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Websites:
biologydictionary.net
www.britannica.com

Cell membrane
Ight so boom... I’m the most vital organelle in any cell and there are lots of reasons as to why that is so. First of all, I crest protection for the cell. I do this by having these things called double lipids, protein surrounding the cell, AND I separate the cytoplasm from it’s surroundings. So, who are you to tell me I’m born the greatest? *whispers* when I clearly am. But wait! There’s more. I’m able to control what goes in the cell and what can go out. Kinda like a security guard it they just say I’m selectively permeable which isn’t less cool but it’s okay. This is important because I let in all molecules necessary to carry out a cells functions so the cell will not become ill and/or die. Now it’s time to get down and dirty with some mudslinging. Let’s first talk about the Golgi Complex, this guy does his job but when’s he does, he comes with trouble. If there’s is any change in the Golgi Complex’s proteome it messes with it’s function and it leads to disease. Yikes! Seems like someone can’t handle their job. Wow Ribosome thought she was safe, not on my watch. I think me and the other organelles know that sometimes there can be mutations in the proteins that she is made out of. This is not okay because it cause disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure, and a greater risk of cancer. *whispers* we call it “ribosomopathies” behind her back but shhh. Now, to end all this trash talk lets talk about the mitochondria. This guy fails at husband job sometimes and when this guy fails at husband job it can lead to the DEATH of our cell, which is totally not okay. There’s even this thing called Mitochondrial diseases. Symptoms that occur due to this are strokes, seizures, development delays, inability to walk, see, talk and even digest food. In conclusion, this is why I’m then BEST GREATEST organelle.

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Vacuole
The vacuole serves as a storage unit, support, and disposing of waste matter for the cell. It hasn’t no definite shape or size and is found in both the plant and animal cell. Unlike other organelles, vacuoles have much more involved roles in the cell. They do the jobs other organelles don’t want to do. The vacuole doesn’t have a cool name like how the mitochondria has “the powerhouse.” The name of something shouldn’t matter admit much though; because in a community you’re depending on the people and what they can do to help. Without the vacuole your cell would have foreign molecules and waste floating around. That could lead to a possible infection! Think ignore the vacuole and bundle/ 2 for 1 kind of deal. 1 organelle, doing the jobs of up to 3 organelles! Why have a lazy organelle like the cell wall. It does nothing besides surround the cell. We already have the membrane so the wall’s useless. Also, the ribosome isn’t unnecessary. We have enough protein and food!! Ribosomes are probably evil organelles trying to fatten us up.
http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_vacuole/
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html

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The Organelle I'm representing is cytoplasm.Cytoplasm is a gel-like fluid that fills a cell which is made up of mostly water, salt, and proteins. Cytoplasm is presented inside the cell membrane and it   also contains all organelles and cell parts. The

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Rocco Malvicino P:4

Golgi Apparatus :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus

https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus

Function: The Golgi apparatus is a major collection, organizer and distributor station of protein products received from other organelles.

Speciality: without this organelle distribution of proteins will cease to reach its proper users, preventing any organelle from being able to properly function without these organelles.

Relation: you could compare this organelle to a post office, as the packages like the proteins are organized and sent to their rightful owners who might depend on what's in the “package”

Mudsling:

Lysosome: Its inability to completely protect the body from foreign invaders due to lack in strength or inherited deficiencies.

Cytoskeleton: the fact that there is no safety guard when it comes to identification of dangerous substances traveling in the system

Endoplasmic reticulum: not only does it have “rough” looks but is depended on our distribution as well

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is a part of the endomembrane system of the cell and a subset of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This organelle is primarily concerned with the synthesis, folding and modification of proteins, especially those that need to be delivered to different organelles within the cell, or secreted from the cell. The rough ER is also involved in the response of the cell to unfolded proteins and plays a role in the induction of apoptosis, due to its close interaction with mitochondria.

The rough ER is characterized by the presence of membrane-bound ribosomes that give it a distinctive appearance under the microscope. These ribosomes look like studs and distinguish the organelle from the smooth sections of the ER. Some proteins are also synthesized by strings of ribosomes, called polysomes. The rough ER can be identified by its morphology as well - it often consists of convoluted, flattened sac-like structures that originate near the nucleus. The lumen of the rough ER is contiguous with the perinuclear space and the membranes of the rough ER are associated with the outer nuclear membrane.

Structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ER can be morphologically divided into two structures-cisternae and sheets. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is largely made of sheets - a two-dimensional array of flattened sacs that extend across the cytoplasm. In addition to ribosomes, these membranes contain an important protein complex called the translocon, which is necessary for protein translation within the rough ER.

The structure of the rough ER is also intimately involved with the presence of cytoskeletal elements - especially microtubules. When microtubule structure is temporarily disrupted, the ER network collapses and reforms only after the cytoskeleton is reestablished. Changes to the pattern of microtubule polymerization are also reflected in changes to ER morphology. Additionally, when ribosomes detach from sheets of rough endoplasmic reticulum, these structures can disperse and form tubular cisternae.

The edges of ER sheets have a high-curvature that needs to be stabilized. Proteins called reticulons and DP1/Yop1p play an important role in this stabilization. These proteins are integral membrane proteins that form oligomers to shape the lipid bilayer. In addition, they also use a structural motif that gets inserted into one leaflet of the membrane and increases its curvature. These two classes of proteins are redundant, since the overexpression of one protein appears to compensate for the lack of the other protein.

Functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The rough endoplasmic reticulum plays a number of roles within the cell, largely associated with protein synthesis. Polypeptides are synthesized, modified, folded into their correct 3-D shape and sorted towards an organelle or marked for secretion. It also plays an important role in modulating the response of cell to stress and in quality control for correct protein folding. When the number of unfolded proteins increases, cells alter their tubules:sheets ratio. This could arise from the greater area available within the sheets of the rough ER to rescue unfolded protein, or could reflect the need for the distinct proteome of the rough ER.

The rough ER's proteome reflects its specific role within the cell. It contains enzymes involved in RNA metabolism that bind to and modify RNA. This is necessary since the organelle is involved in translating RNA into protein. It also contains proteins that recognize various signal sequences within a growing polypeptide, and aid in their translocation. Glycosylation enzymes and proteins that act as molecular chaperones that ensure proper folding of the synthesized polypeptides are also important proteins within this organelle. Occasionally, apoptosis is induced by the ER in response to an excess of unfolded protein within the cell. This function is mediated in consort with mitochondria.

Protein Synthesis

Translation for all proteins begins in the cytoplasm, after a processed mRNA transcript is exported from the nucleus. Translation begins with the binding of a ribosome to a mature mRNA transcript. However, after the first few amino acids are generated, some polypeptides are imported into the ER before translation can continue. This is based on the recognition of a short stretch of amino acids, also known as the signal sequence, by abundant cytosolic ribonucleoproteins called signal recognition particles (SRPs). SRP binding temporarily halts translation and allows the entire translation machinery to move towards the ER. At the ER, the nascent polypeptide is threaded into the organelle through transmembrane channels called translocons. These channels are made from a complex of proteins that allow the polypeptide to traverse the hydrophobic lipid bilayer of the ER membrane. The channel is not very wide, and therefore needs the polypeptide to be inserted as an unfolded string of amino acids. At this point, SRPs dissociate from the polypeptide and translation resumes. After the first few amino acids enter the lumen, ER resident enzymes often cleave the signal sequence. Newer amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain as the ribosome remains attached to the ER membrane, and the nascent protein continues to be inserted into the ER lumen. This process is called co-translational import into the ER.

