Pizza is pleasing to me"? Well, we still need to make another change before we can translate. Gustar is a member of a class of verbs sometimes called "backward verbs." Sentences that use these verbs have an abnormal sentence structure. Rather than appearing at the beginning of the sentence, the subject comes after the verb. Therefore the subject (the thing that is pleasing) comes at the end of the sentence, the form of gustar comes in front of that, and the sentence starts with an object pronoun (which refers to the person being pleased). So instead of "Pizza is pleasing to me" we should translate:

So how do we do that in Spanish? Follow this formula:

IOP (of person being pleased) + gustar + subject (thing that is pleasing)

What's an IOP? IOP stands for "indirect object pronoun." You'll learn more about IOPs later, but for right now refer to these charts:

Put it all together and here's what we get:

Here are some more examples:

Note: To say "I like it" simply omit the subject altogether: Me gusta.

Notice how the verb gusta doesn't change in any of the examples above. That's because the subject "pizza" doesn't change either.

What if you like more than one thing? Now we need to conjugate gustar differently. We need the plural form, gustan, since we now have a plural subject. Some examples:

Keep in mind that we're conjugating gustar to agree with the plural subjects at the end of the sentence ( tacos, galletas, huevos, and papas fritas). The objects ( me, te, nos, and les) don't affect our verb conjugation even though they're at the beginning of the sentence.

The vast majority of the time, you'll use either gusta (if one thing is liked) or gustan (for more than one thing). It's rare that you would need gustas or gustamos, and there are other, better ways of conveying that meaning. See Liking People below.

Note: Because they are not "countable" you should always use gusta with infinitives: Me gusta leer y escribir.

Using Gustar with More Than One Subject

Once you've learned about using plural subjects with gustar, you may encounter sentences that look like they contain a grammatical error, such as the following:

Me gusta el arte y la música.
I like art and music.

Art and music are two things, right? Shouldn't gusta (singular) really be gustan (plural)?

Not always. Things get a little messy when y is used in the subject. The official rule comes down to "countability." If your subjects are "countable" (tangible, concrete, specific), you should treat them as plural and use gustan:

Me gustan el vestido y la cartera.
I like the dress and the purse.

If your subjects are non-countable (abstract, indefinite), you should treat them as singular and use gusta:

Me gusta la tecnología y la moda.
I like technology and fashion.

Regardless of grammar, you're more likely to see and hear the singular gusta when the subject has an y in it, even if the subject is countable.

Ambiguity with Le and Les

If you use me, te, nos, or os as your indirect object pronoun, the meaning of the sentence should be clear. However, if you use le or les, it's not readily apparent whom you're talking about. For instance, how would you translate these sentences?

Le gustan los libros.
Le gustan las películas.
¿Les gustan las canciones?

The first sentence could be translated "He likes books," "She likes books," or even "You ( Ud.) like books." To clear up any confusion, Spanish speakers will often add some context to the sentence by adding a and a pronoun:

It may seem redundant to include both a él and le in the same sentence since they mean the same thing, but it happens regularly in Spanish. Even if we don't need to, we always use an indirect object pronoun with gustar.

In a similar way, if you need to include someone's name in the sentence, you'll start with a followed by their name, and you'll still use the indirect object pronoun:

Remember that the a is necessary because even though Elena, Marcos, Rodrigo and Felipe are at the beginning of the sentence, they're the objects of the sentence, not the subjects. We need to say "To Elena," "To Marcos," and "To Rodrigo and Felipe."

Added Emphasis

We can also use a and a prepositional pronoun where it would otherwise be unnecessary in order to emphasize whose opinion you're discussing:

Even though they are redundant, a ti is used together with te, and a mí is used with me, to put a stronger emphasis on the "you" and the "me."

Notes on Gustar

Gustar Questions

Normally to turn a sentence into a question we move the subject from the beginning of the sentence to the end. With gustar the subject is already at the end of the sentence, so all we need to do is add the question marks:

Gustar with Other Verbs

Simply pair gusta with an infinitive to say that you like doing something. No need to conjugate twice:

Gustar in Other Tenses

Gustar works the same way in other tenses (and moods):

Note: It's appropriate to say ¡Con mucho gusto! ("With much pleasure!") when meeting someone.

Liking People

Gustar is typically used to state that you like things, not that you like people. While it's not out of the question to say something like Me gustas tú ("You are pleasing to me") or Les gustamos ("We are pleasing to them"), those expressions can indicate physical attraction and should be used carefully. You're better off re-wording things or using the phrase caer bien:

Caer bien literally means "to fall well," but in this context would be more like "to leave a good impression." You can use caer mal to indicate dislike: Me cae mal Ronaldo.

Unless you're very narcissistic, you're going to want to avoid saying Me gusto.

