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Shows the offender that what they have done is wrong and that their behaviour will not be tolerated by society

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Standards change over time and between cultures, therefore there will also be changes in what is considered to be acceptable

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Labelling could lead to self-fulfilling prophecy

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Strengths

- closure for both the victim and offender
- form of apology for the victim
- positive long term effect
- aiming to put things right
- victim would benefit financially (compensation)
- society may view it as positive

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Deterrence

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gives people a second chance
reduces reoffending
changes a persons mindset
reforms
reduces prison rates
makes society safet
can provide education/work experience
help with anger management
is a forward-looking theory
more useful for young offenders
cheaper than keeping people in prison

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removes offender from society and protects public from dangerous criminals

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acts as a deterrent, less harsh alternative to prison

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Weaknesses - prison has a poor record for reducing reoffending as 46% of adults are reconvicted within one year of release . For those serving sentences of less than 12 months, this increases to 59%

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driving bans = physically removing drivers from the road therefore preventing reoffending

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Provides justice for both defendant and victim

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Stops offender doing it again

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curfews may not always work, requires personnel to carry out

high chances of reoffending and arguably not a strong deterrent

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Weaknesses

- restorative justice may have a negative effect on the victim
- doesn’t prevent reoffending
- doesn’t prevent initial offending

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They were strengths

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Weaknesses - people are not often aware of a punishment which has been given by the courts unless it is so severe that it is published in the media

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Weaknesses:

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High reoffending rates

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some people don’t want to be rehabilitated
some don’t deserve a second chance
forward-looking theory may not help
older offenders may be difficult to change
may take advantage

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ASBO and casterations could be argued as unethical

ASBO used as a status symbol for some people

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Weaknesses - genereal deterrence is not an effective main of punishment. As the punishment is related to another person , other people don’t tend to take it seriously

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No rehabilitation

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casteration of sex offenders not physically changing their mindset, could still potentially reoffend

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Backwards looking theory

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Strength - it deters and prevents criminals from preventing further crimes

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Strength- general deterrence pays more attention to others not committing similar crimes which can reduce crime rates . For example , the London riots gave out lengthy sentences to try and stop people rioting