The process of translation through membrane-bound ribosomes is particularly important for proteins that need to be secreted. Therefore, rough ER is prominent in liver cells that secrete serum albumin, cells of the digestive system that secrete enzymes, endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete protein hormones (such as insulin) and in cells that create the proteins of the extracellular matrix. Protein synthesis involving rough ER is also important for membrane-bound proteins, especially those like G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) that contain multiple hydrophobic stretches and traverse the membrane more than once through hairpin bends in their structure. The exact role of translocons and ER-resident proteins in completing the complex task of translating such proteins is not completely understood.

In the mammalian breast, the secretory system involving the rough ER is crucial during lactation. Single layers of cuboidal epithelial cells are involved in the main process of milk production. The nucleus in these cells is placed towards the basal end of the cell and the rough ER and Golgi apparatus are situated close to the nucleus. Proteins synthesized by the rough ER include the prominent milk protein casein, and whey proteins. These proteins are packaged into secretory vesicles or large micelles and travel through the Golgi network before fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into milk ducts.

Protein Folding and Quality Control

One of the side effects of being translated on the rough ER, with the polypeptide being translocated as an unfolded string of amino acids, is that these short stretches need to be protected until they can form their final 3-D structure, so that they do not prematurely form aggregates. One important mechanism to ensure correct protein folding is the glycosylation of the nascent polypeptide through enzymes called oligosaccharyltransferases. These enzymes are part of the translocon complex of the rough ER membrane. Glycosylation increases solubility of the peptide chains and protects them until molecular chaperons can bind to them and facilitate their folding. Prominent molecular chaperones of the rough ER include binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), Calnexin (CNX) and Calreticulin (CRT). CNX/CRT assist in protein folding in consort with glycosylation. BiP contains a substrate-binding region that recognizes hydrophobic stretches in the polypeptide and an ATPase domain that powers its affinity for these stretches. Members of DnaJ/Hsp40 family of protein assist BiP in its task, modulating its ATPase activity, and enhancing its interaction with nucleotide exchange factors. The ER also contains enzymes that catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds and substrate-specific chaperones and enzymes that are necessary for certain proteins. It also maintains an oxidative environment to assist in this task.

BiP, CNX/CRT and other chaperones are enriched in regions of the ER that interact closely with mitochondria. This section of the ER is called MAM, or mitochondria-associated membrane. The MAM is emerging as an important signaling hub within the cell that integrates signals from the ER and plays a role in calcium homeostasis, autophagy, apoptosis and mitochondrial function.

In spite of these mechanisms to ensure that proteins are folded correctly, some need to be removed from the system, either due to errors in translation or due to genetic mutations leading to the production of defective proteins. This is accomplished by the quality control systems within the ER that 'proof read' newly synthesized proteins. When the polypeptide has not folded into its native state, molecular chaperones bind to the polypeptide again and make another attempt at folding the protein into its correct shape. When repeated attempts fail, misfolded proteins can be exported to the cytosol, and removed through the proteasome using ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.

Protein Sorting

Once proteins are synthesized and folded, they need to be dispatched towards their ultimate destination. The first step in this process is the formation of vesicles from the edges of the rough ER. These vesicles carry cargo towards the Golgi network and are created by the coordinated action of a variety of proteins, starting from the vesicular coat protein complex II (COPII). A GTPase enzyme, and a nucleotide exchange factor are necessary for COPII to carry out its functions. Together, these proteins distort the membrane and allow the formation of a vesicle carrying appropriate cargo. Proteins that need to remain within the ER are moved back through retrograde transport from the Golgi using vesicles formed by a related protein called COPI.

Related Biology Terms

Micelle - An aggregate of molecules containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions dispersed in a liquid, forming a colloidal solution. In an aqueous medium, the micelles form with the hydrophilic regions facing water, and the hydrophobic regions sequestered towards the interior.

Polysome - Association between a mature mRNA transcript and two or more ribosomes involved in translating the codons within the RNA.

Proteome - Complete set of proteins expressed in a cell, tissue, organ or organism at a particular point in time.

Ribonucleoprotein - Complex formed by the association of ribonucleic acid (RNA) with proteins.

Quiz

1. Which of these is true about the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
A. Crucial for synthesizing proteins that are secreted from the cell
B. Important during lactation and the production of milk
C. Studded with ribosomes and polysomes
D. All of the above

2. Which of these molecular mechanisms is directly involved in proper protein folding in the ER?
A. Binding of Signal Recognition Particles to a nascent polypeptide
B. Translocons on the ER membrane
C. Glycosylation and binding of molecular chaperones
D. All of the above

3. Which of these proteins is involved in anterograde transport from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus?
A. Ubiquitin and the proteasome
B. CNR/CXT chaperone proteins
C. COPII
D. All of the above

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - Definition, Function and Structure | Biology Dictionary

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The rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) is a part of the endomembrane system of the cell and a subset of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This organelle is primarily concerned with the synthesis, folding and modification of proteins, especially those that need to be delivered to different organelles within the cell, or secreted from the cell.

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The organelle that I'm going to be presenting is plasma membrane. Plasma Membrane  is a semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that contains a hydrophilic head and a non-polar hydrophobic tail. The function of my organelle is the isolation of the cytoplasm from the external environment. My organelle is so special because it controls what is allowed in or out. If it wasn't for plasma membrane the cell membrane would've let any organism in which would have/could have been very dangerous and could 🤬 the other organelles that is also built inside. I feel like plasma membrane can relate to chemotherapy because chemo cleans out all of the germs and etc... and that's basically what plasma membrane does when and "outsiders" comes inside when not allowed.

Organelle 1: Nucleus
Organelle 2:Cell Wall
Organelle 3:Cytoplasm

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https://biologydictionary.net/cell-wall/
My organelle is the cell wall which serves the purpose of giving a cell structure and strength. It also protects the cells by creating a barrier from pathogens and allows a select size of molecules to pass through it. The cell wall is like a house with a person (cell) that it is protecting. Without a house a person could get sick and die by living without shelter, a cell without a cell wall could die because bacterias and other pathogents would be free to invade that cell.
Lysosomes- subject to lysomal storage disorders or LSDs.
Nucleus- Because the Nucleus contains DNA, a mutation can lead to a compleate cell malfunction.
Cytoskeleton- Malfunctions within this organelle can lead to multiple muscular diseases.