Other Verbs Similar to Gustar

While we're on the subject of gustar, there are a number of other verbs which work similarly. The following verbs all take an indirect object pronoun and they usually come in front of the subject:

Some examples:

No me importan las razones.
I don't care about the reasons.
(The reasons aren't important to me.)

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Spanish sentences generally use the same order and sentence structure as English sentences. An example: Here both sentences start with a subject, move on to a verb, and finish off with an object. But this isn't always the case. Certain Spanish verbs basically work in reverse, which forces us to change the order of the sentence.

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Esta es una línea de tiempo de la historia del lenguaje español. La línea empece en 1000 BC con los primeros habitantes de España, los iberos, y termine en el año 2013. Entre de estos tiempos hay muchos eventos que contribuyen al español moderno, algunos que discutimos en clase como la expulsión de los moros en el año 1492, el mismo año en que Colón descubrió America.

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The Romans saw the Iberian Peninsula, a land rich in metal and ore deposits, as the farthest outreach for their conquests. In the year 218 b.c. the Romans conquered the Carthaginians and invaded the eastern part of the peninsula, this side being more civilized than the rest due to the influence of the Greeks.

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Este artículo discute el lenguaje en el estado Valencia, el valenciano. El valenciano se considera un dialecto de Catalan, aunque algunas personas dicen que valenciano es su propia idioma. El valenciano varia en el territorio y depende en el aislamiento de los hablantes y la relación entre los oradores.

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Our language, Valenciano | European Youth Portal

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The Valencian is the language of the Valencian Community. In this article you can find information about this language and interesting links. ...

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Este artículo es del libro Don Quixote de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra que influyó fuertemente el español que vemos hoy en día. El libro se ha traducido a casi todos lenguajes y tiene miles ediciones. El español se conoce comúnmente como el idioma de Cervantes por este libro y su influencia.

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This year Spain and the world are celebrating the 400th anniversary of the death of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), author of "Don Quixote," the first novel written in the modern world, published in 1605. Written as a criticism of the chivalric novels and poetry so common in the Middle Ages, this book is as popular today as it was when it was first published and has influenced many writers since then. That's why the old Spanish saying, "with this book Spain learned how to read and the world learned how to think" continues to hold true today. The novel has been translated into practically every known language and has had thousands of editions. In fact, only the Bible has had more editions and versions than "Don Quixote." Cervantes is part of a period in Spanish history known as "El Siglo de Oro" (the Golden Age), which produced many highly influential thinkers and writers, such as Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Luis de Góngora, Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio, Tirso de Molina, Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas, and Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, among others.

Cervantes has had such an impact on Spain and on the Spanish language that often Spanish is referred to as "la lengua de Cervantes" ("the language of Cervantes"). Every year the Spanish Ministry of Culture awards the Cervantes Prize, the most prestigious literary prize in the Spanish language, in honor of the lifetime achievements of an outstanding writer in Spanish. The 2015 winner was Mexican writer Fernando del Paso. "Don Quixote" also influenced many modern U.S. writers, among them Mark Twain and F. Scott Fitzgerald. So deeply do the images, themes and words of Cervantes resonate that centuries later we still caution against "tilting at windmills" and look wonderingly at the quixotic schemes of our more creative friends. Cervantes' master work has also inspired a ballet, an opera, a Broadway play, and scores of cartoons casting politicians and celebrities in the roles of Quixote and his sidekick Sancho Panza.

When it comes to collections of editions of "Don Quixote" and other Cervantes miscellany, few libraries in the world can compete with the Library of Congress. From the two definitive "Don Quixote" editions of 1605 - one a pirated edition that appeared in Lisbon, Portugal and the other published by the author in Spain - to the luminously illustrated recent translation into the Quechua language, to Cervantes' other novels and poetry, the Library of Congress' collection of cervantina is unparalleled. A wonderful exposition on the Library's Cervantes collection is presented in " Works by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra in the Library of Congress," compiled by Reynaldo Aguirre, former Senior Bibliographic Specialist in the Hispanic Division, and edited by Georgette M. Dorn, Chief of the Hispanic Division. A free digital version is available via the Library of Congress catalog. We encourage you to visit the Library of Congress and enjoy this magnificent collection!

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Cervantes' "Don Quixote": A Celebration of the Spanish Language

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This year Spain and the world are celebrating the 400th anniversary of the death of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547-1616), author of "Don Quixote," the first novel written in the modern world, published in 1605.

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Este artículo discute la influencia de los árabes en España. Los moros en el siglo VIII influyó la cultura española y el lenguaje mucho. Nosotros ya podemos ver la influencia especialmente en los nombres de lugares en España y las palabras en español que se originaron en las palabras árabes.

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Arab Influences on Spanish Language and Culture - don Quijote

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Arab Influences on Spanish Language and Culture The Arab influence in Spain dates back to a period before it was one country under the name of Spain.

