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Facts:
-  77% immigrants are in the country legally
-  13.7% of US population in 2018
-  25% US immigrants come from Mexico
-  28% Us immigrants coming from all of Asia
-  Projected Foreign born population in 2065 will be 78.2 Million
-  Increase in lawful immigrant working within the US
-  Decrease in working illgeal immigrants in the US
-  53% of immigrants in 2018 are proficient in English
- 337,000 immigrants deported from US in 2018

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/

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The United States has more immigrants than any other country in the world. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's migrants. The population of immigrants is also very diverse, with just about every country in the world represented among U.S. immigrants.

Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nation's foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. Based on these portraits, here are answers to some key questions about the U.S. immigrant population.

How many people in the U.S. are immigrants?

The U.S. foreign-born population reached a record 44.8 million in 2018. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. However, today's immigrant share remains below the record 14.8% share in 1890, when 9.2 million immigrants lived in the U.S.

What is the legal status of immigrants in the U.S.?

Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens.

Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size - from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nation's population.

The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico - the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Between 2007 and 2017, this group decreased by 2 million. Meanwhile, there was a rise in the number from Central America and Asia.

Do all lawful immigrants choose to become U.S. citizens?

Not all lawful permanent residents choose to pursue U.S. citizenship. Those who wish to do so may apply after meeting certain requirements, including having lived in the U.S. for five years. In fiscal year 2019, about 800,000 immigrants applied for naturalization. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007.

Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. However, Mexican lawful immigrants have the lowest naturalization rate overall. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey.

Where do immigrants come from?

Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. The next largest origin groups were those from China (6%), India (6%), the Philippines (4%) and El Salvador (3%).

By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). Other regions make up smaller shares: Europe, Canada and other North America (13%), the Caribbean (10%), Central America (8%), South America (7%), the Middle East and North Africa (4%) and sub-Saharan Africa (5%).

Who is arriving today?

More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. In 2018, the top country of origin for new immigrants coming into the U.S. was China, with 149,000 people, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000) and the Philippines (46,000).

By race and ethnicity, more Asian immigrants than Hispanic immigrants have arrived in the U.S. in most years since 2009. Immigration from Latin America slowed following the Great Recession, particularly for Mexico, which has seen both decreasing flows into the United States and large flows back to Mexico in recent years.

Asians are projected to become the largest immigrant group in the U.S. by 2055, surpassing Hispanics. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%.

Is the immigrant population growing?

New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. The drop in the unauthorized immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the U.S. than coming in.

Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the country's population. In 2018, the percentage of women giving birth in the past year was higher among immigrants (7.5%) than among the U.S. born (5.7%). While U.S.-born women gave birth to more than 3 million children that year, immigrant women gave birth to about 760,000.

How many immigrants have come to the U.S. as refugees?

Since the creation of the federal Refugee Resettlement Program in 1980, about 3 million refugees have been resettled in the U.S. - more than any other country.

In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. The largest origin group of refugees was the Democratic Republic of the Congo, followed by Burma (Myanmar), Ukraine, Eritrea and Afghanistan. Among all refugees admitted in fiscal year 2019, 4,900 are Muslims (16%) and 23,800 are Christians (79%). Texas, Washington, New York and California resettled more than a quarter of all refugees admitted in fiscal 2018.

Where do most U.S. immigrants live?

Nearly half (45%) of the nation's immigrants live in just three states: California (24%), Texas (11%) and Florida (10%). California had the largest immigrant population of any state in 2018, at 10.6 million. Texas, Florida and New York had more than 4 million immigrants each.

In terms of regions, about two-thirds of immigrants lived in the West (34%) and South (34%). Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest.

In 2018, most immigrants lived in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in the New York, Los Angeles and Miami metro areas. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nation's total foreign-born population. Most of the nation's unauthorized immigrant population lived in these top metro areas as well.

How do immigrants compare with the U.S. population overall in education?

Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelor's degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively).

Educational attainment varies among the nation's immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). On the other hand, immigrants from every region except Mexico, the Caribbean and Central America were as likely as or more likely than U.S.-born residents to have a bachelor's or advanced degree.

Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelor's degree or more. Immigrants from Mexico (7%) and Central America (11%) were the least likely to have a bachelor's or higher.

How many immigrants are working in the U.S.?

In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. An additional 7.6 million immigrant workers are unauthorized immigrants, less than the total of the previous year and notably less than in 2007, when they were 8.2 million. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. During the same period, the overall U.S. workforce grew, as did the number of U.S.-born workers and lawful immigrant workers.

Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. As the Baby Boom generation heads into retirement, immigrants and their children are expected to offset a decline in the working-age population by adding about 18 million people of working age between 2015 and 2035.