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http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

https://www.britannica.com/science/lysosome

dayana Landaverde period 2

Lysosomes

The organelle im representing are lysosomes. Lysosomes are the garbage disposals of the cell. When a part of the cell becomes damaged , it’s moved to the outer edge of the lysosome. The membrane of the lysosome opens and the molecule is moved into the lysosome. Once inside, the digestive enzymes produced by the lysosome break down the molecule. After it is has been completely broken down, the lysosome opens to release the remains back into the cell in the form of a vesicle that the cell can expel through its membrane. Its basically cleaning up all the other organelles mess so the organism would maintain homeostasis. without lysosomes who would clean up the mess and keep the organism in homeostasis, no one right. Just like a maid cleaning up after your mess because you’re too lazy to do it yourself.

The vacuole is a very dangerous organelle more like a irrelevant organelle. The malfunction of the vacuole can cause disease such as Danon disease.  In were a immense amount of vacuoles are produced. If there is a large amount of vacuoles then this leads to the breakdown of muscles cells which is shown in Danons disease. Males with Danons disease usually die at the young age of 19, females usually die at the age of 31(oh well). The Vacuole is not fit enough to be our chief.  If we have too much of the vacuole it can lead to serious diseases such as Danons disease. Too many vacuoles cause damage to the cell. This is why we should not vote for the vacuole to be our commander and chief.The cytoskeleton is a network of actin filaments and microtubules that give the cell its' shape. If the cytoskeleton is disrupted, then it can lead to many different diseases such as sickle cell anemia. Basically with the deformed blood cell it cannot carry oxygen throughout the body. OOF. NOT ENOUGH AIR YOU DIE!!!! CYTOSKELETON AINT OUR CHIEF!!! THE nucleus “OUR LEADER”, is the mastermind of coding in the cell. One wrong protein and you can have serious complications. When the nucleus malfunctions and mutations are caused, the organism has severe effects and we cannot have a leader who has the power to cause chaos within the cell!

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https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/chloroplasts.html

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https://biologydictionary.net/cell-membrane/
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
The organelle that I will be presenting is the cell membrane. The Cell membrane has a double layer of molecules that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.The cell membrane controls what molecules and substances go in and out of the cell. The cell membrane is special because it keeps out the harmful molecules/materials to keep the the cell safe and allow all the organelles to function properly.The cell membrane is similar to a bodyguard and or border control.
Organelle #1-Lysosomes (if mutated cause Danon disease)
Organelle#2-Centriole (mental retardation /microcephaly)
Organelle#3-Chloroplast (Arabidopsis)

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https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_wall.html

The Organelles I’m representing isn’t the Cell Wall . A cell wall is an outer layer surrounding certain cells that is outside of the Cell Membrane The function of this structure is that it provides strength and struts support to the cell and can control to some extent and to the cell and protection from bacteria and other microorganisms that  may cause disease.
The Cell Wall Provides rigidity and protection for multicellular organisms, The cell wall also binds different cells together .
This Organelle is special because it Allows plants to grow the right Way and Maintain it’s height
I like to think of this structure as a brick Wall or maybe a craft show frame because the frame protects the people inside and the controls so does the cell wall in the cell but protects the organelles and it’s basically defense to help defend against any outsiders , going back to what I  said about
What a cell wall is .
Opponents I Will Mudsling Are:
Organelle 1 ~ The Golgi Body
Organelle 2 ~ The Cell Membrane
Organelle 3 ~  Lysosomes

Lysosomes - Lysosomes is a Ann organelle in The cytoplasm Of eukaryotic cells containing enzymes enclosed in a membrane . A bad function that the cell contains . The function digest excess or worn out organelles , food participles, or bacteria 🦠.

Cell Membrane- surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell .

The Golgiapparatus- Membranes within the cytoplasm Of eukaryotic cells .....

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https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-wall-373613
www.biology4kids.c

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Ribosomes makes proteins and cells need to make proteins to keep the cell healthy
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.htm
https://www.britannica.com/science/ribosomehttps://www.b

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cytoskeleton   https://biologydictionary.net/cytoskeleton/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/tour-of-organelles/a/the-cytoskeleton

My organelle is the cytoskeleton. the

cytoskeleton is the skeleton of the cell. it forms and keeps the structure of the cell. i find it special due to the fact that much like the human body it is needed without the cytoskeleton the cell would lose its structure.
it is very comparable to the human skeleton.

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http://science.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_cytoskeleton_and_why_is_it_important
https://www.reference.com/science/function-cytoskeleton-5934a5d7a1cf54c9
my organelle is cytoskeleton the function of it is that its a microscropic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cell giving them shape and coherence this organelle is so special because it keeps the structure od the cell.

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Mitochondria is the organelle that i am presenting. Its the power house baby;)And the most important function is to produce energy. Start with Mitochondria and you'll be just fine.;

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Mitochondria are bacteria-sized organelles (about 1 × 2 μm in size), which are found in large numbers in almost all eukaryotic cells. Typically, there are about 2000 mitochondria per cell, representing around 25% of the cell volume.

Structure of Mitochondria

Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes-a smooth outer membrane and a markedly folded or tubular inner mitochondrial membrane, which has a large surface and encloses the matrix space.

The folds of the inner membrane are known as cristae, and tube-like protrusions are called tubules.

The intermembrane space is located between the inner and the outer membranes.

The number and shape of the mitochondria, as well as the numbers of cristae they have, can differ widely from cell type to cell type.

Tissues with intensive oxidative metabolism- e. g., heart muscle-have mitochondria with particularly large numbers of cristae.

Even within one type of tissue, the shape of the mitochondria can vary depending on their functional status.

Mitochondria are mobile, plastic organelles.

Mitochondria probably developed during an early phase of evolution from aerobic bacteria that entered into symbiosis with primeval anaerobic eukaryotes.

This endo-symbiont theory is supported by many findings. For example, mitochondria have a ringshaped DNA (four molecules per mitochondrion) and have their own ribosomes. The mitochondrial genome became smaller and smaller during the course of evolution.

In humans, it still contains 16,569 base pairs, which code for two rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, and 13 proteins.

Only these 13 proteins (mostly subunits of respiratory chain complexes) are produced in the mitochondrion.

The mitochondrial envelope consisting of two membranes also supports the endosymbiont theory.

The inner membrane, derived from the former symbiont, has a structure reminiscent of prokaryotes.

It contains the unusual lipid cardiolipin, but hardly any cholesterol.

Both mitochondrial membranes are very rich in proteins.

Porins in the outer membrane allow small molecules to be exchanged between the cytoplasm and the intermembrane space.

The inner mitochondrial membrane is completely impermeable even to small molecules (with the exception of O2, CO2, and H2O).

Numerous transporters in the inner membrane ensure the import and export of important metabolites.

The inner membrane also transports respiratory chain complexes, ATP synthase, and other enzymes.

The matrix is also rich in enzymes.

Functions of Mitochondria

1. The most important function of the mitochondria is to produce energy.

2. The simpler molecules of nutrition are sent to the mitochondria to be processed and to produce charged molecules.

3. These charged molecules combine with oxygen and produce ATP molecules. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation.

4. Mitochondria help the cells to maintain proper concentration of calcium ions within the compartments of the cell.

5. The mitochondria also help in building certain parts of blood and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.