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Este video discute los orígenes de los apellidos más comunes en el mundo hispanohablante. El video enfoque en la lingüística y la onomastica, cuál es el estudio de los nombres. Es interesante que ver las diferentes fuentes de los apellidos como los lugares en España que corresponde con muchos apellidos en español. Además, es posible que relacionar este información con la historia del lenguaje español y las influencias de otros países en los apellidos españoles.

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Esta presentación discute los actos de habla y los tipos que siguen. La presentación utiliza cómics y las situaciones hipotéticas para explicar el concepto y como los actos de habla hacen las acciones concretas. Además los cómics muestra bien los actos perlocativos, cuales son las reaccionas o respondes del oyente en un acto de habla.

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Este artículo de la revista estudiantil en la universidad de Seattle discute los cambios en algunas organizaciones latinas. Estas cambiaron sus títulos o específicamente la palabra "latino" a "latinx" para ser más inclusivo a las personas que usan los pronombres neutros de género o que no se identifican con el binario género. Este cambio va en contra de la regla tradicional española de los sustantivos de género pero está ganando popularidad entre los latinos más jóvenes.

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Chicanx, not Chicano or Chican@. Latinx, not Latino or Latin@.

EMILY MOZZONE * THE SPECTATOR

Activists have included an "x" in Spanish gendered nouns to include individuals who use gender neutral pronouns and individuals who do not identify within the gender binary.

Although the phrase is used most often in activist literature, lately it has been gaining attention in more mainstream conversations. Two organizations on campus have changed their name to include the equis-the x-the Latinx Law Student Association and Movimiento Estudiantil Chicanx de Aztlán (MEChA).

In Spanish, the last syllable in most nouns indicate the gender: feminine or masculine. For example, mesa, which means table, would be considered feminine because it ends with an a, whereas perro, dog, would be considered masculine because it ends with an o.

Following this Spanish lesson, the word "Latino" would itself be considered masculine. So, if we were speaking to those who identify with she, her and hers pronouns, or they and them pronouns, they would be referred to as Latinos regardless. Only when the room is full of women would Latina, with the feminine a, be used.

"MEChA uses the 'x' in all the gendered words referring to a general group of people and uses 'o' and 'a' in respect to people's pronouns," said Dominique Friz, a sophomore at Seattle University and member of MEChA. "When referring to a group of Chicanos we say Chicanx, when referring to a specific person who identifies using she/her pronouns we refer to them as Chicana."

This year, conversations in MEChA have centered around gender, sexuality and the pronouns used in everyday language. Members of MEChA are mindful of the gendered pronouns that are often attached to the Spanish language. It is for this reason that members are now using Chicanx instead of Chicano in Movimiento Estudiantil Chicanx de Aztlán.

When Jerri Melendez, president of the Latinx Law Student Association at Seattle University, began his first year at the Seattle U School of Law in 2015, the association was still called the Latino Law Student Association.

At the first general meeting of Melendez's first month of law school, the association proposed the change of the spelling of the word.Insteadof "Latino" they voted on changing it to "Latinx."

Although Melendez doesn't recall the exact reasons the name was changed, he assumes it's because of the inclusiveness that comes with the "x" in Latinx.

"The point was to not make anyone feel out, Melendez said. "We [Latinx students] have to stick together because there's not too many of us."

Melendez moved to Seattle from Houston, Texas. Because there's such a small Latinx population in Seattle, he feels like those who identify as Latinx need to stick together. If using the "x" in Latinx includes all gender identifications, he's an advocate.

For Alex Romero, Secretary of the Latinx Law Student Association at Seattle U, using the term caused some confusion. Romero appreciates that the "x" in Latinx is inclusive of non-binary people, but once he read articles he realized there is opposition to the use.

"It seemed attractive to me. It was inclusive of everyone else and it was what a lot of groups that I align myself with were doing, it was within their agenda," Romero said. "So it was second nature for me to just accept it and never second guess it."

In the articles Romero read, it has been argued that the use of the "x" in the Spanish language indicated a very American perspective. Though Friz has heard this argument, she strongly supports the usage of the term and encourages others to use it as well.

"I read an article that talked about how 'x' is disrespectful and contributing to the erasure of Spanish,"Frizsaid."But I will say that I am less interested in preserving a gendered and colonial language and more interested in building solidarity across intersections of identity."

Before the "x," we saw the "at" sign make an appearance. The "at" sign, @, is used when speaking to or about men and women. Activists began to use the "at" sign to advance gender equality and gender neutrality. The problem with the "at" sign was that those who don't identify within the gender binary were excluded.

Using Latinx instead of Latino or Latin@ blends both cultural and gender identifications, whereas Latino was limited to simply a cultural identification.

Whether the use of the "x" will hit mainstream worldwide is still unsure.

But Melendez thinks it can and will hit mainstream across the American public after people notice the heavy usage of the word on social media.

Romero remains skeptical.

