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P. 6

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Q2.
1. Sapir v Chomsky
2. Power relation between languages.
3. Standarisation
4. Multilingualism

-Structuralism v. functionalism.
Relations between language and society.

-Language as a social construct.
Prescriptivism v. descriptivism.
Issue of "verbal hygiene". (p.18)
Marxism, interactionism.

-Standardization and standard dialect. What is the influence of colonialism.

-Speech v. writing. There was formerly an emphasis on speech over writing.

-Multilingualism v. monolingualism.

Sassure:
-Arbitrary relations sign signifier
Pierce: ....now individual interpration
-Theory of communication.
Chomsky:
-Language is instinctive.

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2. Major Issues

Documenting the history of sociolinguistics as a field.

Isogloss - Hard to define, becomes redundant if it gets too focused

Social and Linguistics Structure, Language Planning, Language Shift, Language Maintenance

3. Epistemologies

Methodology of obtaining research data - Quantity or Quality?

"Whether "one studies a few informants intensely or many informants superficially" (p.126)"

Bilingualism - Interference to L1,

4. Definition

Haugen defines Sociolinguistics as a discipline that "primarily focuses on the identification of sociolects: how they grow, what they are and how they function".

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p40. 'Language is embedded in a social and historical
context, and a full understanding of language can only be achieved by
paying attention to those contexts.'

Prescriptive vs Descriptive: A base understanding and description of what these 2 are.

p11. 'One result of the dichotomy between colloquial speech ‘on the ground’ and supra-regional, offi cial languages is the diffi culty linguists have in classifying border dialects: varieties that are sandwiched between two officially
recognised languages'

- Generative Grammar

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2. communication between human beings, linguistics is a discipline that needs to be associated with other disciplines: biology psychology, antropology, etc p.166.

4. language is a guide to social reality. p162.

5. 'social style' p.163.

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P. 403: Interdisciplinary foundation for the study of language, culture and society. A combination of diverse methodological and conceptual tools.

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2.
Documenting the history of sociolinguistics as a field.
Primary focus of sociolinguistics is the identification of sociolects (p.118).

Linguistic diversity in the society.

Sociolinguistics is an ecology of language (p.106). How languages develop and change.

Diversity and uniformity are complementary.

Pigin, creole development cycle.

3.

Whether "one studies a few informants intensely or many informants superficially" (p.126)
The hope is to combine the philosophies and study both.

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Anthropological --> Language in different societies.

Use of peripheral data as a window into the identity of the person. As compared to Sapir, using deep information and context.

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2.
The definition of sociolinguistics:

Reality of the regularity of sound changes.

The distinction between linguistics and natural sciences. Linguistics is not like a natural science, in that it is a social product.

Linguistic determination.

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1. 1. Sapir v Chomsky

2. Power relation between languages.

Standarisation

3.
Prescriptive vs Descriptive

Arguments by Prescriptivists

1. One form is more logical than other.

2. Appeal to classical forms

3. Preference for older forms of the language

4. Injunction against use of foreign words.

4. Sociolinguistics is defined in the 19th century according to Mesthrie:
a. study of rural dialects in Europe
b. the study of contact between languages that resulted in new 'mixed languages

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1. The focus of SL is on language contact, bilingualism, social dialects, language policy, planning and standardization (p. 114).
2. The units are phonological variables.
3. Linguists and sociologists can cooperate. Labov as an example. He adopted sociological techniques
4. New perspectives on bilingualism. More than a cause for academic underachievement and interference (p. 125). Context needs to be part of it according to Fishman.

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1.  1. A cover term for a rich interdisciplinary investigation of language, culture and society.

5. Sociolinguistics is concerned with social justice from the very beginning, and vast amount of research in the domain aims to expose the social inequities that play out in language in various ways (p. 423).

The problematization of ethnic self-classification.

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Language policy/planning and their implication towards culture. How sociolinguistics can impact the area of expertise.

Language shift and the small topics that could possibly change and result in the studies of sociolinguistics.

p120 : Coining the term 'sociolect'. Proposing linguistics variety, its a more fluid distinction, without taking a formal stance.

p127: 'Wide vs narrow definition of bilingualism': Competency using hard data.