How well do immigrants speak English?

Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers - either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%).

Immigrants from Mexico have the lowest rates of English proficiency (34%), followed by those from Central America (35%), East and Southeast Asia (50%) and South America (56%). Immigrants from Canada (96%), Oceania (82%), Europe (75%) and sub-Saharan Africa (74%) have the highest rates of English proficiency.

The longer immigrants have lived in the U.S., the greater the likelihood they are English proficient. Some 47% of immigrants living in the U.S. five years or less are proficient. By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers.

Among immigrants ages 5 and older, Spanish is the most commonly spoken language. Some 42% of immigrants in the U.S. speak Spanish at home. The top five languages spoken at home among immigrants outside of Spanish are English only (17%), followed by Chinese (6%), Hindi (5%), Filipino/Tagalog (4%) and French (3%).

How many immigrants have been deported recently?

Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. In 2017, the Trump administration deported 295,000 immigrants, the lowest total since 2006.

Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. Of the 337,000 immigrants deported in 2018, some 44% had criminal convictions and 56% were not convicted of a crime. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime.

How many immigrant apprehensions take place at the U.S.-Mexico border?

The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. Today, there are more apprehensions of non-Mexicans than Mexicans at the border. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. The first time Mexicans did not make up the bulk of Border Patrol apprehensions was in 2014.

How do Americans view immigrants and immigration?

While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. Overall, a majority of Americans have positive views about immigrants. About two-thirds of Americans (66%) say immigrants strengthen the country "because of their hard work and talents," while about a quarter (24%) say immigrants burden the country by taking jobs, housing and health care.

Yet these views vary starkly by political affiliation. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it.

Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. A quarter said legal immigration to the U.S. should be decreased (24%), while one-third (38%) said immigration should be kept at its present level and almost another third (32%) said immigration should be increased.
Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo López, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant.
CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chart "Among new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanics" has changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. This new methodology has also allowed the inclusion of the figure from 2000. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed the partial year shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the corrected complete year shares are 31% and 36%, respectively.

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Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's migrants.

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-  many older children were forced to take care of younger ones they did not know
-   Many children said they had no access to soap or hot water or working toilets.
-  Some had been held there for weeks.
-  reports being cold and hungry
-  unsanitary, overcrowded conditions
-  being held in a warehouse, a sally port, tents in the desert, and overcrowded cells
-  children were sleeping on concrete floors

https://news.cuanschutz.edu/medicine/scholars-new-book-amplifies-childrens-voices

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When children's rights expert Warren Binford, JD, EdM, reported in 2019 that children in migration were held by the U.S. government in squalid conditions at the southern border, her description - based on interviews with the children and site inspections of the facilities - was denounced by White House officials and its allies as untrue.

Seven children had died the year before Binford's disclosure of the nightmare conditions. Working on behalf of the children, Binford shared her eyewitness account and the children's descriptions of their mistreatment. A ten-day media storm erupted with Binford and her colleagues attacked by top governmental officials, partisan media, and other critics.

At that point, Binford, who joined the University of Colorado School of Medicine faculty last year, realized that the children and their needs were lost in the uproar, so she began referring reporters to the sworn testimonies of the children, which had been filed in federal court.

Making their voices heard

The powerful words of those children have now been collected in "Hear My Voice / Escucha Mi Voz," an illustrated children's book published earlier this month. The book compiles testimonies of more than 60 children, ages five to 17. "Hear My Voice / Escucha Mi Voz" is published in English and Spanish and the first printing, which went on sale on April 13, is nearly sold out. A second print run has been ordered. Binford and Cecilia Ruiz, the illustrator who created the cover of the book, will be discussing their work at noon Monday, May 10. To register, go to https://ucdenverdata.formstack.com/forms/binford.

During a June 2019 visit at a Border Patrol facility outside of El Paso, Binford and her colleagues discovered that hundreds of children were being held in a warehouse, a sally port, tents in the desert, and overcrowded cells. In most cases, children were sleeping on concrete floors.

As the children described their mistreatment to Binford and her colleagues, many of the children broke into tears as they reported being cold and hungry. In one cell where a lice infestation had broken out, children reported that a guard gave them two combs and ordered them to share.

Binford learned that many older children were forced to take care of younger ones they did not know. In some cases, the older ones did not know the younger children's names because they were too young to speak. Some children were so traumatized they developed mutism. Many children said they had no access to soap or hot water or working toilets. Some had been held there for weeks.

