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1.1Describe the structure of the central nervous system, sensory, connector and motor neurones

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1.1Describe the structure of the central nervous system, sensory, connector and motor neurones

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The central nervous system is made up  of the brain and the spinal cord. Central nervous system (CNS) sends blood to the body and any compromise in the brain and spinal cord can lead to severe difficulties. They work together to response and sends a signal down a motor neuron. The brain is then divided into two hemispheres; the right side which controls the left side of the body and face and the left side which deals with the right side of the body and face. Also the two hemispheres are linked by the nerve fibres which are known as corpus callosum. However, the spinal cord is a single structure which begins from the medulla oblongata that is located at the base of the brain, to the lower back of the of the brain, as it's protected by the vertebral column. Both the brain and the spinal cord, represent the main structures of the nervous system.
Wikimedia commons(2018)
File:1205 Somatic Autonomic Enteric StructuresN.jpg [online] Available at:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/1205_Somatic_Autonomic_Enteric_StructuresN.jpg [accessed 12 Oct 2018].

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The picture which I have chosen for this part clearly shows the important structure of the central nervous system(CNS). it explains the structures which are found and the explanation of it is quite detailed, because it explains the function of the (CNS) in a way that is understandable, for instance, it shows that on the picture both the brain and the spinal cord are similar in their function as well as they are both part of the (CNS). it also shows that the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which consists ganglia. This image perfectly layouts the structure of the (CNS) and it explains the function of it well. Nevertheless, this resource is not so good and not so reliable for the theoretical research, because it does not explain in depth.

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1.1 sensory, connector and motor structures: 

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1.1 sensory, connector and motor structures: 

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Sensory neurons: These neurons are also called afferent neurons. Sensory neurons are found in receptors, which means they are affected by a sight, sound, smell, touch, or taste. it is the cell body of the outside of the CNS as it contain axon which is located inside the CNS. it receives initial stimuli from sense, for instance; eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose as well as by impulses generated to response and  maintain homeostasis, such as to cool down the body heat in situations when the body temperature is rising. In this case the sensory neurons will send an impulse or message to the connector neurones. Connector or Interneurons : These types of neurons receive impulses from sensory neurons. They have a short dendrites and axon and are found in the spinal cord or brain and dendrites synapse.

the minute the connector neurone receives an impulse from a sensory neuron, the connector determines what response should be made. so when a response is required, the connector transmits  the impulse on to motor neurons. Motor neurons: its cell body is found in the CNS. they are the longest in the body as they have a short dendrite and a long axon. Motor neurons stimulate effector cells. For example they may carry impulses to the muscles to stimulate, this is after they have received signals from the connector neurones.

In SlideShare [2018]
Types of neurons [online] Available at: https://pt.slideshare.net/sarangsureshhotchandani/types-of-neuron/10 [accessed 15 Oct 2018].

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this image layouts all the three different types of the neurons as it highlights their structure and their differentiation perfectly. An example is that, the sensory neurons detect the changes in the stimulus or the environment and mostly found it the eyes, ears and skin receptors, whereas the motor neurons receive signals from the CNS and transfer it to the effector and its dendrites are linked to the cell body to control the function of the neurons. They are found in the effectors, for instance in muscles and glands. this picture also clearly shows their differentiations in terms of their dendrites, axon etc. the image is visually helpful, and it points out their differences as helps to understand their structure. The only problem is it does not explain in details their function. but it helps me to understand their structures.

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1.2 Explain the role of sensory and motor neurones in a reflex arc.

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1.2 Explain the role of sensory and motor neurones in a reflex arc.

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The reflex arc is involuntary movement in response to a specific stimulus, this means that reflexes allow us function to perform an action without getting our brain involved. they rather allow the CNS to take action/ decision. So what the sensory does is it receives information from the receptor or from the external environment and transmit them to the internal or the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). and what motor neuron does is, it carries the message from the CNS back to the effectors know as muscles and glands and causing the receptor to response.

YouTube (2018)
The central nervous system and reflexes-biology-science-get that c in your GCSE and IGCSE [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOYZupddDtE [accessed  15 Oct 2018]
lumen boundless anatomy and physiology (2018)
Peripheral nervous system and
components of a reflex arc. [online] Available at:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/reflexes/ [accessed 15 Oct 2018].
image (2018)
Reflexes and brain [online] Available at: sinoemedicalassociation.org/AP/reflexesbrain.pdf
[accessed 15 Oct 2018].

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The video which I have found online was very good resource to use and watch. It explains clearly the role of the sensory and motor neurones in a reflex arc even though it is been crated for GCSE students. The tone of voice is very calm and clear which made me as an English of second speaker to understand the reflex arc well and most importantly the vocabularies he uses throughout of the video. for instance it helped me to have a better understanding of how the chemicals messages are transmitted and through which process they do so. One thing I was concerned about was that because the video is for GCSE students, it might not be detailed in depth. Nevertheless, it I was able to understand that for example the sensory role in the reflex arc is to receive the message from the receptors and send them to the CNS. and the motor neurones takes onward from the CNS to the effector which are muscle or glands. I personally think it is trustworthy because it is been done by a science teacher.

