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Cheshire concluded that male and female speakers in Reading exploited the resources of the linguistic system in different ways. Some linguistic features were markers of vernacular loyalty for both sexes. Some features function in this way for boys/girls  Only

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Working-class and ethnic minority accents are judged to be less intelligent in South-east england. Lower working-class were judged at 14% less intelligent

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people are less likely to get a job offer if they have a working-class/ regional dialect compared to those who used received pronunciation, a new government

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80% of teens diverge from the norm

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Social class is a fundamental structure in the UK. One of the key indicators of social class is accent. RP is an accent associated with power and prestige and so in environments where power and education is credible, and so RP has increased desirability through all social classes.

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common associations with northern accent is that they are commonly seen with crime, e.g. british soaps

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common associations with northern accent is that they are commonly seen with crime, e.g. british soaps

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Estuary English is now used more instead of RP- more accessible

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Dialect levelling- depending on where we are, we will merge our dialects to sound like the most predominant one. People have this need to fit in- Kerswill

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There is an expectation to change accent when moving to a new area, especially when receiving higher education/ being promoted

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kerswell- change due to social pressures towards certain accents.

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kerswell- change due to social pressures towards certain accents.

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Media has made regional dialect more widespread and acceptable. More common to hear dialect, people will view these dialects as normal in comparison to having never heard them

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Haughen + Omar = language comes from the most powerful and affluent areas

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People believe we sound more intelligent in a certain dialect. Supported by Hannah Parkinson and Paul Graham who was founder of a company: "you can't make it work to understand you"

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Language is constantly changing and evolving and so we must not attempt to achieve a norm

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People may hypercorrect to non-standard English to give them a sense of identity. Others may hypercorrect to the standard form in order to appear more respectable and prestigious, e.g for a job interview.

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No preference- we can't contain language 

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No preference- we can't contain language 

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Prescriptivists state that we cannot contain language- Rob Drummond said that bans and teaching RP is pointless because in social situations we will diverge/ dialect level

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Harrington - Queen’s speech has shifted from RP to Estuary English

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peter trudgill- divergence of working class- women usually overt prestige and men usually covert prestige

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Labov - Martha’s vineyard

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A stronger sense of regional identity in the UK has been created

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Pinker - lang isn’t owned

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Brown and Levinson, face theory

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Aziz corporation - 80% of companies judge based on accent

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there are preferable dialects but people rebel 

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there are preferable dialects but people rebel 

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Jenny Chesshire showed how 80% of youth talk within their vernacular subculture- could relate to the substratum theory that this may be because of external influences such as music/online

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Standard English is still taught in schools

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Labov - new york study, w/c use rhotic r. Usage decreases in formal situations

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R.P gives you the best start off in life

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milroy said there was no golden age of language and that there’s never been a perfect language

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Yorkshire is the most trusted accent

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A01: terminology & line of argument
A02: debate theory

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Wave theory - Geordie Dialect very similar to Scottish dialect

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Accents often have a historical link which contributes to whether some people like the accent or dialect

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Accents often have a historical link which contributes to whether some people like the accent or dialect

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The wave theory allows neighbouring areas to be influenced by their accent or dialect.

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The wave theory allows neighbouring areas to be influenced by their accent or dialect.

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Discouse Community - shared discourse and common lexis

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Discourse Community - shared discourse and common lexis - those in a place such as Hull are going to more so share their dialects with each other

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prefer your own regional dialect if that's what you've been surrounded by your whole life (people you know and like

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prefer your own regional dialect if that's what you've been surrounded by your whole life (people you know and like

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prefer your own regional dialect if that's what you've been surrounded by your whole life (people you know and like speak with that regional accent)

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Personal experiences and preferences influence our opinions of different accents and dialects, e.g. a bad experience with an RP speaker could lead to prejudices against other RP speakers

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The Hull accent is associated with crime and 

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The Hull accent is associated with crime and 

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The Hull accent is associated with crime and poverty as it is far from RP and uses a lot of clipping and ellision

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The Hull accent is associated with crime and poverty as it is far from RP and uses a lot of clipping and ellision

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Softer accents (eg: irish) more likely to be liked due to the softer phonemes rather than harsher ones like german

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Softer accents (eg: irish) more likely to be liked due to the softer phonemes rather than harsher ones like german

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Caxton chose SE through norm selection which means it is chosen from the most affluent areas.

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Swales-discourse community, accents give a shared identity to those who use it

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Labov

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Down South - More Germanic

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RP is seen as colder and more exclusive - Estuary English is emerging as the new prestigious accent. Even the Queen's accent has shifted slightly towards Estuary, giving it prestige

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RP is seen as colder and more exclusive - Estuary English is emerging as the new prestigious accent. Even the Queen's accent has shifted slightly towards Estuary, giving it prestige

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Rhotic 'R' sound in York by the prestigious classes

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Was established in 1922, however its funding is derived from a mix of public and private funding. Therefore, it was closely associated with RP, because of the connotations of wealth, education and status

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Northerners

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Hypercorrection- people changing their accent to fit in

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Regional dialects (especially Northern ones) were associated with the working class and so people perceived them to be less intelligent - this bias remains today

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Petyt - Bradford H drop
Who?  Why?
Teenagers - Social identity

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In the early years, you are exposed to the accent of your family, therefore, you are more likely to prefer that accent as you understand it better in comparison to external influences

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In the early years, you are exposed to the accent of your family, therefore, you are more likely to prefer that accent as you understand it better in comparison to external influences

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people converge to estuary English when in a working environment 

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people converge to estuary English when in a working environment 

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Covert Prestige - language everyone does not like - Hull, Liverpool, Birmingham 

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Covert Prestige - language everyone does not like - Hull, Liverpool, Birmingham 

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Language in common - double negatives - split infinitives and elision

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Language associated with invaders, assumes a prestige. For example, French was used as the language of the law and has significant influence on modern formal language.

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People are more likely to prefer accents from their icons and role models as they are well respected on social media and aspiring fans tend to follow their role models in an attempt to mirror them and become more trendy. 

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People are more likely to prefer accents from their icons and role models as they are well respected on social media and aspiring fans tend to follow their role models in an attempt to mirror them and become more trendy. 

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Yorkshire - Speak our mind

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Yorkshire

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R.P is classed as exclusive due to only 3-5% speaking it 

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R.P is classed as exclusive due to only 3-5% speaking it 

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Overt Prestige - language everyone likes - such as language in Kent, Oxford, London

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Overt Prestige - language everyone likes - such as language in Kent, Oxford, London

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Why? What do we associate it with?

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Aziz Corporation - employers judge prospective employees on accent. May want to change their accent for better job opportunities (hypercorrection / change from above)

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Rappers and MUBE - prefer to use MUBE dialect as they see it as cool

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Martha's Vineyard, change from above in older fisherman, change from below in younger fisherman showed how the accent changed based upon a negative attitude towards people travelling from the New York

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Which theorist said this?

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preference due to accent association (TV presenters)

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prefere

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Omar 1991

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All northern dialect had been removed from print by 1500 - Puttenham 

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All northern dialect had been removed from print by 1500 - Puttenham 

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What could this suggest about attitudes towards them?

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Local dialects where removed from publications by

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Local dialects where removed from publications by

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"were"

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The standard form of a language comes from the most economically developed area.

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Caxton 1476 - Chose SE dialect because of business and power - gave it an overt prestige.

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Caxton 1476 - Chose SE dialect because of business and power - gave it an overt prestige.

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Yorkshire is most trusted accent- honesty