Exposing the truth and advocating for children in need

With permission from the children's attorneys, Binford told the public about the unsanitary, overcrowded conditions. Rather than address the concerns and improve the conditions, leaders in the federal government denied that there was anything wrong and tried to discredit Binford and her colleagues.

"I realized that there literally was a coordinated effort to whitewash the entire situation, to create a false history, and to deny these children's experiences at the hands of the U.S. government, paid for with taxpayer dollars purportedly on our behalf, for our safety and security," Binford says.

At that point, Binford began referring reporters to the sworn testimonies of the children, which had been filed in federal court.

"I got the idea that we really needed to center the public dialogue on the children themselves and not on the politics," says Binford. "We needed to stop politicizing the children. We needed to separate their mistreatment from a dialogue about immigration, and instead recognize that there are a couple of things that unite us as a country, and caring for children is one of them."

Journalists said the public records were difficult to access - buried behind the court's firewalls and paywalls.

"So we got volunteers to go into the court website, download all of the children's declarations from 2016 to the present, and put them all up in their entirety for people to read," Binford says. "We were able to say here are the children's own accounts, unfiltered, in their entirety. And then people started to talk about how it was so hard to read the children's accounts in their entirety. It just left them devastated."

From these testimonies, the children speak in "Hear My Voice / Escucha Mi Voz." Seventeen Latinx artists contributed illustrations for the book. All royalties from the book sales will go to Project Amplify, a nonprofit formed by Binford and others to establish legal protections for children in government care so that the brutality discovered on the border, including what physicians and human rights experts call abusive conditions, never happens again.

Connecting justice, medicine, and humanity

When Binford shared with the public the harrowing conditions she discovered in June 2019, she was a finalist for a position at the CU School of Medicine - the W.H. Lea Endowed Chair for Justice in Pediatric Law, Policy and Ethics - which she accepted.

Binford says she is excited about joining the University of Colorado, where she will be visiting professor of pediatrics, director for pediatric law, ethics and policy for the Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, a member of the core faculty of the CU Center for Bioethics and Humanities, and professor of law at the University of Colorado Law School. She will be full time at the University of Colorado July 1.

Binford earned her law degree from Harvard Law School and a master of education in early childhood from Boston University. She was professor of law and director of the clinical law program at Willamette University since 2005. At Willamette, she taught children's rights and founded the Child and Family Advocacy Clinic, which has provided pro bono legal support to children and families in crisis, as well as guidance on legislation and public policy.

Binford was selected as both a Fulbright Scholar in 2012 in South Africa and the inaugural Fulbright Canada-Palix Foundation Distinguished Visiting Chair in Brain Science and Child and Family Health and Wellness in 2015 at the University of Calgary in Alberta, Canada, where she researched the multidisciplinary effects of child sex abuse trauma on survivors.

She has provided her expertise to support Save the Children, the International Red Cross, the International Criminal Court, the Japan Red Cross, the Croatia Red Cross, and the Dutch National Rapporteur on Human Trafficking and Sexual Violence against Children, among many others. Binford has served as a licensed foster parent, Court Appointed Special Advocate for abused and neglected children, and inner city teacher in South Central Los Angeles, Boston, and London.

Binford said creating "Hear My Voice / Escucha Mi Voz," was made possible by the work of more than 100 volunteers and she expects to continue that collaborative, multidisciplinary approach at CU.

"It shows you the power of what we're really trying to do at the University of Colorado because we're trying to break down these silos and bring together law and medicine and the humanities and public policy to create a better world for children," Binford says.

"[W]hat brought me to the University of Colorado is the opportunity to work in a 21st century way, where we are multidisciplinary, where we're project-focused, we're problem solvers, we think creatively, we work in collaborative teams [and]...learn from one another in the process, and I think that this book really represents the power of not going it alone and not staying within our lanes."

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Scholar's New Book Amplifies Children's Voices

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CU School of Medicine's Warren Binford compiles stories of children detained at the southern border. The book compiles testimonies of more than 60 children, ages five to 17. "Hear My Voice / Escucha Mi Voz" is published in English and Spanish and the first printing, which went on sale on April 13, is nearly sold out.

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My name is Danielle and I live in San Antonio Texas. I am a first year grad student at Chicago School of Professinal Pyschology. I am also a Wedding and Event Photographer when I am not studying. I have travel a lot in the UK and Eastern Europe. I am a grandmother to 2 wonderful girls and a step-mom to 4 kids. 

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My name is Danielle and I live in San Antonio Texas. I am a first year grad student at Chicago School of Professinal Pyschology. I am also a Wedding and Event Photographer when I am not studying. I have travel a lot in the UK and Eastern Europe. I am a grandmother to 2 wonderful girls and a step-mom to 4 kids. 