"The only people really using it are the people in high academic spaces," Romero said. "If it's already this controversial at this point, I don't think it'll be second nature for a lot of different people."
Yesenia may be reached at
yvarela@su-spectator.com

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The Use of the "X": An Effort to Make Spanish Inclusive - The Spectator

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Chicanx, not Chicano or Chican@. Latinx, not Latino or Latin@. EMILY MOZZONE * THE SPECTATOR Activists have included an "x" in Spanish gendered nouns to include individuals who use gender neutral pronouns and individuals who do not identify within the gender binary. Although the phrase is used most often in activist literature, lately it has [...]

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Esta foto es un representación visual del concepto deixis que aprendimos en clase. La persona en el centro representa el centro deíctico que funciona también como el punto de referencia. La foto también tiene representaciones para espacio y tiempo con flechas para representar la proximidad al hablante o el centro.

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Although this article draws examples primarily from English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some degree) of all natural languages. The term's origin is Ancient Greek: , deixis, 'display, demonstration, or reference', the meaning point of reference in contemporary linguistics having been taken over from Chrysippus.[clarification needed ]

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Esta página de web describe la aspiración de /s/ en el mundo hispanohablante. Primero, la página explica que es la aspiración en términos generales y luego describe esta en el contexto del mundo hispanohablante. Este fenómeno es también llamada la "s aspirada." Además, la página provee un mapa que enseña las regiones con la /s/ aspirada y las regiones sin este fenómeno.

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Aspiración de /s/ - La Lingüística Española

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Este artículo dice que los estados unidos tiene una población de hispanohablantes más grande de España y Colombia y lo único país que tiene más es México. Este hecho está en contra del libro que dice Colombia es la segunda país detrás de México.
La mayor concentración de los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos es en los estados del sudoeste que fueron colonizado por los españoles y luego eran una parte del estado México hasta la colonización del sudoeste americano por los americanos.

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The United States is now the world's second largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico, according to a new study published by the prestigious Instituto Cervantes.

The report says there are 41 million native Spanish speakers in the US plus a further 11.6 million who are bilingual, mainly the children of Spanish-speaking immigrants. This puts the US ahead of Colombia (48 million) and Spain (46 million) and second only to Mexico (121 million).

Among the sources cited in the report is the US Census Office which estimates that the US will have 138 million Spanish speakers by 2050, making it the biggest Spanish-speaking nation on Earth, with Spanish the mother tongue of almost a third of its citizens.

By state the highest concentration is in the former Spanish colonies of the south and south-west, with New Mexico top at 47%, followed by California and Texas (both 38%) and Arizona (30%). Some 18% of New Yorkers speak Spanish while only 1.3% of West Virginians do. Perhaps surprisingly, more than 6% of Alaskans are Spanish speakers.

The report, El español, una lengua viva - Spanish, a living language - estimates that there are 559 million Spanish speakers worldwide, a figure that includes 470 million native speakers and those with some command of the language.

The Instituto Cervantes was established in 1991 to promote the Spanish language abroad and last year had more than 200,000 students registered on its courses. It estimates that 21 million people are currently studying Spanish and here, too, the US leads with 7.8 million learning the language, followed by Brazil and France.

The report adds that two-thirds of Spanish-linked GDP is generated in two areas: North America (US, Canada and Mexico) and the European Union.

Between them they account for 78% while Latin America only accounts for 22%. It calculates that altogether Spanish speakers contribute 9.2% of the world's GDP.

The Index of Human Development ranks Spanish as the second most important language on earth, behind English but ahead of Mandarin. It is also the third most widely used language on the internet, although less than 8% of internet traffic is in Spanish. The report says that Spanish is the second most used language on Twitter in London and New York. It also comes second on Facebook, a long way behind English though well ahead of Portuguese, Facebook's third language.

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US now has more Spanish speakers than Spain - only Mexico has more

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The United States is now the world's second largest Spanish-speaking country after Mexico, according to a new study published by the prestigious Instituto Cervantes. The report says there are 41 million native Spanish speakers in the US plus a further 11.6 million who are bilingual, mainly the children of Spanish-speaking immigrants.

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Este video muestra hispanohablantes que tratan de pronunciar las lenguas indígenas de México. Antes de los ejemplos el video también muestra un mapa con la región de la lengua siguiente.
Las lenguas indigenas mexicanas son concentrados en el sur y en el península de Yucatán. El libro dice que algunos países en Latinoamérica tienen protecciones para las lenguas indígenas pero México no tiene, entonces es muy interesante para ver los comentarios debajo de este video porque algunas personas dicen que las lenguas indígenas de México deben ser lenguas cooficiales con español.

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Este artículo discute las diferencias entre del español y el portugués y si los hispanohablantes pueden entender los hablantes portugueses. El artículo dice que aunque estos idiomas comparten 89% de su vocabulario, los sonidos son diferentes. El español solo tiene 24 fonemas mientras el portugués 37 y por esto el artículo dice que es más fácil para los hablantes portugueses entienden español en lugar de la otra manera alrededor.

