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INTRO
- quote Adichie
- mention the single story of US, and people who do not fit
- talk about the 'new' stories that redefine
- Through writing and developing their own stories, minority writers such as Sandra Cisneros and Maxine Hong Kingston can better express themselves and embrace a freedom through literature that their lives as minorities in the US do not give them.
--- value of this/larger benefit
- WW - Kingston uses her words and writing to defeat and overcome the ghosts that haunt her and her family. She uses her writing to help her come to terms with her family's history and her own double-indentity.
-- use Chinese-US experience
-- quotes -> "uncomfortable" quotes
- THOMS - Esperanza uses her writing and poetry to gain a freedom that she is not able to have in her poverty-striken neighborhood. She also uses her writing to escape the stereotypes and expectations set on her by both her cultures, Chicano and American
- value of this, for people who relate and who don't

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In an experiment between fiction readers, non-fiction readers, and non-readers, it was evident that there was a correlation between people who read fiction and those who demonstrated heightened emotional intelligence and empathy towards others. This does not mean that fiction is superior to non-fiction, but that fiction works by keeping the imagination active. Fiction also works to strengthen empathy by by creating characters that portray social qualities like empathy.

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Summary (Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer

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Summary (Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer

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Research done by psychologist Raymond Mar and cognitive psychology professor Keith Oatley shows that there is a correlation between reading fiction books and being able to understand and empathize with others better. This correlation builds on the way books often require the reader to "deep-read" by giving readers an immersive experience with much detail no distractions. Professor and author Maryanne Wolf also notes how reading in general is an unnatural trait in humans that we have evolved to be able to learn, and constant reading helps strengthen the brain.

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- "Not a Rat. Not an apartment in back. Not a man's house.Not a daddy's. A house all my own. " (108)
This shows how independent Esperanza feels she is and that she doesn't need to live with a man, but would rather stay by herself
- "I put it down on paper and then the ghost does not
ache so much." (110)
This shows how much writing helps her "escape" her world and reimagine her own. By writing her stories down, she can make the "ghosts" in them effect her less negatively, as she has much more freedom in writing about them then with living with them.
- "You just remember to keep writing, [speranza. You must
keep writing. It will keep you free" (61)

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- "I learned to make my mind large, as the universe is large, so that there is room for paradoxes.”
This shows how she has learned to live with her double identity and how she feels her double identity is like a "paradox" inside her
- "The reporting is the vengeance – not the beheading, not the gutting, but the words." (53)
This shows how writing for Kingston is a way of getting vengeance and power. She uses her writing as a weapon the same way Fa Mu Lan uses her sword as a weapon, and she uses literature to fight her own "ghosts"

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- "Along with the idea of romantic love, she was introduced to another--physical beauty." (122)
This shows how much of an impact how she looked had on her identity and how she viewed herself

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- "you mustn't believe that I'm against you... or your race. I'm your friend." (189) - Mr. Emerson to Invisible man
This quote shows how often white men know/feel they are superior too and try to "make up" for it, even further cementing the single story
- "No more dispossessing of the dispossessed!" (340) - Brotherhood chant at a rally
This is an example of the brotherhood opposing the system where black men only follow the white men

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- family dynamic - her family shaping her identity and perspective
- double-identity
- adolescence- who she grows up with and how she is raised

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- having a double-identity and learning the balance between the two and not have one overpower; accepting the paradox

- growing up female and learning how to deal with the gender disparities
- family dynamic-listening to parent's stories and their heritage, seeing family from other countries

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- finding yourself beautiful/accepting yourself
- race and how that defines your individuality
- childhood/who you grow up around

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- Race and how that plays into one's identity, life, and overall understanding of oneself

- understanding oneself before other people can understand you
- regions-his southern roots are important to his identity
- School/work - his college and work experiences shape who he is

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In Chinese culture, men are seen as superior to woman and woman have to deal with having lesser than roles in the family, society, and workplace.

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- Mexican-American women are bound to only one role: being a wife and mother and often with no freedom.

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White girls set the beauty standards and other young girls, both white and of other races/minorities, need to have white features to be considered pretty

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- Cisneros writes about Esperanza becoming a writer and having freedom in that
- Esperanza not feeling like she wants to get married and become a wife/mother like the other girls she meets.

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- Maxine Hong Kingston writes about how her mother has become a distinguished doctor in China
- she writes about the legend of the woman Mulan who save China

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- Toni Morrison writes about how Claudia does not see how a white girl is more beautiful than the black girl, and feels that her dark skin is beautiful too
- Morrison shows the dangers of completely looking to white girls for beauty standards through Pecola, who drives herself to madness trying to get blue eyes

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- Ralph Ellison writes about how the invisible man and many other characters in the novel try to stand up for black rights and success without whites.
- The narrator opposes his grandfather, who believes that black men shouldn't oppose white men to succeed, at the end of the novel.

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African-American men submit themselves to white men because they know white men are superior and more powerful. They know that to succeed, it needs to be under a white mans success.