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1) Encountering DHS
-  Processed at the border
-  Held at CBP short tern detention facilities

2) Transfered to ORR of ICE

3) Legal Case Resolution: Removal or Relief

https://supportkind.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Mapping-Migrant-Children-2.1.pdf

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What that really stuck with me is how Germany is losing as many from the population after gaining from immigration. Here in the United States, there is a lot of anti-immigration feeling of we don't need them in our economy. They're economy is dependent on immigration to Germany to create a more stable economy. It would be nice to see that positive shift toward immigration across the world instead of them being seen as invaders.

It's crazy that one time these countries that are taking Ukrainian refugees were refusing immigrants during previous this immigration crisis. Hearing that makes me think that people are more comfortable accepting immigrants for my countries they understand. Poland and Ukraine are both Slovak countries with a similar history.

For a time when I was living in the UK you do see groups that are anti anyone who is not white British. They have the philosophy that anyone who isn’t white British need to leave the country. It feels as a lot of education needs to take place to educate those in areas that will receive an influx of immigrants.  This can lead to better acceptance and understanding among the native populations.

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Trauma History and Psychopathology in War-Affected Refugee Children Referred for Trauma-Related Mental Health Services in the United States

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Trauma History and Psychopathology in War-Affected Refugee Children Referred for Trauma-Related Mental Health Services in the United States

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-  Refugee youth consistently report high levels of exposure to war-related trauma and profound adverse consequences of these experiences for children’s mental health, including behavior problems, mood and anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a range of other adjustment difficulties

- With often extensive trauma histories and the numerous stressors refugees face in resettlement, they often have poor access to mental health services

- Barriers:  language, cultural attitudes, and stigma regarding mental health treatment

- A large number of refugee children and youth are resettling in the United States, and many require mental health care.

-  Skills should include possessing the capacity to assess and effectively respond to a diverse range of exposures to abuse, neglect, and community violence postresettlement, in addition to high levels of war-related violence

https://search.tcsedsystem.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_1237513035&context=PC&vid=01TCSEDSYSTEM_INST:TCSPP&lang=en&search_scope=TCSPP_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything_tcspp&query=any,contains,mental%20health%20of%20children%20and%20trauma

Betancourt, T. S., Newnham, E. A., Layne, C. M., Kim, S., Steinberg, A. M., Ellis, H., & Birman, D. (2012). Trauma History and Psychopathology in War-Affected Refugee Children Referred for Trauma-Related Mental Health Services in the United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress; Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25(6), 682-690. 10.1002/jts.21749

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Multiple trauma and mental health in former Ugandan child Soldiers

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Multiple trauma and mental health in former Ugandan child Soldiers

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-  child soldier refers to any person below 18 years of age who is or has been associated with an armed force or armed group

-  Most child soldiers are between the ages of 15 and 18 years

Common experiences:  exposure to shooting, beatings, starvation, and the witnessing of killings

- 61% of kids in this study qualified for both PTSD and MMD symptoms

As much as these kids were not kidnapped to fight the war some 15- to 19-year-old are staying because her parents are there and they're going to leave their country. Factors that could be excluded from the study is motor for turn as in terms of frequency of abduction as no one is forced to fight currently.

Klasen, F., Oettingen, G., Daniels, J., & Adam, H. (2010). Multiple trauma and mental health in former Ugandan child soldiers. Journal of Traumatic Stress; J.Traum.Stress, 23(5), 573-581. 10.1002/jts.20557

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Developing strategies to deal with trauma in children a means of ensuring conflict prevention security and social stability : case study : 12-15-year-olds in Serbia

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Developing strategies to deal with trauma in children a means of ensuring conflict prevention security and social stability : case study : 12-15-year-olds in Serbia

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Already in Action in Serbia
- Foundation “TOGETHER Established in 2002

The program was replicated by Care International in the North Caucasus and recently in Iraq

Foundation “TOGETHER
- Psychosocial training for teachers aimed at strengthening their capacities to help special needs, traumatized, and otherwise emotionally affected children
- Development and support of child mental health institutions
- Training for medical workers to help them provide psychological assistance to children and parents as part of primary health care services
- etc....

This group is trying to use school as a protective factor for these kids.

Good school achievement through supportive relationships with teachers and peers, being successful in endeavors such as sports and art, and showing talent in other activities, is nowadays recognized as important protective factor in children burdened with risk factors.

Empowering and educating teachers to create positive psychosocial climates in schools and provide psychosocial support to children in need are valuable interventions from which all children can benefit

https://refworks.proquest.com/bibliography/

Donnelly, J. (2005). Developing strategies to deal with trauma in children a means of ensuring conflict prevention security and social stability : case study : 12-15-year-olds in Serbia.