This image demonstrates on the role of the sensory and motor neurones in the reflex arc. The labelling have different colour for different role in the reflex arc. such as the blue and red lines colours shows that the receptor send messages to the sensory neurons then transfer impulses from the receptor into the grey matter. Through the synaptic gaps the impulses are then send to the motor neuron. the motor neuron carries the impulses to the effector.

Both recourses help to understand the role of the sensory and motor neuron. The video is more understandable then the picture, simply because the roles of the sensory neuron and motor were explained, whereas the image only demonstrate on how neuron types work together in the reflex arc.

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Both of these videos are generally good to use for the explanation of the impulse transmission. They both show and label the neurone transmitter well, how ever video number one much better than video number two, because video number one has a written subtitle with it, in case if someone finds the video fast or hard to understand then the person might copy down and translate the word directly in to google translator. is also give a brief description of the reflex arc and how the different types of neurones work together to perform. Both video one and video two deliver the information in a professional way and they produced are for the educational purposes. Over all video one is better than video two, for instance; it is more clear by using a human being as an example of how a stimuli is occurred and how it leads to the action potential and so on.

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This image is a good source to use, therefore, it helps to visualise how both of the voluntary and reflex actions work. As shown in the image, the voluntary action is involved in the movement or involved in  (physically and intellectually) where the part of the brain known as cerebral hemisphere is involved in order to make a response to a particular stimulus. In other words in voluntary action the behaviour is leaned. And in this image it is shown eating as an example of voluntary action. the food is firstly smelled before eating and so tasted before eating, the aim here is that in voluntary action brain is conscious before doing the activities. In contrast,  in reflex action it is opposite to the voluntary action, because for example the food is swallowed without the brain getting conscious about what would happen when swallowing that food. So this situation is involuntary, therefore, the brain is no involved in a learned behaviour and a person's desire.
Overall, in a voluntary action the brain is involved in the thoughts which are made, whereas, in reflex action the brain is not so involved I the action in which the thoughts are made. This action is called involuntary action.
This website, which produced this information is trustworthy, because it has produced a lot of science related slides/ information. the information are very adequate and are good resource to use for the academic research.

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2.1Compare voluntary and reflex actions and explain the role of the autonomic nervous system

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2.1Compare voluntary and reflex actions and explain the role of the autonomic nervous system

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Voluntary action: this is where most of the actions are carried out in the body. The brain (The cerebral hemisphere) is involved in actions in which a conscious thought is made about the response to a particular stimulus. An example of voluntary action is waling. Whereas Reflex actions: is an involuntary response to a stimulus, such as withdrawing your hand from a hot surface before you become aware of the heat. Most reflexes are processed in the spine, although some, such as blinking, are processed in the brain. In a spinal reflex, the stimulus signal travels along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord, and a response signal travels back by means of a motor nerve.

Role of the autonomic nervous system: the autonomic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system, which acts as a control centre and its role is to collect information by the internal environment or homeostasis for instance; temperature, blood sugar, oxygen and carbon dioxide transporting into the blood. it controls involuntary action for example breathing. a person does not think before breathing in or breathing out, it is done without even brain getting conscious
about it. However, can they do work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system which provides voluntary control.  The automimic nervous is made up of two  systems: the sympathetic nervous system, which controls  the fight-or-flight respond, and it helps the body to overcome stress, whereas the parasympathetic nervous system, responsible for rest and digest as well as its job is to restore the energy.
Lumen- boundless psychology (2018).[online]
Available at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless psychology/chapter/the-nervous-system/
In SlideShare (2018)
Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions.[online] Available at:  https://www.slideshare.net/eLearningJa/integrated-science-m2-vol-and-invol-actions[ accessed 23 Oct 2018]
image- In SlideShare (2018)
Integrated Science M2 Voluntary and Involuntry Actions.[online] Available at: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/final-intsc-m2u6l3volandinvolactions-150430161305-conversion-gate02/95/integrated-science-m2-voluntary-and-involuntry-actions-1-638.jpg?cb=1430428499 [accessed 23 Oct 2018

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1.3 Explain the mechanism of transmission of an impulse along a neurone. 

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1.3 Explain the mechanism of transmission of an impulse along a neurone. 

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Transmission of a nerve impulse along a neuron from happens in the form of electrical changes across the membrane of the neuron. When a stimulus reaches a resting neuron, the gated channels open and allow the Na+ from outside of the membrane into the cell by diffusion and this makes the inside of the neurone less negative. This is called depolarisation, when more sodium ions are diffused into the neurone. An action potential occurs when sodium ions move inside the membrane and the action potential moves along the neurone as a wave of depolarisation. Repolarisation is when the potassium ions are more on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside, which means that the membrane is more permeable to potassium ions and as the potassium ions are diffused out of the neurone down the its concentration gradient, in such situation the membrane gets back to its resting potential. after the membrane is back to its resting potential hyperpolarization occurs , when potassium ions channels are slow to close  and potential difference gets more negative than the resting potential. after the action potential is completed, messages are  passed from one neuron to another through synapses. At last when the nerve impulses reaches the terminal buttons on the axons, neurotransmitters are  then  released into the synaptic cleft.

Video 1 (2018).
Nerve Impulse Molecular Mechanism [3D Animation] [online] Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHRC8SlLcH0 [accessed 17 Oct 2018]
Video 2 (2018)
Action Potential in Neurons, Animation. [online] available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBDXOt_uHTQ [accessed 17 Oct 2018]