6. The liver cells mitochondria have enzymes that detoxify ammonia.

7. The mitochondria also play important role in the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death.

8. Abnormal death of cells due to the dysfunction of mitochondria can affect the function of organ.

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Mitochondria - Structure and Functions | A-Level Biology Revision Notes

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Mitochondria are bacteria-sized organelles (about 1 × 2 μm in size), which are found in large numbers in almost all eukaryotic cells. Typically, there are about 2000 mitochondria per cell, representing around 25% of the cell volume.

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www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_vacuole/

biolog4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html

The vacuole is the storage space space of the cell  and helps maintain the ph balance along with the physical pressure a cell can take. imagine it as a locker it helps students get to where they are going  and allows the student to continue their work aka allowing the cell to continue its function

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Golgi Apparatus Alexa Wai P7https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatushttps://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.htmlThe Golgi Apparatus transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids. Golgi bodies are like Amazon because they receive the items and package them. The Golgi apparatus is important because it distributes proteins and materials which end up in the Lysosomes which breaks down food.

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Golgi Apparatus Alexa Wai P7https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatushttps://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.htmlThe Golgi Apparatus transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids. Golgi bodies are like Amazon because they receive the items and package them. The Golgi apparatus is important because it distributes proteins and materials which end up in the Lysosomes which breaks down food.

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1.Cell Membrane
2.Mitochondria
3.Nucleus

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Period 5 Marcus:

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Period 5 Marcus:

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Why you BETTER VOTE                      Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Rough ER makes and manages Protein's with out it your organs, muscles, skin, hair, nails, bones, and the stupid Newcleus wouldn't be there (Don't need to spell it right because you wont need to remember it anyway and yes I do know how to spell it Nucleus...boom) without Rough ER you would look like one weird blob on the floor with no bones, muscles (so don't even think about push ups),skin hair, nails or bones. So Please don't try to trash talk me because you wont be alive to do it anyway. This organelle is special like me because every living thing on earth with cease to exist without Rough ER, So fight me... oh wait you can't your dead

Were I got these beautiful facts:

http://www.acaloriecounter.com/diet/daily-protein-intake/

https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/

1.Nucleus
2. Mitochondria
3.Lysosomes

Nucleus:

the nucleus sometimes allows bad things to enter the cell. Sometimes, depending on the condition, the nucleus does not work properly, and could let harmful things enter

Mitochondria:
the organelles that generate energy for the cell,Mitochondria can have Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders caused by a mitochondria not functioning right

Lysosomes:
We should not vote for an organelle that can cause the destruction of the entire cell be so called the best if Lysosomes have hydrolase enzymes that can break down the cell itself if it were to pop. This is why you can’t vote for lysosomes.

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The cell membrane regulates and controls certain substances that goes in and out of the cell, this cell is very special and important because it also supports other cells.

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don't vote for the power house tyrant mitochondria or cell wall the trump of of the body. Vote Nucleus.
the nucleus is the only way to go when you want control.

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It digest food
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

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This is an organelle inside of a plant cell that take the suns energy and turns it into sugar https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/photosynthetic-cells-14025371. It is one of the most important factors of photosynthesis it isone of the most important organelles that help the cellular structure other structures hat are also used in photosynthesis are thylakoids..

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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant.

Chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to produce the free energy stored in ATP and NADPH through a process called photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts are one of the many unique organelles in the body, and are generally considered to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

In this respect they are similar to mitochondria, but are found only in plants and protista.

Both organelles are surrounded by a double celled composite membrane with an intermembrane space; both have their own DNA and are involved in energy metabolism; and both have reticulations, or many infoldings, filling their inner spaces.

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botany; genetics; cell biology; molecular biology; endangered plants; nature

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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant. Chloroplasts capture light energy from the sun to produce the free energy stored in ATP and NADPH through a process called photosynthesis.

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles that contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers-proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

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Chy Aynn Morales P:2
This organelle makes proteins from amino acids like a machine. Ribosomes are special compared to other cells because it not surrounded by a protective membrane unlike other cells.
https://www.ducksters.com/science/biology/cell_ribosome.php

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Ribosome - Biology Encyclopedia - cells, body, function, process, different, structure, molecules, energy

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Researchers have worked for many years to try to determine what the ribosome's structure is at the atomic level. How are all the atoms that make up the ribosome arranged in three-dimensional space? On a gross level, the ribosome looks something like an oyster with one of its shells somewhat smaller than the other.

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period 2
My client the cytoskeleton is a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.i feel this is special and useful because it’s like a big moma, think about it, it creates protein feeding the bod and beats the other cells into coherent shape like a good mom should (jk)
MUDSLING😡
Have you heard about Ribosome Biogenesis, this got me concerned! Because If this occurred, then our whole cell could fail! I believe I speak for every organelle when I say we definitely don't want this to happen to our cell! - Cell Membrane This is a mutation caused by ribosomes 😷.https://sites.google.com/a/student.rcsnc.org/organelles/ribosome/mudslinging
Chloroplasts more like chlorotrash, these disgutAng organelles mutate plants and make them as gross as they are.

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Organelle: Chloroplast
The chloroplast is only in plant cells and is responsible

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Organelle: Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus: The Golgi Apparatus also known as Golgi bodies, modifies, sorts and packages proteins for secretion. Secretion is a process that substances produce and discharge from a cell, gland or organ for a specific function in an organism.  The Golgi Apparatus is like a post office.

This organ is special because it's a major organelle in most Eukaryota cells. The organelle constants of proteins and lipids. The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts and packages macromolecules for cell secretion.

Mudsling:
1. Cell Membrane
2.Chromai
3. Lymosomes

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The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.

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https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/microtubules-and-filaments-14052932

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton: The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.

It is special because it is a structure that helps cells maintain their internal shape and organization.

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https://www.britannica.com/science/cytoplasm

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_cytoplasm.html

The cytoplasm is perhaps the most helpful, yet harmless organelle within the cell. It's a slightly thicker than water substance and acts as a sort of "environment" to the rest of the the organelles. And as far as my research goes it has little to no risk of causing disease. Unlike some other organelles *cough cough*.

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organelle : rough endoplasmic reticulum  P:2

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is found within the eukaryotic the density in higher when closer to the nucleus. The main purpose is to help produce proteins that are then sent to the Golgi Apparatus. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is made up of cisternae, tubules, and vesicles.

Its main function is to make space so that proteins can be made. It also involved in transporting the proteins to the Golgi Apparatus after they are made.

This is special or important because its what creates one the most important things in the cell which is the proteins. Without proteins cells would not be able to function because that's what carries out the jobs so without RER the proteins would not be made and the cells job would not be able to be done.

RER is like a tree it makes the air and spreads it around and provides life on earth.