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The Greensboro Child Response Initiative: A Trauma-Informed, Mental Health-Law Enforcement Model for Children Exposed to Violence

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The Greensboro Child Response Initiative: A Trauma-Informed, Mental Health-Law Enforcement Model for Children Exposed to Violence

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-  Research has documented that child witnesses and victims of violence develop rates of posttraumatic stress disorder similar to the rates of combat soldiers returning from war

-  Research has documented that children who have been victims of violence are at high risk of becoming violent themselves

-  Child victims who experience poly-victimization have been linked with even more negative outcomes than single victimization, including mental health  problems, delinquency, and other difficulties, including serious subsequent health conditions

-  Adults who were exposed as children to six or more traumatic events have a 20-year shorter life span

They did speak about caregivers that were part of this program of children who experience domestic abuse. It was most overwhemingly positive.
This is gonna be relevant since there are so many children that are leaving Ukraine without parents that there is going to need to be a program in place for those who do take and foster these children. Especially in the cases where one or both parents have died a result of the war.

Graves, K. N., Ward, M., Crotts, D. K., & Pitts, W. (2019). The Greensboro Child Response Initiative: A Trauma-Informed, Mental Health-Law Enforcement Model for Children Exposed to Violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 28(5), 526-544. 10.1080/10926771.2018.1490843

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Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza

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Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza

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Found in a random community sample of 1200 children aged between 7 and 15 that 1044 had been tear gassed, 852 had been subjected to night raids by soldiers on their homes, 624 had witnessed assaults on family members, 420 had been beaten, 228 had been detained, and 192 had been injured (including many with bullet wounds and broken limbs).

Many had witnessed the army firing into school grounds and assaults in public on teachers and pupils; schools were also regularly shut by Israeli military authorities for indefinite periods. Our community surveys showed a

High prevalence of nervousness, fears, restlessness, sleep disturbance, nocturnal enuresis, and psychosomatic symptoms among children. Teachers reported aggressive behaviour and reduced concentration and performance in the classroom.

There is a lack of longer term studies anywhere of the impact of prolonged exposure to militarised violence and threat on the developmental processes of children and their future mental health

Commonest presenting symptoms were recurrent frightening  memories, nightmares, weeping, social withdrawal, loss of appetite, aggressive play, and phobias concerning the dark or soldiers.

https://search.tcsedsystem.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_1677511&context=PC&vid=01TCSEDSYSTEM_INST:TCSPP&lang=en&search_scope=TCSPP_and_CI&adaptor=Primo%20Central&tab=Everything_tcspp&query=any,contains,mental%20health%20of%20children%20and%20trauma&offset=20

Hein, F. A., Qouta, S., Thabet, A., & el Sarraj, E. (1993). Trauma and mental health of children in Gaza. Bmj; Bmj, 306(6885), 1130-1131. 10.1136/bmj.306.6885.1130-c

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- In 10 of the countries surveyed, majorities view immigrants as a strength rather than a burden. (host more than 7 mil immigrants in 2017)

- By contrast, majorities in five countries see immigrants as a burden to their countries. (see fewer than 5 million immigrants)

- In Italy and Poland, more say immigrants are a burden

- In the U.S., six-in-ten adults (59%) say immigrants make the country stronger because of their work and talents, while one-third (34%) say immigrants are a burden because they take jobs and social benefits.

- Those on the left of the ideological spectrum are more positive about immigration’s impact on their country than those on the right

- Japan is an outlier: A large majority of the public (75%) says immigrants want to adopt the country’s customs and way of life.

- Publics are less concerned about immigrant crime than the risk they pose for terrorism

- Majorities in most immigrant destination countries surveyed support the deportation of people who are in their countries illegally

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/03/14/around-the-world-more-say-immigrants-are-a-strength-than-a-burden/

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Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project

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Majorities of publics in top migrant destination countries say immigrants strengthen their countries, according to a 2018 Pew Research Center survey of 18 countries that host half of the world's migrants.

In 10 of the countries surveyed, majorities view immigrants as a strength rather than a burden. Among them are some of the largest migrant receiving countries in the world: the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Canada and Australia (each hosting more than 7 million immigrants in 2017).

By contrast, majorities in five countries surveyed - Hungary, Greece, South Africa, Russia and Israel - see immigrants as a burden to their countries. With the exception of Russia, these countries each have fewer than 5 million immigrants.

Meanwhile, public opinion on the impact of immigrants is divided in the Netherlands. In Italy and Poland, more say immigrants are a burden, while substantial shares in these countries do not lean one way or the other (31% and 20% respectively).