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One of the most popular beliefs is that Spanish speakers understand Portuguese (and vice-versa). There's even a Wikipedia page comparing the two sister languages. But although Spanish and Portuguese are indeed closely related, things are not as simple as they might seem.

"You speak Spanish, you must understand Portuguese."

I recently received this message in a work-related request. Apparently, if I can write in Spanish, it automatically qualifies me to write in Portuguese.

Only if everything was that simple.

Spanish and Portuguese both have their origins in Latin and both originated in the Iberian Peninsula. It's not entirely clear when each language became independent from the other, but it must've been somewhere between the 14th century and the 16th. D.Dinis, the king of Portugal in the early 14th century, is famous for his poetic verses in Galaico-Portuguese. Camões, the great Portuguese poet, still understood a similar language, but wrote his epic "The Lusiads" (1556) in fully-fledged Portuguese.

However the main difference between the two languages was not in their vocabulary, but rather in their sound. After all, they still share 89% of their vocabulary. But Spanish only has 24 phonemes, whereas European Portuguese has an whooping 37. And what this mean for modern-day speakers? Spanish speakers who have never been exposed to Portuguese will have a hard time understanding the spoken language. Portuguese speakers, on the other hand, have a much easier time dealing with spoken Spanish.

False Friends in Spanish and Portuguese

Apart from the difficulties of the spoken language, Spanish and Portuguese also have distinct grammars. If you don't study each of them individually, I doubt you will be able to write in both. A Spanish speaker and a Portuguese speaker that have never been exposed to each other's languages will understand around 45% of what the other says. In real life, of course, this is not that common. The mutual intelligibility of spoken Portuguese for most Spaniards is around 50%; the Portuguese, from the high of their 37 phonemes, can understand about 58% of what we say.

But rewinding back to the question of vocabulary, we must not forget that what we don't share includes dozens of idioms and cursing words. And this is also why we might have a higher mutual intelligibility in the written form of our languages, which is far more polished. Everyday language gets harder simply because an European Portuguese speaker will hardly understand the interjections or cussing of Chilean Spanish.

Finally, let's not forget the dozens of false friends. Here is a list of my favorite ones, have fun with it!

Salsa: in Spanish, salsa means sauce. In Portuguese, "salsa" means parsley. So imagine my surprise when a Portuguese speaker asked me for "salsa"... and really meant perejil.

Oficina: in Spanish, oficina means office. In Portuguese, an "oficina" is a workshop ( taller in Spanish). By the way, taller sounds like the Portuguese word "talher", which means silverware. The Portuguese word for office is actually "escritório", which means "desk" in Spanish. Confusing, right?

Largo: in Spanish, largo means long. In Portuguese, it means wide.

Acordar: in Spanish, acordar means to remember. In Portuguese, it means "to wake up".

Cola: in means queue in Spanish, but in Portuguese it means glue. Related.

Embarazada: the Spanish word for pregnant is tricky for almost everyone. You probably thought it meant "embarrassed". But relax! It's confusing even for the Portuguese speaking neighbors, who will think the exact same thing.

The bottom line is that although Spanish and Portuguese have fundamental differences, knowing one will help you learning the other. If you already know Portuguese and want to try your hand at Spanish, troubleshoot with one of our online courses.

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Can Spanish Speakers Understand Portuguese?

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One of the most popular beliefs is that Spanish speakers understand Portuguese (and vice-versa). There's even a Wikipedia page comparing the two sister languages. But although Spanish and Portuguese are indeed closely related, things are not as simple as they might seem. I recently received this message in a work-related request.

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¿Cuál país tiene más hablantes de español como primera lengua?

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¿Cuál país tiene más hablantes de español como primera lengua?

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a.) España
b.) EE. UU
c. ) Colombia
d.) Venezuela

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Este artículo discute el concepto de "spanglish" en los Estados Unidos. El artículo dice que spanglish no es un término lingüística, pero es un término popular en lugar. Además, se clasifica los usos comunes de spanglish. Lo primero es "calques," cuando palabras o frases en inglés se transliteran sin cambios gramaticales.

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Most Americans have heard of the term "Spanglish," whether by the film bearing the same title from 2004, or the experience of hearing someone mix Spanish and English in a sentence. But what is Spanglish? Is it another language? And who is speaking it, and in what settings? What is the prevalence of Spanglish in the United States, and what role will it have for a country whose largest minority is Latinos (16.3 percent based on the most recent census)? (Ennis, Ríos-Vargas, & Albert, 2011)

Before anything else, we need to define what Spanglish is. The term "Spanglish" is a popular term, not a linguistic one, and generally refers to Spanish speakers whose Spanish demonstrates different forms of influence from English (Murray). However, this is not the only definition, as Spanish speakers who also speak fluent English will often insert Spanish into English phrases. Even among linguists and other scholars, there is disagreement on how to categorize Spanglish, although many agree that it is not a new language nor is it standard in every part of the country (Otheguy & Stern, 2010).

