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Criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

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The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

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The standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant.

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Refers to the legal separation of groups in society.

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Used in applying a law, which a court will review subject to a strict scrutiny standard.

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Speech accompanied by activities such as sit-ins, picketing, and demonstrations.

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Guarantee's that a person will not be tried twice for the same crime in the same jurisdiction.

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Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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Intended to prevent any governmental endorsement or support of religion.

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Prevents evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights from being used in a court of law.

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Pennsylvania passed a law that allowed the local government to use money to fund educational programs that taught religious-based lessons, activities and studies.

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Government action that prohibits speech or other expression before the speech happens...

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

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Courts may ise to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance.

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Responsible for changing the criminal justice system by granting criminal defendants the right to an attorney, even if they can't afford one on their own.

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It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.

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Affirming the right of slave owners to take their slaves into the Western territories.

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Laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions.

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US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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An action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination.

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Used to deny suffrage to African Americans from Voting

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Strengthened the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, making it illegal for evidence obtained without a warrant to be used in a criminal trial in state court.

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A guarantee under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that a state must treat an individual or class of individuals the same as it treats other individuals or classes in like circumstances.

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A controversial stand for free speech by defending a neo-Nazi group that wanted to march through the Chicago suburb of Skokie, where many Holocaust survivors lived.

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A speech that damages a someone's good reputation by saying something bad and untrue about them.

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant.

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Speech directed at the overthrow of government. It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders.

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A landmark U.S. Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship.

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Racial segregation that happens “by fact,” rather than by legal requirement.

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Rights of Citizens

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Excessive Bail, Fines, and Punishments Forbidden

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Rights in Civil Cases

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Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Cases

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Protection of Rights to Life,Liberty, and Property

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Protection from Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

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The rights to bear arms

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Freedom of Religion, Speech, and the Press