Countries surveyed hold half of the world's migrants

The 18 nations surveyed contain more than half (51%) of the world's migrant population, or some 127 million people, according to United Nations and U.S. Census Bureau estimates.

Countries with some of the world's largest immigrant populations were surveyed, including more traditional destinations like the United States, Canada and Australia that have seen waves of immigrants arrive since at least the 19th century. Also surveyed were more recent destination countries in the European Union such as Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden and Greece, all of which experienced immigration waves after World War II.

Japan and Israel were also surveyed. Japan is making efforts to attract more migrants due to its aging population. Israel has been a destination for immigrants since it enacted its 1950 Law of Return for Jewish people worldwide. Russia was surveyed since it has one of the world's largest foreign-born populations. At the same time, South Africa continues to be a top destination country for many Africans.

Also included in the survey were some newer destinations. Mexico, for example, has become an increasingly important destination and transit country for migrants fleeing violence from El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras. Similarly, Hungary became an important transit country for migrants entering Europe during the refugee surge that peaked in 2015. And although Poland for many years was a country of emigration, it has seen a recent wave of immigrants from Eastern Europe.

Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are top immigrant destinations that were not surveyed. Pew Research Center does not have a history of conducting surveys in these countries.

In the U.S., the nation with the world's largest number of immigrants, six-in-ten adults (59%) say immigrants make the country stronger because of their work and talents, while one-third (34%) say immigrants are a burden because they take jobs and social benefits. Views about immigrants have shifted in the U.S. since the 1990s, when most Americans said immigrants were a burden to the country.

Meanwhile, in six European Union countries surveyed, public opinion about the impact of immigrants has changed since 2014. That was the last time the Center asked European publics this question. It was also before hundreds of thousands of asylum seekers arrived on Europe's shores in 2015. In Greece, Germany and Italy, three countries that experienced high volumes of arrivals, the share of adults saying immigrants make their countries stronger dropped significantly.

By contrast, public opinion shifted in the opposite direction in France, the UK and Spain, countries surveyed that received fewer asylum seekers in 2015. In all three countries in 2018, majorities said immigrants made their countries stronger, up from about half who said the same in 2014.

While majorities in many of the 18 countries surveyed see immigrants as a strength, this opinion is not equally shared across all groups within countries. In most countries surveyed, those on the left of the ideological spectrum are more positive about immigration's impact on their country than those on the right. Similarly, in many countries surveyed, those with higher levels of education, younger adults, and those with higher incomes are more likely to say immigrants make their countries stronger because of their work and talents. (See Appendix B for group breakdowns.)

Also, in all countries surveyed, those saying they want fewer immigrants arriving in their countries are less likely to view immigrants as making their countries stronger.

Publics split on immigrants' willingness to adopt their societies' customs and way of life

Attitudes are mixed on immigrants' willingness to adopt the destination country's customs or wanting to be distinct from its society. A median of 49% among countries surveyed say immigrants want to be distinct from the host country's society, while a median of 45% say immigrants want to adopt the host country's customs and way of life.

In six destination countries - Japan, Mexico, South Africa, the U.S., France and Sweden - publics are more likely to say immigrants want to adopt the host country's customs and way of life than say immigrants want to be distinct.

Japan is an outlier: A large majority of the public (75%) says immigrants want to adopt the country's customs and way of life. This country, whose aging population and low birth rate make immigration relevant for its population growth, has recently changed its policies to attract more foreigners. Views about immigrant integration in Japan could be linked to the low number of immigrants the country hosts and that many immigrants in Japan are ethnically Japanese.

By contrast, in eight destination countries - Hungary, Russia, Greece, Italy, Germany, Poland, Israel and Australia - more people say immigrants want to be distinct than say they are willing to adopt the host country's customs. Majorities hold this view in Hungary, Russia, Greece, Italy and Germany. In addition, sizable shares of people in most of these countries refused to choose one option or the other when asked this question.

In many countries surveyed, younger adults, those with higher levels of education and those on the left of the political spectrum are generally more likely to say immigrants are adopting the country's customs and way of life (see Appendix B for group breakdowns).

Publics are less concerned about immigrant crime than the risk they pose for terrorism

In recent years, security concerns about immigration have become part of the public debate in many countries. Some of these concerns are about crime and immigration, while others are about terrorism and immigration.

Immigrants and crime

In several immigrant destination countries, large majorities say immigrants are not more to blame for crime than other groups. This is the case in Canada, the U.S., France and the UK. Among other countries surveyed, only in South Africa, Sweden and Greece do majorities believe that immigrants are more to blame for crime than other groups.