Mudslining :
*Golgi Apparatus
*Nucleus
*Lysosome

Websites:
https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/

https://biologydictionary.net/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum/

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Lysosomes
Link#1:
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html

Link#2:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9953/

Abstract:
- In this campaign, The organelle i'm representing is the lysosomes.
- The function of lysosomes are to
break down cellular waste products, like proteins. It contains digestive enzymes that is involved with digestion and waste removal of cells that died, food particles, etc.
- The lysosomes are special because it contains digestive enzymes that are substances produced by our body to digest the food we eat, like I said before proteins, fats, etc.
- Lysosomes are like garbage men because they get rid of things we don't need, like how lysosomes get ride of waste materials.
-Mudslinging
Organelle 1: Cytoskeleton
Organelle 2: Golgi Apparatus
Organelle 3: Ribosomes

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Plasma membrane (also known as the Cell Membrane)
https://biologydictionary.net/cell-membrane/
Abstract:
•The organism Im representing in this campaign is the Plasma Membrane also known as the Cell Membrane.
•The function of my organism is that it only lets certain molecules enter and exit. It can also control the amount of some substances that go into or out of the cell.
•This organelle is special because it transports proteins.
•I like to think of this structure as “gates/passageway.”
Opponents I will mudsling (trash talk) are:

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https://biologydictionary.net/cell-wall/
https://www.nature.com/subjects/cell-wall

Cell Walls

My organelle is a cell wall. A cell wall is basically a firm layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants,fungi,and bacteria. It’s very important because without it plants wouldn’t grow into their full shape or form. It also provides strength and protectes. So to put it bluntly the plants won’t grow properly without it,if the plants don’t grow than many animals won’t be able to eat. For example a cow,a cow is one of our main sources for food. If the cow doesn’t eat than neither do we,and if we don’t eat we die. So to put it simply it’s very much needed. Something that a cell wall is very similar to is a cardboard box. Plant cells are like water and the cell wall would be like the cardboard box around it protecting it.

The three organelles I will be mudlinging are
1.Cell membrane
2.nucleus
3.lysosome

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GolgiApparatus
LINK#1: https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus
LINK#2:
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/golgi.html

ABSTRACT:
~The organelle I'm representing in this campaign is Golgi apparatus
~The function of this structure is to process and package proteins and other materials to be in the cell
~This organelle is special because without it the cell wouldn't have the proteins and others materials like lipids which the cells need to survive
~I like to think of this structure as a Mailman

OPPONENTS I WILL MUDSLING ARE:

1. Vacuole

2. Cell Membrane

3. Lysosome

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LINK #1:https://biologydictionary.net/cell-membrane/

LINK #2:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/components-and-structure/

PLASMA MEMBRANE( cell membrane )

function: this organelle main function is to protect the organelles that are inside from the outside environment, not only does it control what to let in and out it also gives the cell its shape

why it’s special: this organelle it’s special because it has one of the most important job out of the rest of the organelles, which is controlling what is allowed in because if it wasn’t for this mechanism the cell membrane would let any outside component in which could be anything that is harmful and capable of killing the rest of the organelles inside

i like to think of this organelle as a castle wall

mudsling:
1) cell wall
2)cytoplasm
3) nucleus
4) a bit of every other organelle

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title; cytoplasm

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_cytoplasm.html

https://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-cells/cytoplasm.html

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 The Cell Membrane is lazy and selfish it just lets molecules fit through diffusion so its like basically falling asleep and like the cells would just go through while it sleep.

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum can cause stress and that makes you old and cause genetic mutations and other things like bipolar disorder and Parkinson's disease. 

3. And last but not least the Mitochondria, Mitochondria illnesses are more chronic and they almost use out there energy. Thats why they fail to produce as much energy for the body to maintain. It's like walking up the stairs. Not goo

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Mighty Mitochondria!
Link #1:
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_mito.html
Link #2:
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590
In this campaign, I will be representing the Mighty Mitochondria. The mitochondria's function is the power house of the cell. This cell is very special act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The mitochondria is like the furnace of a house because the furnace converts cold air into warm air the house can use to heat up.
Organelle 1: Nucleus
Organelle 2: Ribosomes
Organelle 3: Chloroplast
#VoteMightyMitochondria!

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Link 1: https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/chloroplast.htm                                         Link: 2      https://biologydictionary.net/chloroplast/                                                                  My organelle is the Chloroplast. It is located in plant cells and its function is that it turns sunlight into food and energy for the plant. In other words, it is the cause of photosynthesis in plants. This is what makes this organelle important. Without this organelle, plants would not be able to produce oxygen for our environment and for us humans. We would not be living the life we have now  if it weren't for photosynthesis. I like to think of this structure as the digestive system because we consume food and take it in as energy similarly to photosynthesis. Opponents i will Mudsling are :                                          Organelle 1: Mitochondria                    Organelle 2: Ribosomes                            Organelle 3: Cytoskeleton

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Chloroplasts and Other Plastids - The Cell - NCBI Bookshelf

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Chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for photosynthesis, are in many respects similar to mitochondria. Both chloroplasts and mitochondria function to generate metabolic energy, evolved by endosymbiosis, contain their own genetic systems, and replicate by division. However, chloroplasts are larger and more complex than mitochondria, and they perform several critical tasks in addition to the generation of ATP.

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Title: Nucleus
Link 1
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html
Link 2
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-nucleus-most-important-organelle-cell-need-3-456730
*The organelles I’m representing in this campaign is the Nucleus.
*The function of this structure it is responsible for controlling and directing all the activities of the cell.
*This organelle is special because it contains the genetic material, the DNA. All the RNA’s needed for the cell are synthesis in the nucleus
* I like to think of this structure as a the center of a tootsie pop or the President.
Mudslinging:
1. Mitochondria
2. Ribosomes
3. chloroplast
#VOTENUCLEUS

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https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cell%20wall My organelle is the cell wall. A major function of the cell wall is to give the cell strength and structure and to filter molecules that pass in and out of the cell.

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
https://www.britannica.com/science/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum
https://biologywise.com/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum-function

-Synthesize and store lipids
-Found in almost all eukaryotic cells, except the red blood cells of mammals.
-In skeletal muscle cells, SER occurs as a specialized membrane structure known as the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a critical storage site for calcium ions, taking up the ions from the cytoplasm. It also releases calcium ions when the muscle cell is triggered by nerve stimuli, resulting in muscle contraction. In this way, the sarcoplasmic reticulum helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is also found in smooth muscle cells, though in a more loosely organized form than in skeletal muscle.

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GOLGI APPERATUS
http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/the_function_of_golgi_apparatus/
AND
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_golgi.html

-The Golgi apparatus is an
organelle present in most           eukaryotic cells.
-It is made up of membrane-bound sacs.
-The job of the Golgi apparatus is to process and bundle proteins and lipids as they are kept within the cell.

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vote 4 me pls!

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

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Organelle: Mitochondria this is a  double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
.
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.
Mitochondria are small organelles floating free throughout the cell. Some cells have several thousand mitochondria while others have none.
The outer membrane covers the organelle and contains it like a skin. The inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae.
My organelle is special because it is the power house of all the cells, its like a mother to children with no family. It also produces the energy a cell needs to carry out its functions.
mudslinging:
-Lysosomes
-Ribosomes
-Nucleus

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_mito.html
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html

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The organelle i am supporting is Mitochondria.

