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- where the supreme court can declare acts of government as unconstitutional
- Example 1: Miranda v. Arizona
" You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney, and to have an attorney present present during any questioning."
- Example 2: Plessey v. Ferguson
Hommer Plessey fought for his "equal protection under the law"

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- powers of a federal system shared between both state and federal government.
-Example 1: the power to tax, build roads, etc
- Example 2: ability to set up court systems. Federal government handles cases with federal laws meanwhile state governments handles cases with state laws.

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- powers that are neither explained nor or prohibited by law to a government
- Example 1: The tenth amendment
- Example 2: states laws that other states may not have

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- powers that are more like 'implied' and authorized by the constitution but not stated
- Example 1: establishing banks; not stated on the constitution but it is believed to be necessary to collect taxes
- Example 2: passing laws protecting the disabled

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- specifically named in the constitution
- Examples 1: the power to tax, borrow money, declare war, and raise armies and maintain the navy.
- Example 2: coin money

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- Everyone must follow the law
-Example 1: Having the right to a lawyer
-Example 2: separation of powers

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- strong federal government, weak state government
- Example 1: drivers license requirements
- Example 2: marriage laws

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- allows the 3 branches to limit the powers of each other
- Example 1: the president may veto a law
- Example 2: power to impeach the president.

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- a form of government that is divided into 3 branches
-Example 1: legislative, executive, and judiciary branches
- Example 2: shared powers a.k.a Checks and Balances

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- states that authority of governments are created and sustained by the people
- Example 1: the government derives its powers from the consent of the governed
- Example 2: electing or voting