In the Netherlands, Japan, Israel and Germany, opinions are split on the impact of immigrants on crime. In four other countries where views were mixed, substantial shares refused to choose either of the two statements offered - Italy (26%), Hungary (17%), Poland (15%) and Russia (14%).

In countries where majorities see immigrants as a strength, majorities also tend to say immigrants are not more to blame for crime. Notable exceptions are Germany and Sweden, where majorities say that immigrants strengthen their countries, but pluralities of adults say that immigrants carry more responsibility for crime.

Immigrants and terrorism

Publics across top migrant destination countries are split on whether or not immigrants increase the risk of terrorism in their countries.

In six countries, majorities believe immigrants do not increase the risk of terrorism in the host country. These include all surveyed countries in North America (Mexico, Canada and the U.S.), as well as South Africa and Japan. Publics in France and Spain, two European countries that were not at the center of the 2015 refugee crisis, also hold this view.

By contrast, majorities in seven European nations - Hungary, Greece, Italy, Sweden, Russia, Germany and the Netherlands - believe immigrants increase the risk of terrorism in their countries.

Views on the topic are divided in the UK, Australia and Israel. In Poland, half (52%) of the public says immigrants increase the risk of terrorism, while 28% say they do not increase the risk of terrorism. But a substantial share in Poland (19%) also refused to respond one way or the other.
CORRECTION (May 2, 2019): The original data for South Africa was incorrect in the chart, "Majorities in many European migrant destinations think immigrants increase risk of terrorism." These numbers have been switched to correctly show that 32% of South Africans say immigrants do not increase the risk of terrorism and 62% say immigrants increase the risk of terrorism.
Majorities in many countries think immigrants in the country illegally should be deported

Majorities in most immigrant destination countries surveyed support the deportation of people who are in their countries illegally.

In seven of the 10 EU countries surveyed, majorities support the deportation of immigrants living in their country illegally. In 2007, between 1.7 million and 3.2 million unauthorized, or irregular, migrants were estimated to be living in the 10 EU countries surveyed. The number of asylum seeker applications has increased following the 2015 refugee surge. Since then, the number of rejected asylum applications has increased substantially. Many of these rejected asylum seekers may continue to reside illegally in Europe.

Similarly, majorities in Russia, South Africa, Australia and Japan also support deporting immigrants living in those countries illegally.

In the U.S., public opinion is divided on the issue. About half (46%) of the public supports deporting immigrants residing there illegally, while the other half (47%) opposes their deportation. The Center estimates 10.7 million unauthorized immigrants lived in the U.S. in 2016, which represented less than a quarter (23.7%) of the U.S. immigrant population. The number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. has been falling since 2007 and is now at levels last seen in 2004.

In Mexico, fewer than half (43%) say they support the deportation of immigrants living there illegally. In recent years, Mexico has experienced an increasing number of migrants entering the country without authorization from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. Mexico has historically been a migrant-sending country: About 12 million people born in Mexico live outside the country, nearly all in the U.S. Among those in the U.S., nearly half are unauthorized immigrants.

In most countries surveyed, those on the right of the ideological spectrum are more likely to support deportation. Similarly, older people in several countries surveyed are more likely to support the deportation of immigrants living illegally in their countries (See Appendix B).

Terminology

Immigrants are foreign-born individuals living outside their country of birth, regardless of their citizenship. Refugees and asylum seekers are a subgroup within this broader population. The terms "immigrants" and "migrants" are used interchangeably in this report.

The terms " asylum seekers," " asylum applicants" and " refugees " are used interchangeably throughout this report and refer to individuals who have applied for asylum. Seeking asylum does not mean applicants will necessarily be permitted to stay in the country where they have submitted an application.

" European Union " in this report refers to the 28 nation-states that form the European Union (EU). At the time of the Pew Research Center's Spring 2018 global survey, the UK was still part of the European Union.

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Around the World, More Say Immigrants Are a Strength Than a Burden

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Majorities in top migrant destination countries say immigrants strengthen their countries. Yet publics are divided on immigrants' willingness to adopt their host country's customs.

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Part 1: I was not very farmilar UNSDG#10 before starting this mini program. Actively I suppport goal 2 which is zero hunger as I have become more aware not to waste food that I am given. People in the developed world waste so much food on a weekly basis. Along with goal 4 which is quality education since I have spent some time in education I understand the importance of education as many children as possible. You educate a population with the hope that they can grow up to help their country improve.

Part 2: The main reason for this phenomenon of those with the fewest resources first of all don't have always have the resouces to leave. Along with the fact they may not know about what opportunties they could have if they migrated. Something I have seen with Ukranie is that people love their home so much they do not always want to leave.