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https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html

Organelle: Golgi Apparatus

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The organalle i am representing is Cytoskeleton It is present in all cells of all domains of life
The function of Cytoskeleton is that it gives a cell it's shape and offers support and facilitates movement through three main components, Microfilaments, Intermediate, and Microtubeles.
The Cytoskeleton is important because it forms a framework for the movement of Organelles around the Cytoplasm it also consists of protein
The Cytoskeleton is special in its own way they have their unique properties of filaments- Forming Proteins
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Cell_Organelles/Cytoskeleton&ved=2ahUKEwil5I6-4O3eAhUhp1kKHe18CW8QFjABegQICxAE&usg=AOvVaw3S4pltPDIhRHfPCpgSeA6B

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Title: Cell Wall

Link 1
https://biologydictionary.net/cell-wall/
Link 2
https://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-cells/cell-wall.html
The organelle i'm representing in this campaign is cell wall. The function of the structure is that it gives strength to the cell and protects the cell from certain things. This organelle is special because it allows plants to grow to great heights.

Opponents I will be mudsling are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Nucleus
3.Lysosome

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Link 1: https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-the-nucleus/

Link 2: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html

The Nucleus

My organelle is the nucleus. The purpose of the nucleus is to store the cell’s hereditary information (DNA) and coordinate the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction.

The nucleus is important because it contains all of the genetic instructions that are responsible for controlling the cell’s activities. Without this genetic information, the cell won’t be able to carry out said activities, therefore killing the cell.

The nucleus is most like a puppet master. A puppet master controls all of the small and intricate parts of a puppet, which results in the puppet functioning normally. Without the puppet master controlling the puppet, the puppet wouldn’t be able to function properly.

The organelles I’m going to mudsling are:

Organelle 1: Cell membrane

Organelle 2: Mitocondria

Organelle 3: Endoplasmic reticulum

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the organelle i

the cell membrane allows the movement of material inside the cell

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Biology/celmem.html

https://study.com/academy/lesson/cell-membrane-functions-role-structure.html

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The organelle I'm representing in this campaign is the Nucleus.

The function of this structure is to tell the other cells what to do and where to go.

This organelle is special because it has the DNA in it.

I like to think of this structure as a president because it tells the cells what to do.

http://www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_nucleus/

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Why is the nucleus the most important organelle in a cell? I need 3 supporting facts. | eNotes

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Get an answer for 'Why is the nucleus the most important organelle in a cell? I need 3 supporting facts.' and find homework help for other Biology questions at eNotes

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https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-the-nucleus/

https://sciencing.com/cell-structures-three-main-functions-5505127.ht

NUCLEUS

The function of the nucleus as it's known as the control center, is to store the cells DNA, maintain it's strength or virtue, and facilitate its transcription and replication.

The Nucleus is  important because it guides the structure of a cell carrying all its DNA and identity, without it the cell won't thrive like humans can't live without a brain. It controls and guides the other organelles in order to perform its living structure.

Similar to a parent for example who controls the house or a heart that controls feelings and emotions.

Organelles to mudsling:

Organelle 1: lysosomes,  a lysosomal storage disorder, is one of the causes of pompe disease. Organelle 2: Mitochondria,   mitochondrial disorders affect a cell’s ability to produce ATP
Organelle 3:  Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, which is fundamental to the survival of cells. ribosomes dysfunction leads to severe deficits.
Commented on: SiSi and Blue's post

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Gina Pinguil P:4 (Rough Endoplasmic Retculum)

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Gina Pinguil P:4 (Rough Endoplasmic Retculum)

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1.https://biologydictionary.net/vacuole/
2.https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/amp/english/vacuole
This organelle is like a  vacuum bag that’s how u will remember it at least.it stores anything from food,water,wastes Nd other things.so it’s actually a main organelle every abiotic organism needs.
You might be thinking 🤔 what makes this organelle so speacial well it’s because this organelle is used not only as a vacuum bag But a storage for food Nd etc so if any other cells need it later on.Like structural support.
And for EXTRA here are some mutations for other organelles
1.chlorplast- there can be plant mutations in chloroplast dna sometimes that lead to a white phenotype
2. Eukaryote cells - has evolved a highly dividing system that they composed of the different membranes that are in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell in order to both increase efficiency and diversity of the biochemical processes that they can perform.

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Organelle: Lysosome, This link will inform you about the power of this dangerous cell.
https://www.britannica.com/science/lysosome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9953/

The function of this organelle is that it is involved in waste and digestion removal. They also known that they contain enzymes as well.

The reason on why it is special on behalf of its dirty work its because without the removal of toxins that are supposed to be removed we aka (also known as) humans would have waste build up in the cell.

The lysosomes are literally similar to a toilet because when you basically eat food and it makes you go to the bathroom, Its because its letting you know that it needs you need to get the excess toxins out. Lysosomes can even replicate as a mom but in your body because it lets you know that time is up.

But anyway, the negative things about three other cells like the Cell Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum and even Mitochondria.

1. The Cell Membrane is lazy and selfish it just lets molecules fit through diffusion so its like basically falling asleep and like the cells would just go through while it sleep.

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum can cause stress and that makes you old and cause genetic mutations and other things like bipolar disorder and Parkinson's disease.

3. And last but not least the Mitochondria, Mitochondria illnesses are more chronic and they almost use out there energy. Thats why they fail to produce as much energy for the body to maintain. It's like walking up the stairs. Not good.

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Selae Smalls P:4 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 

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Selae Smalls P:4 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 

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Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes. It’s special because cells need rough ER. You can say that Rough ER is basically like transportation because the ribosomes collected in the endoplasmic reticulum help transport the proteins throughout the cell. If the Nucleus is being dysfunctional then that could lead to luekemia and heart disease. People with lysosomal storage disorders are missing enzymes that they need in order for reactions to be quicker in the body. If the cytoplasm is being dysfunctional then all of the organelles will move around and damage the cell. http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html

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Gina Pinguil p:4(rough endoplasmic reticulum)

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Gina Pinguil p:4(rough endoplasmic reticulum)

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My organelle is Endoplasmic reticulum (aka Er)which is an organelle that is known for doing two things.They can be found in animal and plant cells.There are two different types of Endoplasmic reticulum, a rough one and a smooth one.The difference between the two is a rough Er has ribosomes while a smooth Er doesn't.Rough Er's produces proteins which transport to the Golgi apparatus or packaged in small sacks which moves around in the cell.While smooth Er's as well transport to the Golgi  apparatus but produce and enzymes instead of proteins.They would as well be packaged and move around the cell.Its important to transport lipids, proteins or enzymes throughout the cell.Its like a bus, the bus transports the lipids and proteins through out the cells and the only two stops are the rough and smooth Er.
Organelle 1: Ribosomes if the ribosomes aren't functioning right they'll cause rough Er's will stop producing and with rough Er's and Er's are important to the structure of the cell.
Organelle 2: Nucleus if the nucleus begins to act up it'll cause the cell to cause a disease such as heart disease.
Organelle 3: Golgi Apparatus if the Golgi apparatus were to send the proteins, that were produced by the Er's, to the wrong location it could cause Battens disease.
Links:
https://bscb.org/learning-resources/softcell-e-learning/endoplasmic-reticulum-rough-and-smooth/

https://biologydictionary.net/rough-endoplasmic-reticulum/

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Links:https://study.com/academy/lesson/lysosome-definition-function-quiz.html
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

Lysosomes is an organelles that is found in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cell. The function of Lysosomes is to break down the part of the cells that is damaged. Once the lysosomes is finished, it releases the remain back into the cell so that the cell can expel them through it's membrane. Lysosomes are special because it digests worn out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria. The lysosome is like a garbage disposal, it's helping to clean up.

