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Charles A. Eastman (Sioux), was an respected mission school student who became an author and medical doctor. He learned to read and write in the Dakota Sioux language and finished his education at the Santee Normal Training School

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Office of Indian Education almost voted out of existence with a $1 budget

Prayer vigils held by Indian leaders and organizations at D.C. to continue funding for OIE

September -- Clinton rescues Bureau of Indian Affairs and OIE by vetoeing ridiculous $1 budget

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The first off-reservation boarding school opened in 1879, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, located in Carlisle, Pa

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“It is cheaper to give them education than to fight them.” -Hiram Price, Commissioner of Indian Affairs

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Army Capt. Richard Henry Pratt,  planned for the schools to transform and assimilate the Native Americans with whites. He said to "Kill the Indian in him, and save the man"

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Intense lobbying for jurisdiction shift of OIE to Department of Education opens possibility of restoration to OIE budget

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No Child Left Behind is passed by Congress -- educational progress made by every minority group except Native Americans

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Executive order from Department of Education for closer examination of educational progress by Native American students

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US government started taking away the ancestral land of the Native Americans forcing them to live with the white folks. This was another attempt to assimilate the Indians.

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Esther Martinez passes Esther Martinez Native American Language Preservation Act to preserve Native American languages by immersing them in schools as language to instruct

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National Education Association Reports that American Indian students have highest dropout rates in the country

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Report released by Education Trust says no improvement in Indian Achievement since 2005

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7 in 10 American Indian students will graduate from high school

17% of American Indian students will go on to college

13% of American Indian students graduate from college and hold a degree

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The birth of Mission Schools came about when Congress passed the Indian Civilization Act which authorized the allocation of $10,000 in federal grants each year to fund the efforts of religious groups(typically Christian missionaries, hence the name) and other like-minded individuals. This was put in place in an effort to “Americanize” Indian reservations. Some of these Mission Schools still remain in operation to this very day

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Indian Education Act/Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act:  Federal efforts have proven poor towards American Indians and certain acts must be taken to help fund programs for students off/on reservations.

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American Indian Momevent oppens up schools in Minneapolis to provide alternative education to Indian students so that they wouldn't have to go to public schools since the dropout rate is so high. Focus in on basic learning and living skills. Also promotes strong Indian culture.

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Language Revitalization Act: Act is used to preserve and promote freedoms to Native Americans to keep and promote their language.

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Johns Hopkins publishes a report, criticizing the poor educational system on Indian reservations due to the low amount of funding.

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt sings into power "The Indian New Deal."

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Congressed passed the Johnson O'Malley Act, allowing the U.S. secretary to have contracts with states and territories in order to help pay for their education.

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The U.S. introduced bilingual texts to help the Indian students to assimilate to American culture faster.

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Rough Rock Demonstration School opens in the Navajo Nation in Arizona as the first Indian-controlled school. It would find a way to integrated their own culture and history into the curriculum.

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The first tribal college, Navajo Community College is founded.

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Survival Schools are founded. With a high drop out rate, survival schools were focus on basic learning and living skills, while also strongly promoting Indian culture.