Setting aside the categorizing of this hybrid, it is fascinating to see how Spanglish commonly works. Linguists have outlined four common ways in which Spanish speakers incorporate English into their speaking. The first are known as "calques" (French for "copy"), in which English words or phrases are transliterated into Spanish with no grammatical structure change. A common example is the English phrase, "to call back," whose Spanish equivalent is "volver a llamar." The calque version is "llamar p'atrás," which makes sense to a bilingual speaker, but not to others.

The second way is labeled "semantic extensions," in which Spanish words are given new meanings for being "false friends" with English words (two words that look similar, but differ in meaning). For example, "actualmente" normally translates to "currently," but some Spanish speakers are using it to mean "actually," which in standard Spanish would be communicated by saying "en realidad."

The third way is the importation and adaptation of English words. Some will add endings to English verbs to use them in Spanish. So, to say "to park" is "parquear" instead of the Spanish "estacionar." Another example is to call the "roof" of a home the "rufo" instead of the Spanish "techo."

The fourth most common form is called code-switching. This is when a speaker interchanges Spanish and English phrases in conversation. Here is an example:

Leaving a recorded message.

"Hi, Marta. This is Pablo. ¿Cómo va todo? Oye, te quería preguntar, are you free this evening a eso de las ocho? There's a movie on campus que me parece que va a ser muy interesante. If you can join me, me das una llamadita. Call me mejor on my cell phone, que voy a estar afuera. Hope to hear from you. No me dejes de llamar." (Murray).

Notice how the Spanish and English are present together in sentences, but always are found in chunks and not mixed like saying "Hay a película en campus," a phrase alternating every word between the two languages. There are many ways in which English is influencing Spanish and the way people informally communicate.

In light of all this, how is Spanglish perceived by Latinos? There are some in academia who are greatly opposed to the term, and see Spanglish as a form of communicating that corrupts proper Spanish. One paper rejects the use of the term because "it expresses an ideology of exceptionalism and scorn that actually deprives the North American Latino community of a major resource in this globalized world: mastery of a world language."4 Others who speak Spanglish are very proud of it, and see it as a representation of their American and Hispanic heritage, and a way of showing solidarity among bilingual Americans.

Based on data collected by the Pew Research Center, Spanglish is used by many young Latinos in America. Their survey found that 57 percent of second-generation, young Hispanic Americans speak Spanglish "some of the time," and 26 percent speak it "most of the time."5 Considering Latinos are the fastest growing population in the United States, Spanglish will be more and more present around the country. In fact, Spanglish can now be found in television, radio, and even billboard advertisements in states such as California*.

Even with its widespread use, Spanglish is not a homogeneous hybrid. The Spanglish of Mexican-American communities in Los Angeles varies from the Puerto Rican neighborhoods of New York City and the Cuban-Americans living in Miami. It will be interesting to see how the many forms of Spanglish continue to grow and change in the coming years, especially with the influence of social media. In the meantime, keep tranquilo y habla Spanglish if you can!

Cited Sources

Ennis, S. R., Ríos-Vargas, M., & Albert, N. G. (2011, May). The Hispanic Population: 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf

Murray, G. (2016, October 17). Spanglish: Popular Myths and Linguistic Reality. Lecture presented at Lecture in University of Florida, Miami www.clas.ufl.edu/users/murray/courses/...and.../Spanglish.ppt

Suarez, R. (n.d.). Spanglish. Retrieved October 13, 2016, from http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/spanglish/book/

Otheguy, R., & Stern, N. (2010). On so-called Spanglish. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15(1), 85-100. doi:10.1177/1367006910379298

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¿Estás ready?: A look at "Spanglish" in the United States

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Most Americans have heard of the term "Spanglish," whether by the film bearing the same title from 2004, or the experience of hearing someone mix Spanish and English in a sentence. But what is Spanglish? Is it another language? And who is speaking it, and in what settings?

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Los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos

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Los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos

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Este artículo provee muchos hechos de los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos y incluye una infografía con este información. Como nos aprendimos en clase, español es la segunda lengua nativa de los estados unidos y 13% de la población se habla. Además, California se considera el estado con la mayoría de los hispanohablantes en los estados unidos.

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Spanish Speakers in the United States ...According to a 2015 report by Instituto Cervantes, the United States has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the world, after Mexico. Roughly 53 million people, 41 million native Spanish speakers, and approximately 11.6 million bilingual Spanish Speakers live in the United States. There are more people speaking Spanish in the U.S. than Spain (47 million speakers) and Colombia (48 million speakers). By 2050, the United States is expected to have 138 million Spanish speakers, making it the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world.

