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1) HAZLIN ELIDA
2) HIDAYAH
3) LIYANA
4) SUGHA

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Fabron, Hussein, Arif Hakimi

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Amplitude modulation (AM) DSBFC is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. The message signal is, for example, a function of the sound to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of pixels of a television screen. This technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in which its phase is varied.

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Characteristic :
1) Demodulation process of DSBFC is easier in comparison to that of DSBSC
2) DSBFC signal is also easy to produce at higher power levels, hence it is used for broadcasting
3) It is also used for public broadcasting because it is very simple and less expensive
4) There is two method, direct method and indirect method

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1) Ameera
2) Hasliza
3) Mandzurah
4) Syakeerah

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·       DSBSC signal is produced when we want to increase the transmitter efficiency by suppressing it from the AM signal

·       Transmission in which frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above and below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally being completely suppressed.

·       Three times more power efficient than DSBFC.

·       Modulation efficiency is 100 % since no power is used on the carrier.

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·       DSB-SC is generated by a mixer. This consists of a message signal multiplied by a carrier signal. The mathematical representation of this process is shown below, where the product- to sum trigonometry identity is used.

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-        CB radio

-        TV broadcasting

-       Air traffic control radios

-        Garage door opens keyless
remotes

-        Two way radio
communications.

-        Transmission of color
information in n TV signals.

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Definition :
Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a modulation technique which allows transmissionof one sideband in addition with a part or vestige of the other. It is basically a compromise between DSB-SC and SSB modulation.

Advantages :
1. It is highly efficient modulation technique used for wave transmission.
2. It reduces the bandwidth utilisation.
3. The filter characteristics do not need to be highly accurate thus making its design simple.
4. It easily transmits low frequency components and possesses good phase characteristics.

Disadvantages:
1. Its bandwith requirement is somewhat higher than that of SSB modulation, due to the presence of vestige.
2. Vestigial sideband modulation leads to a complex demodulation process at the receiver end.

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Amir, Akmal, Zulhaikal

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Aina , Nura, Syaza, Abariah

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Definition:
Single sideband modulation is a form of amplitude modulation that uses only one sideband for a given audio path to provide final signal

Characteristic :

1 ) a form of amplitude modulation & uses only one sideband for a given audio path tp provide final signal
2)transmit twoside bands which is LSB (below 9MHz )& USB (above 9MHz)
3)power measurement for SSB signal is not easy because the output power is dependent upon the level of the modulating signal . Hence , peak envelope power (PEP) is used.
4)SSB modulation is well suited for transmisson of voice signal.
5)provide a considerably  more efficient form of communication compared to ordinary amplitude modulation.
6) Has been widely used for some analouge television signal n other applications

Advantages
1. As the carrier is not transmitted, this enables a 50% reduction in transmitter power level for the same level of information carrying signal
2. As only one sideband is transmitted there is further reduction in  transmitter power
3. Bandwidth reduced by half and allow through less noise and interference

Disadvantage:
1. complex receivers-SSB systems require more complex and expensive receivers than conventional AM transmission.SSB receivers require a carrier recovery and synchronization circuit.
2. Tuning difficulties-SSB receivers require more complex and precise tuning than conventional AM receivers. Undesirable for average user. Can overcome by using more accurate, complex and expensive tuning circuits.

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Single sideband suppressed carrier is the form of single sideband modulation that is most widely used for communications applications on the HF portion of the radio spectrum.

Characteristics:
1)      There is only one sideband - the other sideband and the carrier are both removed.

2)      The carrier must be re-inserted on the same frequency as the original signal

3)      Any slight differences in carrier re-insertion frequency give rise to changes in pitch of the audio.

4)      The sideband only appears when modulation is present, and its power is proportional to the audio at that instant.

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1)Bandwidth or spectrum space occupied is lesser than AM and DSBSC waves.
2)Transmission of more numbers of signals is allowed.
3)Power is saved.
4)High power signal can be transmitted.
5)Less amount of noise is present.
6)Signal fading is less to occur.

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1)The generation and detection of SSBSC wave is a complex process.
2)The quality of the signal gets affected unless the SSB transmitter and receiver have an excellent frequency stability

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1)For power saving requirements and low bandwidth requirements.
2)In land, air, and maritime mobile communications.
3)In point-to-point communications.
4)In radio communications.
5)In television, telemetry and radar communications.
6)In military communications, such as amateur radio,etc.

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Determine the characteristics of
1) DSBFC
2) DSBSC
3) SSB
4) SSBSC
5) Vestigial SB