Part 3: What I got out the speaker is that covid has effect how countries can participate in the UN because of the economic issues. This could potentially affect how many immigrants they could accept if they are struggling economically. That also that the economic of Ukraine does have an impact on countries like Africa with grain. The UN is about helping those developing countries which make it more difficult with this world issues that are going on. The way I connect his material is that the connect that the whole world will impact is that those in vulunerable countries who are struggling worse than before. This makes me worry will this cause a mass exit from some of those countries. As we have seen at the Mexican border in the past.

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Understanding Strengths in Relation to Complex Trauma and Mental Health Symptoms within Child Welfare

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Understanding Strengths in Relation to Complex Trauma and Mental Health Symptoms within Child Welfare

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- Sample included children and adolescents entering into an intensive stabilization program for youth in foster care through the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (IDCFS)

-  Assessed using the IDCFS Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS),

-  This study suggest that child strengths have a significant role in buffering the impact of trauma on a range of traumatic stress and mental health symptoms and outcomes

- Limitation:  represents a “high end” group of youth at risk for placement disruption and in need of intensive therapeutic services to stabilize their foster placements

-  Usage of the CANS. As described above, the CANS is an information integration tool, designed to incorporate information from multiple sources

Kisiel, C., Summersett-Ringgold, F., Weil, L. E. G., & McClelland, G. (2016). Understanding Strengths in Relation to Complex Trauma and Mental Health Symptoms within Child Welfare. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 437-451. 10.1007/s10826-016-0569-4

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- Study 1,000 adolecents who applied for Big - Brother - Big - Sister and divided into the different types of fosters each was in with the effect for each
- 12 months long with 70% meeting with their youth 2+ times a week.

Rhodes, J. E., Haight, W. L., & Briggs, E. C. (1999). The influence of mentoring on the peer relationships of foster youth in relative and nonrelative care. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 9(2), 185-201.

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Since goal 10 is about reducing inequality the one that I connected to the most is 10.4 which is adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and progressively achieve greater equality. The first experience is running back to many women who do not get paid as much as men especially if you are someone of color. The more we can target wage and social protection policies it will create a situation where they participate better in our economy which will only strengthen are economy. the one thing that you always hear people complaining is oh our economy isn't great becomes that not everyone can participate. This is one way you can encourage those who are lower income spend money because of the extra income to spend.

I do you agree that there are two definitions to multiculturalism. Being that I am Mexican but the small fraction of me that is white it's what the world sees for those who don't pay much attention. In multicultural is also about the experiences that you see that you may not experience if you're just participating in the political process. So reading this I feel that participating in the multiculturalism as a political process is the fraction that anyone of any race can participate in. Being that the goal it's to manage diversity That is a conversation that everyone should have a seat at the table to better come up with solutions. But when you look at the first definition it is about the experiences of actually living through what it means to be multicultural And the positives and negatives that go with that. in a way I like the definition because of those that I've had the privilege of not having those lived experiences can have a part in that political process with those that have had the lived experiences being able to educate those who have not.

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Mentoring Children in Foster Care: Examining Relationship Histories as Moderators of Intervention Impact on Children’s Mental Health and Trauma Symptoms

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Mentoring Children in Foster Care: Examining Relationship Histories as Moderators of Intervention Impact on Children’s Mental Health and Trauma Symptoms

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- The 9-month (30-week) FHF program is a preventive intervention that is theoretically grounded in positive youth development and comprised of two components: (1) weekly one-on-one mentoring; and (2) manualized skills groups for children in foster care

- The weekly 2- to 3-h mentoring visits were tailored to children’s strengths and interests and sought to help children generalize the skills they were learning in their weekly groups.

- FHF appears to have positive effects on youth in foster care who bring with them diverse relational histories.

- youth’s history of caregiving transitions plays in a formal mentoring intervention effectiveness is logical and consistent with previous literature.

- Youth who have already had numerous transitions in caregiving relationships may be less willing to invest in a new relationship

-  Within FHF, mentors persisted with youth during all caregiver transitions, including reunification and adoption, and prioritized this consistency for children, thereby limiting avoidable disruptions in the mentoring relationship and program.

Weiler, L. M., Lee, S., Zhang, J., Ausherbauer, K., Schwartz, S. E. O., Kanchewa, S. S., & Taussig, H. N. (2022). Mentoring Children in Foster Care: Examining Relationship Histories as Moderators of Intervention Impact on Children’s Mental Health and Trauma Symptoms. American Journal of Community Psychology; Am J Community Psychol, 69(1-2), 100-113. 10.1002/ajcp.12549