Organelle 1: Cell membrane
Organelle 2: Cell wall
Organelle 3: Mitochondria

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Alexa coca P:2
www.softschools.com/science/biology/function_of_the_vacuole/
https://biologywise.com/vacuole-function

The Vacuole is so important because it can prevent bacteria intruders and stores helpful bacteria. The vacuole also stores nutrients for the cell.

A vacuole is almost like a vacuum bag because it stores the dirt in a bag.

Mitochondria can have a dysfunction and if it gets into secondary dysfunction it can get diseases such as diabetes and cancer

The Cell membrane can cause obesity.

The nucleus can cause Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases.

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The Cell Nucleus

The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell's hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell's activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

Only the cells of advanced organisms, known as eukaryotes, have a nucleus. Generally there is only one nucleus per cell, but there are exceptions, such as the cells of slime molds and the Siphonales group of algae. Simpler one-celled organisms ( prokaryotes), like the bacteria and cyanobacteria, don't have a nucleus. In these organisms, all of the cell's information and administrative functions are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

The spherical nucleus typically occupies about 10 percent of a eukaryotic cell's volume, making it one of the cell's most prominent features. A double-layered membrane, the nuclear envelope, separates the contents of the nucleus from the cellular cytoplasm. The envelope is riddled with holes called nuclear pores that allow specific types and sizes of molecules to pass back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is also attached to a network of tubules and sacs, called the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis occurs, and is usually studded with ribosomes (see Figure 1).

The semifluid matrix found inside the nucleus is called nucleoplasm. Within the nucleoplasm, most of the nuclear material consists of chromatin, the less condensed form of the cell's DNA that organizes to form chromosomes during mitosis or cell division. The nucleus also contains one or more nucleoli, organelles that synthesize protein-producing macromolecular assemblies called ribosomes, and a variety of other smaller components, such as Cajal bodies, GEMS (Gemini of coiled bodies), and interchromatin granule clusters.

Chromatin and Chromosomes - Packed inside the nucleus of every human cell is nearly 6 feet of DNA, which is divided into 46 individual molecules, one for each chromosome and each about 1.5 inches long. Packing all this material into a microscopic cell nucleus is an extraordinary feat of packaging. For DNA to function, it can't be crammed into the nucleus like a ball of string. Instead, it is combined with proteins and organized into a precise, compact structure, a dense string-like fiber called chromatin.

The Nucleolus - The nucleolus is a membrane-less organelle within the nucleus that manufactures ribosomes, the cell's protein-producing structures. Through the microscope, the nucleolus looks like a large dark spot within the nucleus. A nucleus may contain up to four nucleoli, but within each species the number of nucleoli is fixed. After a cell divides, a nucleolus is formed when chromosomes are brought together into nucleolar organizing regions. During cell division, the nucleolus disappears. Some studies suggest that the nucleolus may be involved with cellular aging and, therefore, may affect the senescence of an organism.

The Nuclear Envelope - The nuclear envelope is a double-layered membrane that encloses the contents of the nucleus during most of the cell's lifecycle. The space between the layers is called the perinuclear space and appears to connect with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The envelope is perforated with tiny holes called nuclear pores. These pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others. The inner surface has a protein lining called the nuclear lamina, which binds to chromatin and other nuclear components. During mitosis, or cell division, the nuclear envelope disintegrates, but reforms as the two cells complete their formation and the chromatin begins to unravel and disperse.

Nuclear Pores - The nuclear envelope is perforated with holes called nuclear pores. These pores regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others. Building blocks for building DNA and RNA are allowed into the nucleus as well as molecules that provide the energy for constructing genetic material.

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Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: The Cell Nucleus

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The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and administrative center of the cell.

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mouhamadou p7
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_cytoplasm.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm
cytoplasm is a material or protoplasm within a living cell also including  the nucleus. its an organelle of the eukaryotic cell

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https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html
https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-the-nucleus/

The nucleus is the organelle that stores the cell's DNA,

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jeferson p:7
https://biologydictionary.net/cell-membrane/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-the-cell-membrane/a/structure-of-the-plasma-membrane

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Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination. Eventually, those waste products would be sent out of the cell.

The structure of vacuoles is fairly simple. There is a membrane that surrounds a mass of fluid. In that fluid are nutrients or waste products. Plants may also use vacuoles to store water. Those tiny water bags help to support the plant. They are closely related to objects called vesicles that are found throughout the cell.

In plant cells, the vacuoles are much larger than in animal cells. When a plant cell has stopped growing, there is usually one very large vacuole. Sometimes that vacuole can take up more than half of the cell's volume. The vacuole holds large amounts of water or food. Don't forge that vacuoles can also hold the plant waste products. Those waste products are slowly broken into small pieces that cannot hurt the cell. Vacuoles hold onto things that the cell might need, just like a backpack.

Vacuoles also play an important role in plant structure. Plants use cell walls to provide support and surround cells. The size of that cell may still increase or decrease depending on how much water is present. Plant cells do not shrink because of changes in the amount of cytoplasm. Most of a plant cell's volume depends on the material in vacuoles.

Those vacuoles gain and lose water depending on how much water is available to the plant. A drooping plant has lost much of its water and the vacuoles are shrinking. It still maintains its basic structure because of the cell walls. When the plant finds a new source of water, the vacuoles are refilled and the plant regains its structure.

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Vacuoles are storage bubbles found in cells. They are found in both animal and plant cells but are much larger in plant cells. Vacuoles might store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive. They can even store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination.

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Mitochondria

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Cell Membrane Definition

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell and separates the cytoplasm (the contents of the cell) from its surrounding environment. It is selectively permeable, which means that it only lets certain molecules enter and exit. It can also control the amount of some substances that go into or out of the cell. All cells have a cell membrane.

Function of the Cell Membrane

The cell membrane gives the cell its structure and regulates the materials that enter and leave the cell. Like a drawbridge intended to protect a castle and keep out enemies, the cell membrane only allows certain molecules to enter or exit. Oxygen, which cells need in order to carry out metabolic functions such as cellular respiration, and carbon dioxide, a byproduct of these functions, can easily enter and exit through the membrane. Water can also freely cross the membrane, although it does so at a slower rate. However, highly charged molecules, like ions, cannot directly pass through, nor can large macromolecules like carbohydrates or amino acids. Instead, these molecules must pass through proteins that are embedded in the membrane. In this way, the cell can control the rate of diffusion of these substances.

