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1.Ardern identified himself as a social democrat and progressive. As a supporter of the labour movement, she opposes the tax cuts for high earners advocated by the New Zealand National Party, and agrees that a welfare state should provide security for "people who cannot support themselves". Culturally, Ardern supports same-sex marriage, voted for the Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Supplement Bill in 2013, and worked for the liberalization of abortion laws.
2.Moammar Gadhafi , colonel of the Libyan Revolutionary Guard, was the supreme leader of Libya. He led the Free Officers and was the spiritual leader of the September 1, 1969 revolution that overthrew the pro-Western Idris dynasty and established the Libyan Arab Republic.

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1. Justin Trudea, the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada, legal authority. Because he was first elected to the House of Representatives, and then to the Liberal Party leader by gaining party support. The most important thing is all of this is based on rules and regulations and legal behavior.

2. Mswati III was the king of Eswatini, traditional authority. Fristly Swaziland is a monarchy country, secondly king is not elected by election, king is hereditary.

3. Boris Johnson (born In New York, USA) is a Conservative member of the British Parliament and the 77th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. legal-rational authority: On 25 July 2019, Johnson made it clear that he would reform the UK's immigration system to use a points-based system similar to Australia's to attract the best migrants. Britain also needs to ensure it continues to attract the best and the best from around the world.

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1. Former President of South Africa he has legal-rational authority because he was a leader who dedicated his life to the struggle against apartheid, democracy and equality.
2. Nelson Mandela was the first president of South Africa. He was open-minded, honest and a good listener. These qualities made him a successful, charismatic and democratic leader in the struggle against apartheid. He inspired his followers to achieve extraordinary things through charisma, inspiration, personalized attention and intellectual stimulation. That is why he was charismatic authority

3. Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.

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1. Former President of South Africa he has legal-rational authority because he was a leader who dedicated his life to the struggle against apartheid, democracy and equality.
2. The leadership style of Jacinda Ardern, the 39-year-old Prime Minister of New Zealand, is one of empathy in a crisis that tempts people to fend for themselves. Her message is clear, consistent, and somehow thought-provoking and soothing at the same time. Her approach does not just resonate with her people on an emotional level. Because of this empathy, people have a high level of trust and confidence in her. That's why she is a charismatic authority.

3. Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état. He officially adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent.

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A1

1.powerIt can refer to a person's physical strength, or it can refer to the skill of an item, or it can refer to a right

2.charisma：a personal attraction

3.tradition：Interpretation of past information can also be considered a legacy

4.Legitimacy：An open and just way to ensure the fairness of people or things

5.State：State views, opinions, etc. in formal or solemn occasions, and such statements often contain careful, detailed and clear meanings.

A2

Picture 1: Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary political leader who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

Picture 2: Jacinda Ardern is a New Zealand politician. She was the 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party

Picture 3:  Boris Johnson is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019.

Picture 4: Justin Trudeau is a Canadian political figure, the 23rd Prime Minister of Canada and leader of the Liberal Party.

Picture 5: Muammar Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

Picture 6: king Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family.

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A1

1.Legitimacy: Legitimacy is the public acceptance and recognition of moral rights leaders to govern, make and implement political decisions.

2.Tradition: Information, beliefs or customs are passed from one generation to another

3.State: A state is a political unit with sovereignty over its territory and population.

4.Charisma: a personal magic of leadership arousing special popular loyalty or enthusiasm for a public figure

5.Power: power is a widespread social phenomenon, the ability to influence and even control the behavior of others.

A2

1 - Nelson Mandela demonstrated heroism through his selfless dedication and fight for freedom and justice for his people, and risking his life for equality for all

2 - Jacinda  Ardern is a New Zealand politician who has been the 40th prime minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party since 2017. She was first elected to the House of Representatives as a list MP in 2008, and has been the member of Parliament for Mount Albert since March 2017.

3 - Boris Johnson is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019. He was Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2016 to 2018 and Mayor of London from 2008 to 2016.

4 - Justin Trudeau is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada since November 2015 and the leader of the Liberal Party since April 2013.

5 - Muammar Gaddafi  is a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist, he was the de facto leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011, first as the revolutionary president of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977, and then as the "Brother Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011.

6 - Mswati III was the king of Eswatini and the head of the Swazi royal family.

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A1:
Power: The ability of an individual, group, or institution to influence or exercise control over other people and achieve their goals despite possible opposition or resistance.

State: A system of power and authority that claims the legitimate right to use force, composed of institutions (i.e., government, legal system, military, police) that regulates society within its territory.

Charismatic: Is a concept of leadership developed by the German sociologist Max Weber. It involves a type of organization or a type of leadership in which authority derives from the charisma of the leader. This stands in contrast to two other types of authority legal authority and traditional authority.

Legitimacy: Popular acceptance of a government, political regime, or system of governance. The word legitimacy can be interpreted in either a normative way or a “positive” way.

Traditional: View of Political Science is idealistic, philosophical and Utopian. It gives emphasis on values, ideals and morals. 2. It lays emphasis on historical and explanatory methods, and considers the state, the government and institutions as matter of study.

A2:
1. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary political leader who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

2. Jacinda Kate Laurell Ardern is a New Zealand politician who has been the 40th prime minister of New Zealand and leader of the Labour Party since 2017.

3. Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson is a British politician serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party since 2019.

4. Justin Pierre James Trudeau is a Canadian politician who is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada since November 2015 and the leader of the Liberal party since April 2013.

5. Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

6. Mswati III is the king of Eswatini and head of the Swazi royal family.