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4. "the concern with the linguistic construction of identity in social interaction and the relationship between individual speaker agency and larger social structures and processes."

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4. "the concern with the linguistic construction of identity in social interaction and the relationship between individual speaker agency and larger social structures and processes."

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1.

Sapir, Saussure, Peirce, Hockett
(p.

Sapir:
The connection between the signifier and the signified.
Language is an non-instinctive method of communication.... by means of voluntarily produced symbols.

Pierie:
Theory of communication.

Chomsky:
Language is instinctive.

2.

Structuralism v. functionalism.
Relations between language and society.
Language as a social construct.
Prescriptivism v. descriptivism.
Issue of "verbal hygiene". (p.18)
Marxism, interactionism.

Standardization and standard dialect. What is the influence of colonialism.

Speech v. writing. There was formerly an emphasis on speech over writing.

Multilingualism v. monolingualism.

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Q2: Linguistics and sociology separated. Among the subfields of social sciences, linguistics is most apt for truly scientific studies of society. 

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Q2: Linguistics and sociology separated. Among the subfields of social sciences, linguistics is most apt for truly scientific studies of society. 

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Q3/Q4: Language and culture are intertwined. (p. 160). Language communicates culture and is the primary medium of expression of said culture (p. 161). Speakers' use of certain languages result in varying perspectives in the study of the same phenomenon. Language determines thought.

Q5: Signs. Linguistic symbolism. Arbitrariness.

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-sociolects are the focus of sociolinguistics
-linguistics diversity

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3. p.128 'bilingual individuals have often been considered retarded in comparison with the monolingual members of their respective societies.'

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3. p.128 'bilingual individuals have often been considered retarded in comparison with the monolingual members of their respective societies.'

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p. 125. Linguists treat bilingualism as a "problem of interference"

The meaning and use of Dialect needs to be redefined.

Language communities

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2. Isogloss, Linguistic structure and social structure, Linguistic change, language shift, language maintenance, language planning, language contact, bilingualism

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2. Isogloss, Linguistic structure and social structure, Linguistic change, language shift, language maintenance, language planning, language contact, bilingualism

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2. Psychology, Culture, Anthropology, Geography (Psychological, Biology). Phonetics and understanding speech through the physiology of speech organs.

The need for data and methods defining the socialized behavior.  Turning anecdotal evidences into reliable data, through modern science.

Language can primarily be culture and social construct.

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William Bright
Charles Ferguson
William Labov
Dell Hymes
Erving Goffman
Uriel Weinreich

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sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and similar approaches to language, culture, and society

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sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and similar approaches to language, culture, and society

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2.
Sociolinguistics and linguistics anthropology, theory, discourse analysis, ethnography.

What should the scope of sociolinguistics be?

Importance of researching the research situation, and taking the researcher into account. How does the analyst factor into the study? Taking subjectivity into account. (p. 416)

3.
Approach from natural sciences.
Interdisciplinary approach to sociolinguistics.
Anthropological approach, which is bringing the "man" back into the science. Less focus on the structure, more on the "man."

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Q1 Saussure, Sapir, Hymes, Pierce, Chomsky, Lakoff. 

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Q1 Saussure, Sapir, Hymes, Pierce, Chomsky, Lakoff. 

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Q2: Multilingualism, microlinguistics (conversational structure), RP and Standard English (p. 4). Dialect and variety.

Q3: Prescriptive vs. descriptive. Are descriptive lingustics ever prescriptive. Is some mesure of prescriptiveness necessary? For instance, linguistics who advocate linguistic variety strictly follow normative ideas of idiomacy. Variations of standardization.

Q4: Sociolinguistics investigates how language is indexical of one's social class, gender, age, group, origin etc.

Q5:

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Chomsky ignores the purpose of Haugen's definition of sociolinguistics, which "primarily focuses on the identification of sociolects: how they grow, what they are and how they function" (Haugen, p. 121) by assuming 'a completely homogeneous speech-community' (p. 117).