Another way the cell membrane can bring molecules inside it is through endocytosis. This includes phagocytosis ("cell eating") and pinocytosis ("cell drinking"). During these processes, the cell membrane forms a depression and surrounds the particle that it is engulfing. It then "pinches off" to form a small sphere of membrane called a vesicle that contains the molecule and transports it to wherever it will be used in the cell. Vesicles are also created from the cell membrane when endocytosis is not occurring, and are used to transport molecules to different areas within the cell. Cells can also get rid of molecules through exocytosis, which is the opposite of endocytosis. During exocytosis, vesicles come to the surface of the cell membrane, merge with it, and release their contents to the outside of the cell. Exocytosis removes the cell's waste products- parts of molecules that are not used by the cell.

The cell membrane also plays a role in cell signaling and communication. Receptor proteins on the cell membrane can bind to molecules of substances produced by other areas of the body, such as hormones. When a molecule binds to its target receptor on the membrane, it initiates a signal transduction pathway inside the cell that transmits the signal to the appropriate molecules. Then, the cell can perform the action specified by the signal molecule, such as making or stopping production of a certain protein.

Structure of the Cell Membrane

Phospholipids are a main component of the cell membrane. These are lipid molecules made up of a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails. The properties of phospholipid molecules allow them to spontaneously form a double-layered membrane. When in water or an aqueous solution, which includes the inside of the body, the hydrophilic heads of phospholipids will orient themselves to be on the outside, while the hydrophobic tails will be on the inside. The technical term for this double layer of phospholipids that forms the cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. Eukaryotic cells, which make up the bodies of all organisms except for bacteria and archaea, also have a nucleus that is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane.

In addition, the cell membrane contains glycolipids and sterols. One important sterol is cholesterol, which regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane in animal cells. When there is less cholesterol, membranes become more fluid, but also more permeable to molecules. The amount of cholesterol in the membrane helps maintain its permeability so that the right amount of molecules can enter the cell at a time, not too many or too few.

The cell membrane also contains many different proteins. Proteins make up about half of the cell membrane. Many of these proteins are transmembrane proteins, which are embedded in the membrane but stick out on both sides. Some of these proteins are receptors which bind to signal molecules, while others are ion channels which are the only means of allowing ions into or out of the cell. Scientists use the fluid mosaic model to describe the structure of the cell membrane. The cell membrane has a fluid consistency due to being made up in large part of phospholipids, and because of this, proteins move freely across its surface. The multitude of different proteins and lipids in the cell membrane give it the look of a mosaic.

Cytoplasm - All of the organelles and contents of a cell except for the nucleus.

Phospholipid - One of the main components of a cell membrane; made up of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Endocytosis - The process by which the cell membrane changes shape and engulfs molecules, bringing them into the cell.

Fluid mosaic model - A model of the structure of the cell membrane; lipids and proteins make up the membrane and move freely across it.

Quiz

2. Which is a function of the cell membrane?
A. To control what types of molecules enter and exit the cell
B. To control the amount of certain molecules that enter and exit the cell
C. To receive signal molecules
D. All of the above

3. What part of a phospholipid molecule is hydrophilic?
A. The phosphate group head
B. The fatty acid tails
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

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The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a double layer of lipids and proteins that surrounds a cell and separates the cytoplasm (the contents of the cell) from its surrounding environment. It is selectively permeable, which means that it only lets certain molecules enter and exit.

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Nucleus
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/nucleus.html

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Alexa Wai P7
https://www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus
https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html
The Golgi Apparatus transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids. Golgi bodies are like Amazon because they

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The cell wall is a protective and semipermeable layer made of cellulose or chitin. It's outside of the cell membrane and is special because of the strength and structure it gives to the cell. This organelle however, is only in plant, fungi, bacteria and archaea cells.

http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_wall.html

https://biologydictionary.net/cell-wall/

A cell wall, like a skeleton, gives structure and elasticity to allow plants to grow.

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https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9953/

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Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
https://www.britannica.com/science/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum
https://biologywise.com/smooth-endoplasmic-reticulum-function

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Ribosomes  make proteins because the http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_ribos.html

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an extensive system of interconnected tubules and cisternae (flattened sac-like structures) that can be found in almost all eukaryotic cells, except the red blood cells of mammals. It is basically of two types - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER). The Endoplasmic Reticulum that does not have Ribosomes attached to its surface is known as smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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All About the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Function

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an extensive system of interconnected tubules and cisternae (flattened sac-like structures) that can be found in almost all eukaryotic cells, except the red blood cells of mammals. It is basically of two types - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER).

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2:

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Biology4Kids.com: Cell Structure: Cell Membrane

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Biology4Kids.com! This tutorial introduces cell membranes. Other sections include plants, animal systems, invertebrates, vertebrates, and microorganisms.

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Kassandra period 5

-synthesis of lipids (dna, colories, water)
-carries out the metabolism process

-the "SER" can be compared to a worker in a machine

https://tinyurl.com/y8hvhksm

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Cytoplasm
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_cytoplasm.html
https://www.britannica.com/science/cytoplasm

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rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named for the appearance of its outer surface, which is studded with protein-synthesizing particles known as ribosomes. This feature distinguishes it superficially and functionally from the other major type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids. RER occurs in both animal and plant cells.

The RER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the cell nucleus. The RER is also located near the Golgi apparatus, which transports, modifies, and packages proteins for delivery to targeted destinations. Many proteins that are synthesized in the RER are packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus.

Protein synthesis begins in the cytosol with a process known as translation, in which the protein is assembled from an RNA sequence. As the protein grows, if it contains a signal sequence at its amino-terminal end, it will become bound to a signal recognition particle, which carries the ribosome to the RER membrane. Once bound to the RER, the signal recognition particle dissociates, and protein translation continues. The newly formed protein then either becomes embedded in the RER membrane, in the case of a transmembrane protein, or is transmitted into the RER lumen via a translocon channel, in the case of a water-soluble protein.

In the RER lumen, proteins may undergo slight modifications, such as having their signal sequences cleaved or undergoing glycosylation (in which an oligosaccharide is added, producing a glycoprotein). Protein form also changes, whereby the molecule assumes its three-dimensional conformation. From the RER, proteins move into a transitional region of the ER lumen, which is largely lacking in ribosomes. Some proteins, such as secretory proteins, which are released by cells, are packaged in vesicles and move to the Golgi apparatus. Other proteins remain in the ER, where they carry out their specified functions.

Abnormalities in RER structure and function are associated with certain types of disease in humans. In particular, the accumulation in the RER of misfolded proteins, which normally are returned to the cytosol, where they are degraded, can result in ER stress, leading to cell dysfunction and cell death. For example, the accumulation of misfolded collagen proteins in the RER, owing to mutations in collagen-encoding genes, underlies various inherited skeletal disorders, including spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, which is characterized by abnormal bone growth, weak joints, and susceptibility to joint dislocation.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | Definition, Structure, & Function

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum, series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in protein synthesis. The RER is named for the appearance of its outer surface, which is studded with protein-synthesizing ribosomes.