Spanish is spoken by more than 559 million people globally, and here in the U.S., it is the most common non-English language spoken in U.S. homes. While many people who speak a foreign language also speak English very well, 8% of the United States population (25.1 million) is considered limited-English proficient (LEP), meaning they speak English less than "very well." Spanish speakers in the United States account for 64% (16.2 million) of the country's total LEP population. With a large population of Spanish speakers in the United States, and globally, effective communication with limited-English proficient Spanish speakers is critically important in all major industries, such as business, healthcare, legal, government, and education.

We wrote about the top non-English languages spoken by U.S. state here. Today, we're focusing on Spanish speakers in the United States. Watch the video below to learn the top 10 Spanish-speaking states in the country, and then check out the interactive infographic below to deepen your understanding of Spanish language use in your state.

Spanish Spoken at Home: Top 10 States

*(ranked by percentage of total population)

Spanish Speakers in the United States (Interactive Infographic)

*Hover over the interactive map to display.

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Spanish Speakers in the United States (Infographic) - Telelanguage

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Spanish Speakers in the United States ...According to a 2015 report by Instituto Cervantes, the United States has the second highest concentration of Spanish speakers in the world, after Mexico. Roughly 53 million people, 41 million native Spanish speakers, and approximately 11.6 million bilingual Spanish Speakers live in the United States.

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No hay nada más americano que hablar español 

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No hay nada más americano que hablar español 

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Este video discute la discriminación contra los hispanohablantes y español en los estados unidos. El video incluye "clips" con los políticos que decir malas cosas de español como "en los estados unidos nosotros hablar solamente en íngles." El video dice que no hay nada más americano que hablar español porque se habla en casi todo de los continentes americanos.

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There's Nothing More American Than Speaking Spanish. Here's Why.

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Este artículo discute las colaboraciones musicales entre artistas de habla inglesa y artistas de habla hispana. Esto se hizo muy popular en 2017, con la canción muy popular "Despacito." El artículo discute otras canciones que eran populares en este año como "Echame la culpa" de Luis Fonsi y Demi Lovato y "Mi Gente" de J Balvin.

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Universal Latin/Atlantic

2017 was the year of the Spanish-English music collaborations!

Not since 1999, when the U.S. was introduced to Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez and Enrique Iglesias, among others, have we had a Latin explosion quite like this year's.

ET is rounding up the hottest Spanglish singles of the year. From "Despacito" to "Mi Gente," these are the tracks that set the radio waves on fire!
"Despacito" - Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee feat. Justin Bieber
It came, it saw, it conquered! The "Despacito" remix took over the charts since its release on April 17, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for a consecutive 44 weeks.

"Despacito" was not only a commercial but also a critical success for the Puerto Rican singer and rapper. The track won four Latin GRAMMY Awards, including Record and Song of the Year, and was recently nominated for three GRAMMY Awards. The song was infectious, and its music video went on to become the first YouTube video to hit 4 billion views and became the world's most streamed song of all time with 4.6 billion streams.

In May, ET caught up with Fonsi and Daddy Yankee, where they spoke about how their collab with Biebs came about.

"It was a great call to know that Bieber heard the song," Fonsi shared. "He was in Colombia doing his tour and he heard the song. He saw how people reacted to it. He reached out to us and he's like, 'Hey, can I jump on the remix?' and we're like, 'Yes, sir!'"

"He did his thing, you know, he sang his verse in English [and then] he sang the chorus in Spanish. We were surprised," he said.
"Echame La Culpa" Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato
Fonsi returned at the end of the year with another hit, this time with the help of Demi Lovato.

"Echame La Culpa" was released on Nov. 17. In the catchy song, Lovato sings in Spanish: "No me conociste nunca de verdad/ Ya se fue la magia que te enamoró/ Y es que no quisiera estar en tu lugar/ Porque tu error solo fue conocerme," which translates to, "You never really knew me/ the magic that made us fall in love is already gone/ and I wouldn't want to be in your place because your only mistake was meeting me."

The artists pumped up fans a few weeks before the release when they began commenting on one another's Instagram posts and teased a future collaboration.
"Hey Ma" -- Pitbull and J Balvin feat. Camila Cabello
The Fate of the Furious soundtrack featured some killer tracks, including a Spanish-language version of "Hey Ma."

The single, and its accompanying music video filmed in Cuba, was released on March 10 and quickly drew attention to the former Fifth Harmony member for her sultry Spanish lyrics.

The song reached the fifth position on Billboard Hot Latin Songs, marking Cabello's first entry on the chart and the highest debut ever for Pitbull.
"Havana" Remix -- Camila Cabello feat. Daddy Yankee
Cabello continued to embrace her Latin roots and released a Spanish version of her second single from her upcoming solo debut album on Nov. 12.

In the sexy single, Daddy Yankee adds his reggaeton flair and takes over Young Thug's verses, while the 20-year-old singer sings about a love she left back at the island.

Cabello performed a Spanglish version of the song at the Latin American Music Awards in October, receiving praise for her impressive dance moves.
"Por Favor" -- Pitbull and Fifth Harmony
Toward the end of the year, Pitbull collaborated with Cabello's former group, Fifth Harmony.

On Oct. 27, Dinah Jane, Normani Kordei, Ally Brooke and Lauren Jauregui released their steamy collaboration with Mr. Worldwide. The artists also performed the song during the 2017 Latin American Music Awards, and it was released as the girl group's third single from their self-titled album.

The music video was released on Nov. 27 and has well over 9.5 million views.
"Achy Breaky Heart" -- Billy Ray Cyrus feat. Jencarlos Canela
Country music artists also got into the Spanglish hype!

The country singer's iconic song received the Latin treatment in honor of its 25th anniversary.

In May, the Cuban-American singer and actor announced the reimagined tune by writing on his Instagram, "What a better way to show in my country that Latinos here are different colors, sizes, accents, flavors, and also part of American history. Let's add some Canela to country music."

This wasn't the only Spanglish version of "Achy Breaky Heart." The band Caballo Dorado also teamed up with Cyrus for their own playful twist!
"Just As I Am" - Spiff TV feat. Prince Royce and Chris Brown
A unique mix of genres!

A tune that flew under the radar in February was Spiff TV's collab with Chris Brown and Dominican-American singer Prince Royce.

The blending of genres works well for the track, especially with the Latin sound of bachata, which Royce specializes in. In an interview withSpiff TV explained how the artists all worked together to create a unique sound.

"It's not an easy process to create a fused song like this with the two top artists in the market," Spiff TV explained. "I introduced the song to Royce first, who loved it immediately. It took us a bit to figure out who would be the best fit on the English side. I have always been a fan of Chris', besides the fact that he is my friend. When I approached him, we were in Vegas on tour and he immediately understood the album's concept and the single's vision. He was a fan of Royce's work also, so it was a no-brainer."
"X" -- Prince Royce feat. Zendaya
Prince Royce also did a bilingual bachata tune with Zendaya for his latest album, Five, released on Feb. 24.

The singer had wanted to team up with the Disney star for a while, telling "We thought it'd be great to have a girl on it. And there were already talks with Zendaya and her team about doing something together, so we reached out again and got back in touch."

Meanwhile, at the beginning of the year, Zendaya shared a behind-the-scenes clip of them working together. After she recorded her Spanish verses, she jokes, "Watch out, I'm about to do a whole album," even though she "has no idea" what she's saying.
"Amor Prohibido" -- Nicky Jam feat. Sean Paul and Konshens
Included in Nicky Jam's latest album, Fenix, were a mix of bilingual tracks including "Amor Prohibido," which translates to "forbidden love."

The slow-tempo tune has a Caribbean feel that's a perfect blend of each individual artist's sound. While the song didn't get airplay, it was a hidden gem in Jam's LP, which also featured collabs with J Balvin, Kid Ink and Enrique Iglesias.
"Hola" -- Flo Rida feat. Maluma
Released just last month on Nov. 17., Maluma and Flo Rida gifted fans with a hip-shaking tune and its equally fun and flirty music video filmed in Medellin, Colombia.

Maluma, 23, is among the hottest artists in Latin music and has been integral in shaping the direction urban pop has gone these past years. Among his recent collaborations are "Chantaje" with Shakira, "Vente Pa' Cá" with Ricky Martin and "Me Llamas (Remix)" with Piso 21.
"Buscando Huellas" - Major Lazer feat. J Balvin and Sean Paul
Electronic band Music Lazer invited a slew of artists to be part of their latest EP, Know No Better, released on June 1.

Among their collaborations is the Spanglish jam "Buscando Huellas" featuring the Colombian reggaetonero and Sean Paul. The hypnotic track has Balvin singing in Spanish, while the Jamaican rapper takes on the English verses.
"Mi Gente" -- J Balvin and Willy William feat. Beyonce
Last, but definitely not least, is the hip-shaking, Beyonce slaying, español version of "Mi Gente," which was released on Sept. 28.

Singing her verses in Spanish and English, Beyonce upgraded the electric tune, which instantly reached No. 1 on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart, ending the 35-week reign held by "Despacito."

The remix raised money for victims of the natural disasters that impacted Mexico, Texas, Puerto Rico and Caribbean islands.
Beyonce Releases New Song to Benefit Hurricane & Earthquake Relief
And if you didn't know, with "Mi Gente" and "Despacito," 2017 marked the first time in Billboard chart history that two non-English singles reigned in the top 10.

Now that's a great accomplishment!
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How 2017 Became the Biggest Year for Spanglish Music Collaborations

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Universal Latin/Atlantic 2017 was the year of the Spanish-English music collaborations! Not since 1999, when the U.S. was introduced to Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez and Enrique Iglesias, among others, have we had a Latin explosion quite like this year's. ET is rounding up the hottest Spanglish singles of the year.